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Topic: Wendish Crusade

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	Projekat Rastko - Luzica / Project Rastko - Lusatia
		The Wendish Crusade has been widely regarded as a failure, by contemporaries and by modern historians, yet the evidence indicates that it was not.75 True, there were no glorious victories, only embarrassing mistakes and inept stalemates.
		The Wendish Crusade is significant in one other regard: it was a sign of the future in the Drive to the East.
		In the years after 1147, as the Wendish culture was collapsing before the onslaught of armies and settlers, the Church engaged not so much in missions as in the occupation of the land.
	www.rastko.org.yu /rastko-lu/istorija/eknox-destruction/eknox-destruction3.html (6472 words)

	Second Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Second Crusade was called in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144.
		The crusade was preached in France by Bernard of Clairvaux, the "honey-tongued teacher" who found it expedient to dwell upon the taking of the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace.
		Meanwhile, other German princes extended the idea of a Crusade to the Slavic tribes living to the northeast of the Holy Roman Empire, and were authorized to launch the Wendish Crusade against them.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/s/se/second_crusade.html (577 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The crusaders were persuaded to join the siege of Lisbon, which was held by the Muslims.
		The crusaders begged to be taken within the city and the governor relented.
		The crusader army was no longer the imposing force that had left Europe and could not even surround the city, though it was still the largest crusader army ever to march in the Holy Land.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/secondcru.html (3832 words)

	Albert the Bear. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Albert later made peace (1142) with Henry the Lion, son of Henry the Proud.
		He took part in the Wendish Crusade of 1147, but preferred more conciliatory methods of dealing with his pagan neighbors.
		As a result he inherited (1150) Brandenburg from its last Wendish prince.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/AlbertBe.html (208 words)

	Second Crusade info here at en.86-of-100.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Acid (jazz) Redux: The Crusaders âThe 2nd Crusadeâ (1973) The Second Crusade is perhaps their finest because at this point their songwriting was strong enough to dispense with the pop covers that was a feature of earlier albums and the weren't yet too far removed from jazz that they traded in...
		The Second Crusade was the uppermost crusade hurled from Europe, commanded in 1145 in feedback to the slump of the County of Edessa the past year.
		The crusade in the east was a nonperformance for the crusaders & a vast upset for the Muslims.
	en.86-of-100.info /Second_Crusade (4312 words)

	The Conversion and Destruction of the Wends
		There is enough, slim though it is, for historians to discuss the reasons for the many Wendish revolts, the methods of warfare employed by the Wends, something of their political structure, and the importance of piracy and hospitality to these matters.
		When Niclot essayed an attack on Wagria prior to the Wendish Crusade in 1147, his aims were to seize Lübeck (which failed) and to lay waste to the countryside.
		In the winter of 1067-68, just one year after the greatest Wendish rebellion of all, the bishop led a foray into the land of the Wilzi, attacked and burned the temple of Redigast at Rethra, one of the most holy shrines in all the Wendenland, and rode its sacred horse back to Halberstadt in triumph.
	oit.boisestate.edu /sknox/thesis/chapt2.html (9615 words)

	[No title]
		Be all that as it may, the crusade which grew out of these wars established the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, with the long-time consequence that Germans came to dominate the southern Baltic coast until near the middle of the twentieth century.
		Because the crusaders who came to Prussia acted in the context of the complex politics of Holy Roman Empire in the early thirteenth century, an understanding of the special circumstances that determined the path of German politics from the end of the twelfth century is necessary to comprehending the origins of the Prussian Crusade.
		The crusade was subsequently a disaster, and Friedrich was blamed for it.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/books/PrussianCrusade1.htm (8530 words)

	Second Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year.
		The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles.
		As in the First Crusade, the preaching inadvertently led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical German monk named Rudolf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Rudolf claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land.
	post-tribune.needsuchspare.info /Second_Crusade (4679 words)

	Second Crusade - Wikinfo
		The Second Crusade was called in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144.
		The crusade was preached in France by Bernard of Clairvaux, the "honey-tongued teacher" who found it expedient to dwell upon the taking of the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace.
		Meanwhile, other German princes extended the idea of a Crusade to the Slavic tribes living to the northeast of the Holy Roman Empire, and were authorized to launch the Wendish Crusade against them.
	www.wikinfo.org /index.php/Second_Crusade (682 words)

	Wends - Encyclopedia.com
		A coalition of Wendish tribes in the 10th cent.
		A crusade against the pagan Wends was launched in 1147 under the leadership of Henry the Lion of Saxony and Albert the Bear of Brandenburg.
		The crusade itself was, on the whole, a failure, but in subsequent years Henry the Lion, aided by Waldemar I of Denmark, Albert the Bear, and other princes, carried out a systematic campaign of conquest.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Wends.html (276 words)

	Crusades Term paper selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		From the Wendish Crusade through the conversion of Lithuania.
		The Cathars, their heresy, why the Church thought they were dangerous, how a crusade against them came to be proclaimed, their ultimate fate.
		The Reconquista, including any actual proclaimed crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries.
	webtest.boisestate.edu /uws/termpaper/selectpaper.php (212 words)

	Second Crusade info here at en.7of100d.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, was the numero uno of the crusades to be led by European kings, Louis VII of France Conrad III of Germany, with softening from a decimal of fresh earnest European nobles.
		The crusade in the east was a turkey for the crusaders a mammoth supremacy for the Muslims.
		As in the First Crusade, the preaching inadvertently led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical German monk named Rudolf was outwardly inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, Speyer, with Rudolf saying Jews contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land.
	en.7of100d.info /Second_Crusade (4226 words)

	Amazon.ca: Northern Crusades: Books: Eric Christiansen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Crusades are back in the news again (they were out-of-fashion for awhile), but don't believe everything you read in the newspapers or hear on tv, take time to read a few good books on the subject.
		Christiansen suggests the Crusades were waged for the purpose of Christianizing the tribes who lived at the Eastern end of the Baltic Sea.
		The Crusades were bloody and cruel, and as is usually the case, folks at the low end of the ladder suffered the most.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0140266534 (1391 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Some of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, and Gilbert of Hastings was elected bishop, but most of the crusaders' fleet continued to the east in 1148.
		The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugenius III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles.
		As in the First Crusade, the preaching inadvertently led to attacks on Jews; a fanatical German Cistercian monk named Rudolf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, with Rudolf claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land.
	1147.en.wikivx.com (12051 words)

	the second crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		It turned out to be a major disaster for the crusader states, which would ultimately lead to the fall of Jerusalem (and the Third Crusade).
		The second crusade was preached in France by Bernard of Clairvaux, the "honey-tongued teacher" who found it expedient to dwell upon the taking of the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace.
		Bernard of Clairvaux was also humiliated, and when his attempt to call a new Crusade failed, he tried to disassociate himself from the fiasco of the Second Crusade altogether.
	www.crusades-history.com /The-Second-Crusade.aspx (629 words)

	The Wends (AD) (DBA 89a)
		Bluetooth) married a Wendish princess and built a stronghold at Jomsborg on the Baltic Coast near the Wendish trading center of Wollin.
		The battle of Hedeby marked the end of serious Wendish raiding in Denmark and the beginning of a Danish campaign to seize the Baltic coast from Rugia to Estonia, which denied the Wends access to the sea and effectively ended their piratical expeditions.
		Bowing to necessity, Bernard obtained a Papal Bull blessing the endeavor and a crusading army led by Henry the Lion of Saxony and Albert the Bear of Brandenburg set forth to convert the Wends by sword, but were stopped cold that same year.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/var89a.html (1140 words)

	Monmouth College - MC News and Events
		Published by Duncan Baird Publishers of London, “Crusades: The Illustrated History” is a colorful and comprehensive guide to the centuries-long series of holy wars, written by eight noted historians.
		Urban’s chapter, titled “Crusades in Europe: Infidels, Pagans, and Heretics,” covers the conquest of Muslim rulers in Spain and Portugal (the Reconquista), the 12th-century Wendish Crusade by German princes, the crusades of the Eastern Baltic, the Albigensian Crusade in southern France, and the Hussite Crusade in the Czech region.
		Urban also chronicles the “crusades” waged by Popes against their political enemies during the 13th and 14th centuries, including a noted campaign by Pope Gregory against Frederick II in 1239.
	www.monm.edu /news/releases2004/urban.10-5-04.htm (434 words)

	History 3161: class notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The Cathars, the term, drawn from Greek and derogatory, means ‘the pure ones’, sometimes called the Albigensians for their close association with the town of Albi in S France, were Christians who adopted a dualist cosmology that taught that all material, created matter was evil and that only that which was spiritual was good.
		March 1208—Innocent III summons a crusade against the Cathars and their Catholic supporters/protectors in the Languedoc, granting crusaders the very same indulgence and privileges offered to crusaders to the Holy Land.
		Simon de Montfort, a crusader that had refused to participate in the attack on Zara in 1202 during the fourth crusade, chosen to administer crusade conquests, a post he held until his death in 1218.
	www.mta.ca /faculty/arts/history/wlundell/history3161/3161_class_notes.html (6115 words)

	Northern Crusades
		Axel Ehlers The Crusade of the Teutonic Knights Reconsidered Chapter in Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier DeReMilitari.Org
		William Urban Victims of the Baltic Crusade Monmouth College
		Ruth Williamson The Baltic Crusade The Encyclopedia of Baltic History The University of Washington
	www.crusades-encyclopedia.com /thenortherncrusades.html (176 words)

	Halsall/Introduction to the Medieval World/ Class 15
		Crusades are part of purely political/booty expansion of feudal classes in Europe.
		Response by 1096 Pope was surprised by response.
		In short, the crusades became a small governing class in a basically Muslim/Arab Christian Country Lessons were taken to heart by modern Israelis.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/lect/med15.html (2451 words)

	John H. Lind
		Contributions to the Encyclopedia of the Crusades, to be published by ABC-Clio, 2001-03, Daniil Romanovich; Finland; Fulco, bishop of Estonia; Innocent IV; Kammin; Karelia; Keksholm; Landskrone; Magnus II Eriksson; Novgorod; Nöteborg, treaty; Rügen; Stensby, treaty; Sweden; Viborg; Wendish Crusade.
		The Consequences of the Baltic Crusading Movement for the Target Countries, in Session Danish and Baltic Crusades at The International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 11 July 1998.
		Baltic Crusades and the Target Countrics, at the Fifth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Jerusalem and Acre, 13-18 July 1999.
	www.crusades.dk /crusades/johns_page.html (2154 words)

	A Growing Crusade
		Home >> The Crusades >> The Second Crusade >> A Growing Crusade
		These crusaders were fully conscious of their task to rescue Edessa.
		For two years reports and letters had come from Outremer stressing the wider danger.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/a_growing_crusade.htm (455 words)

	The Northern Crusades - Eric Christiansen - Penguin Group (USA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Inspired by the Pope's call for a Holy War, Scandinavian rulers and German military monks conquered and settled Finland, Estonia and Prussia, before turning on the eastern empires of Orthodox Novgorod and pagan Lithuania.
		These 'Northern Crusades' are less celebrated than those in the Middle East, but they were also far more successful.
		Vast new territories became and remain Christian, while the central institutions of medieval Western Europe - churches, castles, manors, guilds, parliaments and feudal law codes - were introduced into a dark and inhospitable outer world.
	us.penguingroup.com /nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_9780140266535,00.html?referrer=doi (258 words)

	Crusades Timeline: 1145-1163
		German crusade destroyed by Turks near Dorylaeum; Lisbon falls to English/French crusaders
		Crusaders confer at Acre; decide to attack Damascus
		Crusaders attack Damascus, but retreat four days later
	www.spiritrestoration.org /Church/Timelines/Crusades_Timeline_1145_1163.htm (672 words)

	chronology of medieval boys' clothing -- national historical trends Germany
		After the fall of Rome and the migrations west of the 6th century and 7th centuries, the Germans as begun by the Carolingians became increasingly concerned with the East.
		The German attitudes were displayed in the savage Wendish Crusade (ll47).
		The Teutonic Knights which were formed during the Crusades played an important role during Medieval German history in the East.
	histclo.com /chron/med/nat/mn-ger.html (3935 words)

	france
		J.France, The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom (London:Routledge, 2005).
		J.Prawer, ‘The Jerusalem the Crusaders captured’, in Crusade and Settlement 1-16.
		M.Hoch, ‘The Crusaders’ strategy against Fatimid Ascalon and the Ascalon Project of the Second Crusade’,in M.Gervers (ed.), The Second Crusade and the Cistercians(New York: St Martin’s Press,1992)., 119-28.
	www.swan.ac.uk /history/staff/france/med4.htm (4640 words)

	The Northern Crusades:Christiansen, Eric (Author):0140266534:eCampus.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		"For a one-volume history of the northern crusades, the reader has but one choice; this is it".
		-- William Urban, American Historical Review The crusades to Catholicize and conquer the pagan and Orthodox Baltic regions were far more successful in leaving long-term effects than the campaigns in the Mediterranean.
		This lucid study begins when the first holy war against the heathen north was declared by the Pope in the twelfth century and concludes in the sixteenth century, when Rome issued its last crusading bull.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?ISBN=0140266534 (201 words)

	12th century weapons/armor - NetSword Discussion Forums
		Remember that the Wendish Crusade was going on in the late 12th Cent, as well as Barbarosa's numerous campaigns, so there were a lot of German fighting men about.
		I expect that German knights who came into close contact with French/English knights (such as those in the Rhineland, or those who went on Crusade and lived to tell about it) may have adopted the more complete armor earlier than those in the central part of the Empire.
		Henry the Lion (of Saxony) pushed the eastern frontier, and together with the Danes, fought the Wendish Crusade.
	netsword.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/000243.html (2285 words)

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