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Topic: Wergeld

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King Arthur

Petrine supremacy

Louis the Pious

	[No title]
		A king's geneat,[8] if his wergeld is 1200s., may swear for 60 hides if he is a regular communicant [at church].
		If a man from afar, or a stranger, goes through the woods off the highway and neither calls out nor blows a horn, he may be considered a thief, to be slain or to be redeemed [by paying his wergeld].[9] 21.
		If then any one lays claim to the wergeld of the slain man, the slayer may prove [by an unsupported oath] that he slew the man as a thief; neither the geld-associates[10] nor the lord[11] [of the slain man] may avail themselves of an oath [to set aside such proof]....
	www.constitution.org /sech/sech_004.txt (1472 words)

	Accessible Electronic Content: Simple Table
		Wergeld for a thræll, the price of a thræll, and the manumission price of a thræll were all equal, as might be expected.
		It is worth noting that the wergeld for a thræll was considerably lower than for a free man. This is to be expected.
		The wergeld for a thræll was paid to his master and it was his master, not the thræll, who had some part in the political bargaining process by which, I have argued, wergelds were set.
	www.unc.edu /webaccess/toolbox/simple_table.html (471 words)

	Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case
		Suppose, for example, that the wergeld for killing was too low--substantially below the point at which the cost of an increase to an individual (involving the possibility that he might be convicted of a killing and have to pay) balanced the advantages of increased security and higher payments if a relative were killed.
		The individual, functioning through the coalition of which he was a member, could then unilaterally "raise" the wergeld by announcing that if any member of the coalition were killed, the others would kill the killer (or some other member of his coalition, if he were not accessible) and let the two wergelds cancel.
		The wergeld for a thrall was paid to his master and it was his master, not the thrall, who had some part in the political bargaining process by which, I have argued, wergelds were set.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Academic/Iceland/Iceland.html (5689 words)

	[No title]
		The wergeld [wer] of a king was an unpayable amount of about 7000s., of an aetheling [a king-worthy man of the extended royal family] was 1500s., of an eorl, 300s., of a ceorl, 100s., of a laet [agricultural worker in Kent, which class was between free and slave], 40-80s., and of a slave nothing.
		A king had not only a wergeld to be paid to his family if he were killed, but a "cynebot" of equal amount that would be paid to his kingdom's people.
		The higher a man's wergeld, the higher was his legal status in the scale of punishment, giving credible evidence, and participation in legal proceedings.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext04/rlglh10b.txt (21520 words)

	Supplemental Reading E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Apart from the amount of the wergeld, if we would understand this passage we have surely first to consider for what reason these two royal officials should be singled out from all others and made liable to pay wergelds.
		Whether they were already liable to pay a wergeld 2 or not, the wergeld was not to be the usual one.
		We are not told to whom the bot of the 'medume wergeld' of 100 scillings was to be paid, nor whether it was to be a part of the wergeld or additional to the 'ealne leod' paid by the actual slayer.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Thomas/Legal_History/SuppE.html (3375 words)

	Dooms of Mercia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A ceorl's wergeld is by the Mercian law 200 shillings.
		A thane's wergeld is six times as much, that is, twelve hundred shillings.
		Then is a king's simple wergeld six thanes' wer by Mercian law, that is, thirty thousand sceatts, and that is altogether 120 pounds.
	camelot.celtic-twilight.com /anglosaxon/dooms/dooms_mercia.htm (258 words)

	Northvegr - The Anglo-Saxon Dooms
		Let the king's wergeld be with the English race, by folkright, thirty thousand thrymsas, and of these, let fifteen thousand be for the wer, and the other fifteen thousand for the cynedom.
		And a Welshman's wergeld, if he be to that degree enriched that he have a hide of land and property, and pay gafol to the king, it is then 220 shillings.
		And if his son and the son's son that acquire, that they have so much land, let their successors be of the sithcund kin, and let them be paid for with two thousand thrymsas.
	www.northvegr.org /lore/anglo_saxon_dooms/004.php (2408 words)

	Weregild
		Weregild (Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc.) was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide, although it could also be demanded in other cases of serious crime.
		The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early northern European societies, such as those of the Vikings, and Anglo-Saxons; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge.
		Weregild was also known to the Celts, who called it ericfine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/we/Wergeld.html (140 words)

	Beowulf Guide - Monsters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		What is indeed interesting is she comes back for the Wergeld (man price) for her son.
		Wergeld is a dangerous but effective rule when put into use.
		In most cases it would lead to more retaliation on both sides and eventually all would be killed in order to uphold the code.
	cal.bemidjistate.edu /english/alindahl/beowulf/monsters.html (634 words)

	the history of Wieringen - the Middle Ages
		One had to pay one full wergeld as compensation for a killing and a portion of it as compensation for an injury caused by the offender.
		The height of the wergeld depended on the societal status of the victim.
		To make a long story short: all through the middle ages the fine for killing a free man changed constantly when calculated in coins, but that was because of several monetary reforms that took place.
	www.pagowirense.nl /wr-his2a.asp (671 words)

	South Somerset District Council, Museums and Heritage Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A man of noble status as opposed to a peasant (Coerl), having a wergeld of 1,200 shillings.
		Originally the recompense paid to the kin of a slain man by the kin of the slayer to avert the blood-feud: the amount varied according to the rank of the slain man, 1,200 shillings for a thegn, 200 for a ceorl.
		By the tenth century wergeld was used to assess the amount of judicial fines.
	www.southsomersetmuseums.org.uk /heritage/glossary.htm (583 words)

	Anglo-Saxon England - culture and society
		The ties of kinship, the wergeld, the role of Anglo-Saxon kings, and the status of women in Anglo-Saxon society.
		The ties of kinship meant that the relatives of a murdered person were obliged to exact vengeance for his or her death.
		The wergeld set a monetary value on each person's life according to their wealth and social status.
	britainexpress.com /History/anglo-saxon_life-kinship_and_lordship.htm (523 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Fines)
		Wergeld, wergild, bloodwite, "man money" (money paid to relatives of the injured party (or the prince) in serious cases; the legal value of a person's life)
		Wergelds for men and women of equal rank were the same unless the woman were "guilty" -- a free woman's wergeld of 40 grivna would be cut to 20 grivna if she had been involved in scandalous activities.
		The law gave equal weight to attacks on a person physically and attacks on a person's honor -- the fine for raping a woman was the same as the fine for killing a woman of that social order.
	members.aol.com /bksmyre/Fines.html (560 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If any one accuses a bishop's or a king's servant (esne), the latter shall clear himself by the hand of the reeve,[5] so that the reeve shall either clear him or deliver him over [to the complainant] to be beaten....
		If any one catches a freeman in the act of theft, the king shall determine one of three [penalties]: that he be slain, that he be sold beyond the sea, or that he redeem his life through [payment of] his wergeld.
		If a man coming from afar, or a stranger, leaves the highway and then neither calls out nor blows a horn, he shall be considered a thief, to be slain or to be redeemed [by paying his wergeld].
	www.constitution.org /sech/sech_003.txt (458 words)

	Reading_10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If one man slays another, the ordinary1 wergeld to be paid as compensation shall be 100 shillings.
		If one man slays another, he shall pay 20 shillings1 before the grave is closed, and the whole of the wergeld within 40 days.
		If [one] freeman lies with the wife of [another] freeman, he shall pay [the husband] his [or her]1 wergeld, and procure a second wife with his own money, and bring her to the other man's home.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Thomas/Legal_History/Reading_10.html (1833 words)

	Lex Frisionum EN (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Between Lauwers en Weser the wergeld of the noble man is 106 solidi and 2 denarii [= tremisses], of the freeman 53 solidi and 1 denarius [= tremisse], of the serf 26 and a half solidi and a half tremisse.
		If a woman has committed fornication with a man, she pays to the king her wergeld; this must be done by a noble man and a free woman.
		If someone abducts a virgin girl and leaves her dishonoured, he pays her wergeld, if she is a noble or free woman, as compensation, and also to the king.
	www.keesn.nl /lex/lex_en1.htm (4276 words)

	wergeld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		And if the relatives of the deceased seek the entire wergeld, let all his [the owner's] doors be closed,...
		This wergeld however I believe has to do with my arrest and confinement personally seen to by Sirrah Vandez.
		That's why women in medieval Europe had the same wergeld - blood money value - as a chieftain; they were precious, because they had the kids and kids were needed to replace the warriors who died.
	www.ljseek.com /wergeld_s4.html (859 words)

	Lex Frisionum EN (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If a man swears a false oath on the relics, he pays to the king his wergeld and he redeems his hand with another wergeld; each one of his oath-helpers pays his wergeld.
		He brings forth the man that he wants and swears: "that this man is guilty of the manslaughter of which I am being accused", while holding him by the border of his cloak.
		If a group of enemies encircle the house of another, the one who brought the others together and instigated them pays his wergeld to the king, and those who followed him, 12 solidi each; and the one to whom damage was done, if there is any damage, will be compensated twice.
	www.keesn.nl /lex/lex_en2.htm (2365 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560-975
		If a freeman lie with a freeman's wife, let him pay for it with his wergeld, and provide another wife with his own money, and bring her to the other.
		If any one fight in the king's hall, or draw his weapon, and he be taken; be it in the king's doom, either death, or life, as he may be willing to grant him.
		Twyhyndeman: one whose wergeld is 200 shillings (lowest class of freeman).
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/560-975dooms.html (10175 words)

	Sources of English Constitutional History: Chapter 5
		If any one plots against the king's life, either by himself or by harbouring outlaws or their men, he shall forfeit his life and all that he has.
		If any one fights or draws his weapon in the king's hall (healle) and is then caught, at the king's judgment he may be put to death or allowed his life in case the king is willing to forgive him....
		If he does so without such witness, the lord who takes him as a man shall pay a fine of 120s., dividing his payment so that the king will get half in the shire where the man was at first a follower and half in that to which he comes....
	www.constitution.org /sech/sech_005.htm (1172 words)

	Glorantha Digest Volume 1: Wergeld
		When I studied the Salic Laws (Dark Age Frankish), it became obvious that wergelds were not meant to be affordable: they were deterrents.
		The idea is not that rich folk can get away with anything, but that everyone lives in fear of the law.
		Perhaps wergeld lists like these are a secular equivalent to the priests' penitentials: a ranking of heinous crimes or sins and their penalties.
	glorantha.temppeli.org /digest/gd1/1995.04/1526.html (333 words)

	Sixth Century Gaul: Its Roman and Germanic Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		While genealogy and family ties were important in the Roman world, the structure and responsibilities of the extended family group in Frankish Gaul were quite distinct from those of earlier classical Gaul.
		A woman, for example, was not considered part of her husband’s kinship group for the purposes of the wergeld or inheritance (Lex Salica LVII).
		An adult woman’s wergeld was six hundred solidi (Lex Salica XXIV); a typical adult male, on the other hand, had a wergeld of a mere two hundred solidi (XLI).
	users.ox.ac.uk /~chri2057/z2001rome.htm (1516 words)

	j. - Mattot-Masei: Bible's code for responses to murders
		Legal historian Charles Rembar explains, in his book "The Law of the Land," that wergeld "was payment for the man, if killed...wergeld was something the surviving kin collected." If the victim were injured, the perpetrator paid bot (payment to the victim for injury), on a sliding scale according to the value of the injured limb.
		A later reform made criminals liable to the state, and not to the victim or the victim's family.
		To use the Anglo-Saxon terms, the Bible requires bot or payment to the injured victim (Exodus 21:18-19, 24), and forbids wergeld, payment to the surviving family for the life of a victim (Numbers 35:31-32).
	www.jewishsf.com /content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/3985/edition_id/72/format/html/displaystory.html (699 words)

	WERGILD, WERGELD - Online Information article about WERGILD, WERGELD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		WERGILD, WERGELD - Online Information article about WERGILD, WERGELD
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		WERGILD, WERGELD or WEE, the Anglo-Saxon terms for the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /WAT_WIL/WERGILD_WERGELD.html (183 words)

	wergeld - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "wergeld" is defined.
		wergeld : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Phrases that include wergeld: wergeld or wer wergild, wergild wergeld or wer
	www.onelook.com /?w=wergeld (101 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Our Legal Heritage, by S. A. Reilly, Attorney.
		If he escape, and be taken again, let him pay for himself according to his wergeld, and make bot for the offense, as well wer as wite, according as he may have wrought.
		No man may marry among his own kin within six degrees of relationship or with the widow of a man as nearly related to him as that, or with a near relative of his first wife's, or his god-mother, or a divorced woman.
		A lord denying justice, as by upholding an evildoing thegn of his, had to pay 120s.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/1/3/3/7/13376/13376-h/13376-h.htm (21286 words)

	Lokarnos \| Wergelds and Lawcodes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Progress and the Internet being what they are, you can now browse the whole of Salic Law (and various other ancient and mediaeval lawcodes) online.
		Nick Brooke: [temppeli.org] I suppose civilised Lunars from the Heartlands would frown on wergeld: it exists to regularise or legitimise violence, which is something civilised cultures think they can do well enough through their own endeavours.
		So I'd be surprised if a Lunar court would recognise wergeld as a "legitimate" solution to crimes of murder and violence: just think, what if some rebel from the hills
	lokarnos.com /Resources/03/06/27/0736220.shtml (625 words)

	Essence of the matter-Wergild. wik5.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Weregild (Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc.) was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide or other wrongful death, although it could also Ƅe demanded in other cases of serious crime.
		The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early northern European societies, such as those of the Vikings, and Anglo-Saxons ; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was Ƅlood revenge.
		You may redistribute it,verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL.
	katakana.en.wik5.info /en/wergild (359 words)

	Essence of the matter-Weregild. wik5.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Weregild (Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc.) was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide or other wrongful death, although it could also be demanded in other cases of serious crime.
		The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early northern European societies, such as those of the Vikings, and Anglo-Saхons ; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge.
		The meagre subsets of a fixed space form a sigma-ideal of subsets; that is, any subset of a meagre set is mea
	katakana.en.wik5.info /en/weregild (524 words)

	Medieval Law\| Lectures in Medieval History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		These concessions ran counter to the realist concept of the origin of law and justice, but became extremely important, allowing the growth of municipal law, business law, and the increasing sophistication of the corporations that had replaced the kindred as the integrating force in society.
		By the end of the century, medieval law was no longer dominated by personality, local custom, trial by ordeal, kinship and compurgation, wergeld, or individual rights of judgment.
		Two powerful and often conflicting legal systems had emerged, however, and an increasing portion of the population were gaining the power to make law.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/lectures/law.html (1360 words)

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