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	Wesberry v. Sanders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sanders, 376 U.S.) was a case involving congressional districts in the state of Georgia, brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.
		The Court issued a ruling on February 17, 1964 that districts have to be approximately equal in population.
		Sanders, the Court held that the population differences among Georgia's congressional districts were so great as to violate the Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders (250 words)

	1964 Wesberry Vs. Sanders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sanders, 376 US 1 (1964) was a case involving congressional districts in the state of Georgia, brought before.
		Sanders, February 1964 The Georgia court case of Wesberry v.
		Sanders, 376 US 1 (1964) was a case involving congressional districts in the state of Georgia, brought before the Supreme Court of the United...
	www.onpowertools.com /1964-wesberry-vs.-sanders.html (1036 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Sanders, 372 U.S. We do not believe that the Framers of the Constitution intended to permit the same vote-diluting discrimination to be accomplished through the device of districts containing widely varied numbers of inhabitants.
		Sanders, 372 U.S. While it may not be possible to draw congressional districts with mathematical precision, that is no excuse for ignoring our Constitution's plain objective of making equal representation for equal numbers of people the fundamental goal for the House of Representatives.
		The provision for equally populated districts was dropped in 1929, 47 and has not been revived, although the 1929 provisions for apportionment have twice been amended and, in 1941, were made generally applicable to subsequent censuses and apportionments.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=376&invol=1 (11922 words)

	Baker v. Carr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Carr was not the person who set the district lines – the state legislature had done that – but was sued ex officio as the person who was ultimately responsible for the conduct of elections in the state and for the publication of district maps.
		Frankfurter, joined by John Marshall Harlan II, dissented vigorously and at length, arguing that the Court had shunted aside history and judicial restraint and violated the separation of powers between legislatures and Courts.
		Sims, 377 U.S. In that case, the Court formulated the famous "one-man, one-vote" standard for legislative districting, holding that each individual had to be weighted equally in legislative apportionment.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baker_v._Carr (815 words)

	Reynolds v. Sims
		Sanders, 372 U.S., relating to elections for statewide office, have the effect of placing basic aspects of state political systems under the pervasive overlordship of the federal judiciary.
		Sanders, supra, at 48, I believe that the vitality of our political system, on which, in the last analysis, all else depends, is weakened by reliance on the judiciary for political reform; in time, a complacent body politic may result.
		Sanders, 376 U.S. That clause, which manifestly has no bearing on the claims made in these cases, see V Elliot's Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1845), 332-333, could not, in any event, be the foundation for judicial relief.
	straylight.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0377_0533_ZD.html (10454 words)

	Wesberry v. Sanders
		It was manifestly the intention of the Congress not to reenact the provision as to compactness, contiguity, and equality in population with respect to the districts to be created pursuant to the reapportionment under the Act of 1929.
		V. The extent to which the Court departs from accepted principles of adjudication is further evidenced by the irrelevance to today's issue of the cases on which the Court relies.
		Ex parte Yarbrough, 110 U.S. 651, was a habeas corpus proceeding, in which the Court sustained the validity of a conviction of a group of persons charged with violating federal statutes [n54] which made it a crime to conspire to deprive a citizen of his federal rights, and in particular the right to vote.
	wps.prenhall.com /wps/media/objects/531/544609/Documents_Library/wesberry.htm (9555 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
		Sanders —a suit pursued by a group of Fulton County voters against Georgia officials, including Governor Carl Sanders—the U.S. Supreme Court built on its previous ruling in Gray v.
		Sanders (1963) to hold that all federal congressional districts within each state had to be made up of a roughly equal number of voters.
		As a result, the Court scuttled the legislative electoral systems of most states, including often-used "little federalism" systems that structured districts for one house of the state legislature according to geography, rather than population, in keeping with the model of the Constitution's treatment of the U.S. Senate.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2984 (342 words)

	Silver v. Reagan (1967) 67 C2d 452
		Sanders (1964) 376 U.S. 1 [11 L.Ed.2d 418, 84 S.Ct. 526].) The Governor, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the representatives in Congress from the State of California are respondents in both cases.
		On July 29, 1965, petitioners in the Silver case sought a writ of mandate to secure reapportionment of the state's congressional districts on the same grounds urged in the present proceedings.
		Under the decisions of the United States Supreme Court, we are convinced that the policies underlying the requirements of compactness and contiguity and the policies underlying maintenance of the integrity of political subdivisions and assembly districts cannot justify such extensive departures from population-based representation as exist among the state's congressional districts.
	online.ceb.com /calcases/C2/67C2d452.htm (2004 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Sanders, 376 U.S., and its progeny, and held, inter alia, that a heightened standard of review was required here because the Secretary's decision impacted the fundamental right to have one's vote counted and had a disproportionate impact upon certain identifiable minority racial groups.
		Sanders, 376 U.S. (1964), and found that a heightened standard of review was required here both because the Secretary's decision impacted a fundamental right, viz., the right to have one's vote counted, and because the decision had a disproportionate impact upon certain identifiable minority racial groups.
		Sanders, supra, and held it applicable to congressional apportionment of seats among the States.
	caselaw.findlaw.com /cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=U10208 (6651 words)

	Wesberry V Sanders
		The price will double if you were to go from bench to floor models, and it is advised that unless you are planning to work with a large volume of lumber a floor model will not be necessary.
		Sanders (1964) Appeal from the U. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia Heard November 18-19, 1963 Decided February 17...
		Sanders 376 US 1 was a case involving congressional districts in the state of Georgia, brought before the Supreme...
	powerful-tools.com /wesberry-v-sanders.html (605 words)

	Great Source American Government
		It would be unduly repetitious, and belaboring the obvious, to expound on the impact of this statute on the liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment against arbitrary or capricious denials or on the nature of this liberty.
		For it forbids all married persons the right to use birth-control devices, regardless of whether their use is dictated by considerations of family planning, Trubek v.
		And the clear effect of these statutes, as enforced, is to deny disadvantaged citizens of Connecticut, those without either adequate knowledge or resources to obtain private counseling, access to medical assistance and up-to-date information in respect to proper methods of birth control.
	www.greatsource.com /amgov/almanac/documents/supreme/1965_gvc_7.html (1467 words)

	Annotated Constitution pg 2154
		Sanders, 376 U.S. Georgia statute establishing congressional districts of grossly unequal populations violates Article I, Sec.
		Bush, 376 U.S. Texas statute establishing congressional districts of grossly unequal populations unconstitutional on authority of Wesberry v.
		Sanders, 376 U.S. Same division of Justices as in Wesberry.
	www.eco.freedom.org /ac92/ac92pg2154.shtml (212 words)

	PH@school: The Living Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sanders, the Court rules that populations in State congressional districts must be nearly equal.
		James Wesberry and other voters from the district filed a class action suit against Carl Sanders, the Governor of Georgia, claiming that the uneven apportionment of congressional seats violated their rights by diluting their vote.
		When Wesberry's case reached the Supreme Court, the justices held in a 6–3 decision that Georgia's districting plan violated the Constitution.
	www.phschool.com /atschool/constitution/constitution7e.html (237 words)

	Key Redistricting Cases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Court agreed to hear cases dealing with legislative districting plans with districts with uneven populations).
		Sanders, 376 U.S. Ruled that States must adopt Congressional districting plans that create districts that are equal in population.
		Bandemer, 478 U.S. Ruled that cases involving partisan gerrymandering are justiciable.
	www.fau.edu /divdept/polsci/people/4421/redistricting.html (116 words)

	Silver v. Brown (1965) 63 C2d 316
		In this proceeding petitioners as citizens, taxpayers, and voters seek a writ of mandate or other appropriate relief to enforce their rights and the rights of all others similarly situated to equality of voting power in the election of members to the House of Representatives of the United States Congress.
		Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 [84 S.Ct. 526, 11 L.Ed.2d 481].) The respondents are the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and all of the Representatives in Congress from the State of California.
		We are therefore of the opinion that the Legislature should have an opportunity to consider the question of congressional districting in the light of the standards set forth in Silver v.
	online.ceb.com /calcases/C2/63C2d316.htm (632 words)

	The Principle of One Person, One Vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Wesberry vs. Sanders (1964), the United States Supreme Court interpreted this article in the sense that the principle of proportionality should be practised as strictly as possible.
		From this emerged the standard "as nearly as practicable", applied afterwards in, among others, Kikpatric vs. Preisler (1969) to demand that the states put good faith into practice to achieve the mathematical equality of the value of the vote in the determination of the constituencies existing in each state.
		In so doing, and on the grounds of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the periodic review of the census was constitutionalised, with the objective of avoiding inequalities arising in the assertion of the right to vote as a consequence of population movements.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/lf/lfd13a.htm (1102 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Wesberry v Sanders
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Wesberry v Sanders
		Sanders, Deion, born in 1967, American professional football and baseball player, one of the few athletes in history to succeed in two professional...
		Sanders, Barry, born in 1968, American professional football player, an outstanding running back for the Detroit Lions in the National Football...
	encarta.msn.com /Wesberry_v_Sanders.html (148 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		Carr, supra, does not involve a question of the degree to which the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment limits the authority of a State Legislature in designing the geographical districts from which representatives are chosen either for the State Legislature or for the Federal House of Representatives.
		Mosley, 238 U.S., "the right to have one's vote counted" has the same dignity as "the right to put a ballot in a box." It can be protected from the diluting effect of illegal ballots.
		And it is hard to take seriously the argument that "dilution" of a vote in consequence of a legislatively sanctioned electoral system can, without more, be analogized to an impairment of the political franchise by ballot box stuffing or other criminal activity, e.
	laws.findlaw.com /us/372/368.html (6022 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Article I: Annotations pg. 6 of 58
		Sanders, 253 the Court held that ''construed in its historical context, the command of Art.
		For the Court in Wesberry, 260 Justice Black argued that a reading of the debates of the Constitutional Convention conclusively demonstrated that the Framers had meant, in using the phrase ''by the People,'' to guarantee equality of representation in the election of Members of the House of Representatives.
		Sims, 377 U.S. (1964) (legislative apportionment and districting); Hadley v.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/article01/06.html (1646 words)

	Senator Clifton Below & a. v. William M. Gardner, Secretary of State
		Sanders, 376 U.S. Part I, Article 11 of the New Hampshire Constitution and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantee to the people of New Hampshire the equal right to vote.
		Unlike legislatures, courts engaged in redistricting primarily view the task through the lens of the one person/one vote principle and all other considerations are given less weight.
		While data from the federal census (referred to as PL 94-171 census data) reflects ward populations based upon the ward lines in effect as of April 1, 2000, some of the data used by the petitioners reflect ward populations based upon the ward lines changed after April 1, 2000.
	www.courts.state.nh.us /supreme/opinions/2002/0206/senat067.htm (4669 words)

	Cathedral High School, El Paso, Texas --- United States Government
		For many years, rural congressional districts with few people were overrepresented in the House, at the expense of urban and suburban districts.
		Sanders, held that sections of States may not be over- or underrepresented in Congress, upholding the principle that one person's vote should be worth as much as another's, i.e., "one person, one vote.".
		Members of the House must be at least 25 years of age, have been a citizen for a least seven years, and must be an inhabitant of the State he or she represents.
	www.whc.net /irish/government/lectures/10-2lec.htm (365 words)

	Wesberry v. Sanders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		filed a suit against the Governor of Georgia, Carl E. Sanders, protesting the state's apportionment scheme.
		The Fifth Congressional District, of which Wesberry was a member, had a population two to three times larger than some of the other districts in the state.
		Wesberry claimed this system diluted his right to vote compared to other Georgia residents.
	www.oyez.org /oyez/resource/case/438/print (219 words)

	Introduction
		Sanders, Justice Douglas declared: “The conception of political equality from the Declaration of Independence, to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, to the Fifteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Amendments can mean only one thing— one person, one vote.”
		Sanders, the Court held that congressional districts must be redrawn so that “as nearly as is practicable one man’s vote in a congressional election is...
		Sims, the Court held that the boundaries of legislative districts must be redrawn and that the “overriding objective must be substantial equality of population among the various districts, so that the vote of any citizen is approximately equal in weight to that of any other citizen in the State.”
	www.senate.leg.state.mn.us /departments/scr/redist/Red2000/intro.htm (1400 words)

	Southwest Voter Registration Education Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Reynolds v Sims (1964) http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=usandvol=377andinvol=533 "Undeniably the Constitution of the United States protects the right of all qualified citizens to vote, in state as well as in federal elections.
		Sanders (1964) http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?navby=caseandcourt=usandvol=376andinvol=1 "It is in the light of such history that we must construe Art.
		The pleadings and briefs further stated that the control cards for the operation of the program were altered by the vendor representative during the counting, and that the acts by the election officials were willful, wanton, reckless and oppressive.
	www.ecotalk.org /ACLUlawsuit.htm (10528 words)

	Baker v. Carr (1962)
		He declared that if a voter no longer has “the full constitutional value of his franchise [right to vote], and the legislative branch fails to take appropriate restorative action, the doors of the courts must be open to him.”
		Sanders extended that principle to federal elections, holding that “…as nearly as practicable, one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's.”
		Board of Estimate of City of New York v.
	www.infoplease.com /us/supreme-court/cases/ar02.html (453 words)

	=TheHill.com= (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since the rural representatives tended to be in the majority in state capitols the issue of changing the system to increase urban representation usually fell on deaf ears.
		Carr ruled that legislative districts in Tennessee violated the “principle of one man, one vote.” In the 1964 case of Wesberry v.
		Sanders, the court referred to that principle in reviewing congressional districts in Georgia.
	www.hillnews.com /kornacki/021203.aspx (567 words)

	Chapter 3 - Equal Population
		Sanders (1964), the Supreme Court held that the population of congressional districts in the same state must be as nearly equal in population as practicable.
		The Kirkpatrick opinion specifically rejected the suggestion that there is a point at which population differences among districts becomes de minimis and held that, insofar as a state fails to achieve mathematical equality among districts, it must either show that the variances are unavoidable or specifically justify the variances.
		The distinction between the standard of population equality demanded in congressional districting and that required in state legislative districting again was recognized and the legislative districting standard somewhat clarified in June 1973 by the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Gaffney v.
	www.senate.leg.state.mn.us /departments/scr/redist/red2000/ch2equal.htm (3994 words)

	Redistricting Cases - House Research
		The following is a brief description of key decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court regarding redistricting.
		Sanders [372 U.S. "one person, one vote." Equal voting power is required under the U.S. Constitution.
		Sanders [376 U.S. Congressional districts must be as equal in population "as practicable." "While it may not be possible to draw congressional districts with mathematical precision, that is no excuse for ignoring our Constitution's plain objective of making equal representation for equal numbers of people the fundamental goal for the House of Representatives."
	www.house.leg.state.mn.us /hrd/issinfo/redistcases.htm (499 words)

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