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Topic: West African campaign

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	African Americans and the Old West
		The saga of the Old West is filled with tales of adventure with pioneers roving the plains seeking the unknown in the vast territorial lands west of the Mississippi River.
		Many African Americans saw this as their opportunity to escape the harsh racist views of the South with the intent of establishing a new economic base in the West.
		McCabe, an African American who served as the state auditor in Kansas for four years and as the state auditor in Oklahoma for ten years, decided to seize the moment of opportunity by purchasing 320 acres of land whereby the town of Langston, Oklahoma was established in 1890.
	www.liunet.edu /cwis/cwp/library/african/west/west.htm (12045 words)

	West African Oil: Hope or Hype? by Dr. Cyril Widdershoven
		Despite the optimism, the possible impact of the West African oil and gas reserves should however not be overestimated.
		The West African oil province (the so-called Ecowas region or Gulf of Guinea) holds 33.8 bln barrels of proven oil reserves, 3.1% of the global total.
		Since West African oil producing states are almost solely dependent on oil income, volatile international oil prices have profound impact on local economies, leading, as in the case of Nigeria, to potentially paralyzing national strikes.
	www.iags.org /africa.html (753 words)

	Economic Community of West African States
		West Africa's petroleum refining capacity is concentrated in Nigeria.
		West Africa's total installed electric generating capacity was 9.4 gigawatts (GW) at the beginning of 2001, the majority of which is thermal (see Table 5).
		Guinea is the source of several major West African rivers (including the Gambia and Niger Rivers) and has a hydroelectric potential (technically feasible) estimated at 19,400 Gigawatthours per year (Gwh/yr).
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/ghana.html (7283 words)

	IOL: West Africa
		West African musicians are gearing up for a special benefit concert in Niger that is being hailed as the country's answer to the Live 8 bashes last month.
		The two South African pilots who flew suspected mercenaries to Harare last year are back home, and will be allowed to spend some time with their families before facing prosecution for contravening sections of the Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act.
		The villagers of Katan Bague in southern Niger are bearing the brunt of the hunger crisis threatening the vast West African state and have been forced to migrate to the cities and gather roots, berries and insects to survive.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86 (1683 words)

	Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) Campaign Communication Guide
		Campaign communication will need to involve the talents of many national media producers and their respectives media institutions.
		As the campaign progresses, obstacles should be reported as a basis for revising the communication workplan.
		During the years 1962-76 a regional rinderpest campaign (Joint-Project 15) was conducted in 22 countries at a cost of $51 million.
	www.fao.org /docrep/t8570e/t8570e03.htm (2035 words)

	North African Campaign
		The North African Campaign, or Desert War, took place in the North African desert during World War II between 1940 and 1943.
		The early part of the North African Campaign was plagued by a lack of supplies on both sides.
		The East African Campaign refers to the battles fought between British Commonwealth forces (including forces from India, South Africa, Nigeria, and Ghana) and Italy during World War II, often seen as part of the North African Campaign.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1727.html (1044 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990.
		Several thousand French and West African troops remain in Cote d'Ivoire to maintain peace and facilitate the disarmament, demobilization, and rehabilitation process.
		Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (16146 words)

	The History of the SAAF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The South African Commander in Chief, General, Smuts, was a member of the Imperial War Cabinet and in 1917 was asked by the British Prime Minister to investigate the question of air defence against Zeppelin raids.
		The title South African Air Force was first used officially on 1 February 1923 when the SAAF was listed under the provisions of the reconstituted SA Defence Act when it was listed as one of the corps of the Permanent Force.
		The inclusion of the entire South African Airways fleet of Junkers aircraft and the technical staff with experience in metal covered monoplanes was a boost to the SAAF, as were the civil aircraft taken over.
	www.saairforce.co.za /history.htm (4859 words)

	WHO Ending West African Program, Claiming Success
		Farmers had begun leaving their fields amid a growing realization that something associated with the rivers was causing blindness.
		The WHO set out to eliminate the disease and to make sure West African countries could continue monitoring for it after its elimination, two goals it says have largely been achieved.
		WHO Director General Gro Harlem Brundtland said the campaign's success should "inspire all of us in public health to dream big dreams" (WHO release, Dec. 4).
	www.unwire.org /UNWire/20021204/30707_story.asp (234 words)

	West African mission: Getting Liberia's warlord to go (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		West African leaders headed to Liberia's bloodied capital Friday aiming to press President Charles Taylor to step down as promised and leave his war-ruined nation for exile.
		Mohamed Ibn Chambas, executive secretary of the West African regional leaders' bloc, was flying Friday morning to Monrovia with foreign ministers of Ghana, Togo and Nigeria, West Africa's military giant.
		The trip follows Thursday's declaration by West African heads of state meeting in Accra, Ghana, that they would send the first peace forces into Liberia on Monday -- and that Taylor, an indicted war-crimes suspect blamed in 14 years of conflict in Liberia, would leave the nation three days after.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2003/08/01/international0742EDT0499.DTL (758 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - War spurred west African HIV epidemic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The variety of HIV prevalent in West Africa, HIV-2, was probably let loose by a war of independence, genetic detective work has revealed.
		The war caused widespread social disruption and also brought a mass vaccination campaign, both of which could have caused the exponential rise in infections.
		Another factor is likely to have been the massive vaccination campaign for local people instigated by Portuguese army doctors during the war - centered at the clinic in Canchungo.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3718 (583 words)

	UNICEF - West African States On Verge of Eliminating polio
		Geneva, Lungi, New York - With polio cases at an all-time low in West Africa, 16 countries are renewing their commitment to eliminate the crippling virus as they launch a massive coordinated campaign aimed at reaching 80 million children with oral polio vaccine.
		In West Africa, Rotary volunteers will work with Ministries of Health and other partners to ensure vaccine distribution, cold chain supplies and other logistics, along with the immunization of children.
		Along with West, Central and the Horn of Africa, the virus continues to circulate in Afghanistan, India and Pakistan.
	www.unicef.org /newsline/01pr80printer.htm (1084 words)

	West African Leaders Arrive in Liberia (phillyBurbs.com)
		MONROVIA, Liberia - West African leaders arrived in Liberia's bloodied capital under heavy military guard Friday, beginning their mission to press President Charles Taylor to step down as promised and leave his war-ruined nation for exile.
		As fighting surged, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, executive secretary of the West African regional leaders' bloc, and Ghana's foreign minister arrived at Liberia's main airport, accompanied by Ghanaian soldiers.
		The trip followed Thursday's declaration by West African leaders meeting in Accra, Ghana, that they would send the first peace forces into Liberia on Monday - and that Taylor, an indicted war-crimes suspect blamed in 14 years of conflict in Liberia, should leave the nation three days later.
	www.phillyburbs.com /pb-dyn/news/91-08012003-134835.html (766 words)

	Aventis Pasteur Donates Polio Vaccine to U.S.-U.N. Eradication Effort (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sixteen West African nations are working this week to immunize all children under five against polio just as Aventis Pasteur, the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, donates 30 million doses of oral polio vaccine to the effort.
		The West African immunization campaign is backed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), a broad effort involving the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the service organization Rotary International.
		This week, 16 West African countries have united to vaccinate all children under five within their borders.
	japan.usembassy.gov /e/p/tp-glo20021114a2.html (967 words)

	WARP/Ghana Welcome: West African Regional Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Maghrebian countries generously sent U.S. $12 million of assistance in the form of ground teams and spray airplanes to boost Sahelian national response.
		There is now a fully-fledged campaign underway, coordinated by the FAO and in close collaboration with the locust control services of the afflicted countries.
		The West Africa Regional Program (WARP) itself will invest in long-term capacity strengthening of locust control services in selected countries through a $600,000 grant to CILSS to prepare for the anticipated 2005 invasion.
	www.usaid.gov /missions/warp/newsletter/archive/1qtr05/goodnews (628 words)

	North African Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The British forces, of which the majority were white South Africans (27 000) and fl East Africans (33 000) lost only 1154 battle casualties on a strength of 77 000.
		The result of the campaign was a crushing humiliation for Mussolini, as well as a heavy dimunition of his military strength.
		British and American troops hastened towards Tunisia, as Montgomery was doing from the other end of the North African coast in pursuit of Rommel, and the bulk of the French garrison concentrated inland, but the Germans were able to land the advance guard of an expeditionary force under General Nehring.
	www3.sympatico.ca /ergrenier/Africa.html (3646 words)

	West Africa on the Internet
		Projects include manuscript preservation in Mali and the African diaspora in North Africa and the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		Founded in 1989, to enhance collaborative research and scholarly exchange between U.S. and West African scholars, educators, and institutions.
		Its overseas headquarters, the West African Research Center (WARC) opened in 1993 in Dakar, Senegal.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/westaf.html (2120 words)

	UNOY - West African Seminar 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lack of access to suitable education, lack of opportunities to exchange views and best practices, as well as a lack of expertise affect the peacebuilding efforts and interventions of youth/organizations, leaving them disempowered and disappointed in their efforts to work for positive change.
		No comparable efforts were made to invest in and promote the role of youth leaders as major stakeholders, who not only represent an enormous potential for the war lords as well as for peaceful actions in pre- and post-conflict situations.
		Commitment to the African Network of Young Peacebuilders and/or Peace It Together, Youth Campaign for a Culture of Peace and non-violence.
	www.unoy.org /West_African_Seminar_2004.htm (1768 words)

	West Africa polio campaign boycotted by Nigerian states -- Fleck 328 (7438): 485 -- BMJ
		West Africa polio campaign boycotted by Nigerian states -- Fleck 328 (7438): 485 -- BMJ
		The west African campaign was intended as a final push to stamp
		refused to cooperate with the west African vaccination campaign,
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abridged/328/7438/485 (227 words)

	South African Military History Society - Journal- THE GERMAN EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN
		In a postscript Col Thompson states that he kept a diary during the campaign and, upon recently re-reading it, wonders if the narrator was indeed himself, and is incredulous that he actually survived.
		Although those South Africans who fought in France (and especially at Delville Wood) have enjoyed greater renown, their comrades who endured the East African Campaign are equally deserving of respect, in view of what they too had to endure.
		The intention behind the publication of these extracts is to provide the student of military history with side-lights on the day-to-day events in the life of a staff officer during the East African campaign, in the belief that these might serve to illuminate the major studies.
	rapidttp.com /milhist/vol066ed.html (5594 words)

	West African immigrants seek asylum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		JOHANNESBURG, 16 Jun 2004 (IRIN) - Ten West Africans out of 3,000 being held as illegal immigrants in a transit centre outside the Angolan capital, Luanda, have sought asylum, an official from the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) told IRIN on Wednesday.
		The West Africans have been waiting for the past few months in a transit centre in Viana, a suburb of Luanda, to be deported to their countries by air.
		They were rounded up along with tens of thousands of Congolese as part of "Operacao Brilhante", a campaign to deport illegal foreigners working in the diamond industry that began in December last year.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=41694 (417 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Tales of West African trafficking
		Many West African children, especially in poverty stricken Togo, are sent abroad to work in near-slavery conditions.
		I have always believed that, this is one serious case of human rights violations, which both the African Union and the UN do not aggressively denounce and fight.
		The worst thing about it was that the dead ones are thrown into the river and never accounted for by the person who took them from their homes or streets to this journey.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/2906193.stm (1082 words)

	New Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		WHO spokesperson Melissa Corkum said February 27 that final data won't be available for several more weeks, but she anticipates that the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has come close to achieving its goal of immunizing 63 million children in 10 West African states during the campaign conducted February 23-27.
		Still, Corkum said further safety tests are being conducted on the vaccine currently to allay those concerns with the hope that the hesitant states will participate in another West African immunization campaign set for late March.
		As National Immunization Days unfolded this week, a case of paralytic polio was confirmed in Ivory Coast, more than three years after that West African nation was believed to be free of the disease.
	www.usemb.org.zm /usis/Mon-March-01-2004.html (2283 words)

	IOL: West African heads discuss currency reform
		On the agenda for the meeting was a review of the status of the West African central bank (BCEAO) and efforts undertaken to reform the banking system for the 92 million residents in the eight-country Uemoa bloc, according to a statement from the grouping.
		Uemoa commissioner Soumaila Cisse elaborated on Sunday that the heads of state were also to "discuss and evaluate commitments from development partners" in financing a 1-billion regional development programme.
		The impact of a devastating invasion of locusts on the region's agriculture-based economies will also be discussed, as will the campaign launched in September to replace banknotes from the 1992 series with new, more secure bills.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=qw1097500684846W231 (379 words)

	ABC News: West African Leaders Redouble Polio Fight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nigerian authorities in the mainly Muslim north suspended polio immunization for nearly a year due to fears fanned by some hard-line Islamic clerics who claimed the vaccine was part of a U.S.-led plot to render Nigeria's Muslims infertile or infect them with AIDS.
		The 11-month boycott, which ended in July, spawned a resurgence of the crippling disease in Nigeria and 12 African countries where it had been eradicated.
		The presidential doctoring was a prelude to a four-day, 22-nation vaccination blitz in west and central Africa next week.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/wireStory?id=518125 (365 words)

	North African Campaign biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The battle in the North African desert during World War II from 1940-1943.
		Although ordered to simply hold the line, Rommel launched an offensive from El Agheila which, with the exception of Tobruk, managed to press the Allies beyond Salum, effectively putting both sides back at their approximate original positions.
		After victory in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign to begin.
	north-african-campaign.biography.ms (649 words)

	African Energy – Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was created on May 28, 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.
		In 2001, the countries of West Africa collectively consumed (see Table 2.) 1.48 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of commercial energy (0.4% of total world consumption) and produced 5.70 quadrillion Btu (1.4% of total world production).
		Petroleum consumption in West Africa averaged 470,170 bbl/d in 2002.
	www.africa-energy.com /html/public/data/ecowas.html (7152 words)

	ABC News: West African Leaders Push Polio Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		West African Leaders Launch Polio Drive to Regain Progress Lost After a Vaccine-Boycott
		The vaccine boycott led last year by Islamic hard-liners who believed the vaccination campaign was a plot to sterilize or kill Muslims is blamed for spreading the crippling disease back into more than a dozen African countries where it had previously been eradicated.
		Obasanjo, who is also current chairman of the African Union, said African leaders resolved at their January summit in Nigeria to eradicate polio in the continent but need help to marshal resources to achieve the objective.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/wireStory?id=517007&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (371 words)

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