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Topic: West German

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		Dreamy West German Blue Moonstone Cabochon (16mm x 12mm)
		Elegant West German "Semi-Precious" Plaque Stone (27 x 14)
		Exquisite West German Oval Stone (14 x 7)
	www.splendorintheglass.net /pindex.asp (235 words)

	Facts about Germany: 1949–1990: The two German states > 1949–1990
		This second German democracy was to be a functioning parliamentary democracy with a strong Federal Chancellor, who could only be toppled by a “constructive vote of no confidence”, i.e., by a successor being voted, and a Federal President who played a nominal role only.
		While the West of Germany drew “anti-totalitarian” conclusions from the most recent German history, the East, that is the Soviet zone of occupation and later East Germany, had to put up with “anti-fascist” consequences.
		The philosopher Hermann Lübbe referred to this approach to recent history as “communicative refusing to mention” (and judged it to be necessary in the stabilizing of West German democracy).
	www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de /en/history/main-content-03/1949-1990-the-two-german-states.html (934 words)

	West Germany - MSN Encarta
		West Germany supported both the federation of Western Europe in the European Community (now called the European Union) and the birth of new democracies in Eastern Europe.
		West Germany and East Germany merged their financial systems in July 1990, and in October the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) dissolved and became part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
		The Christian Democratic coalition, led by Kohl, scored a decisive victory in elections for the new German government in December 1990, and Kohl became the chancellor of the unified Germany.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569658_2/West_Germany.html (711 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: West Berlin
		West Berlin was the name given to the part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 that consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945.
		West Berlin was run by an elected Mayor and city government at Rathaus Schöneberg, but this government formally derived its authority from the occupying forces, not its electoral mandate.
		The ambiguous status of West Berlin also meant that men there were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service; this exemption made the city a popular home for West German youths, which resulted in a flourishing counterculture that became one of the defining features of the city.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/West-Berlin (3587 words)

	West Germany - MSN Encarta
		West Germany, common name of a former republic of central Europe, bordered on the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; on the east by the former East Germany and the Czech Republic; on the south by Austria and Switzerland; and on the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
		It was established officially as the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; German Bundesrepublik Deutschland) on September 21, 1949, as one of two successor states—East Germany (officially the German Democratic Republic, or GDR) being the other—to the nation of Germany after its defeat in World War II (1939-1945).
		West Germany ceased to exist in 1990 when it merged with East Germany into a single nation known as Germany (officially called the Federal Republic of Germany).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569658/Germany_West.html (859 words)

	sociology - West Germany
		West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include East Germany (formally called the German Democratic Republic (GDR)).
		West Germany was declared "fully sovereign" May 5, 1955, although with the former occupying troops remaining on the ground, like the Soviet Army remained in East Germany.
		West Germany joined NATO on May 9, 1955, thus becoming a focus of the Cold War with its juxtaposition to East Germany, a member of the subsequently founded Warsaw Pact.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/West_Germany (239 words)

	Women In German Society
		In West Germany, the Basic Law of 1949 declared that men and women were equal, but it was not until 1957 that the civil code was amended to conform with this statement.
		By the mid-1960s, East German women accounted for about half of all secondary school graduates who had prepared to study at institutes of higher learning in the GDR; by the 1975-76 academic year, they were in the majority (53 percent).
		Two factors were believed to be responsible for the discrepancy between eastern and western rates of attendance at institutes of higher learning: West German women had a stronger orientation toward traditional familial relations; and they had dimmer prospects for admission to particular academic departments and for professional employment after graduation.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/facts/bl_women.htm (1371 words)

	1986, June. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		On July 1, German monetary union was established with parity between East and West German marks.
		West and East German Parliaments ratified the treaty reunifying the nation.
		Berlin was restored as the capital and the seat of the united German legislature and government.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3010.html (324 words)

	1970, Feb. 6. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		West German chancellor Brandt in Moscow for the signing of a TREATY BETWEEN WEST GERMANY AND THE SOVIET UNION recognizing the inviolability of all postwar European boundaries, including specifically the Oder-Neisse line.
		West Germany reserved all its ties with the West, but agreed to develop economic, scientific, and cultural ties with the Soviet Union.
		Both sides renounced the use of force for settling disputes, and West Germany conditionally recognized the Oder-Neisse line as the western frontier of Poland.
	www.bartleby.com /67/2731.html (472 words)

	Rebuffing Bonn's Unilateral Attempt to Torpedo NATO Policy
		West German Defense Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg and Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher flew suddenly into Washington on an early morning last week to inform George Bush that Bonn now is pushing hard for immediate East-West negotiations to eliminate short- range nuclear missiles and nuclear artillery from Europe.
		West Germans rely for their security on a U.S. guarantee to retaliate with its own nuclear weapons against a Soviet nuclear or overwhelming conventional attack on West Germany.
		In recent months, the West German government, led on this issue by Foreign Minister Genscher, has mounted a frontal assault on the NATO nuclear modernization plan, first refusing a firm decision on modernizing NATO's short-range nuclear forces and now advocating negotiations that could eliminate a follow-on to the Lance missile and nuclear artillery as well.
	www.heritage.org /research/europe/EM232.cfm (936 words)

	Identifying West German Pottery
		As a result, West German pottery has become a well-known secret: everyone knows it's there, but no one really knows quite what it is. Part of the problem is that we use the term West German pottery as if it meant something specific, even if we never knew what that specific was.
		During the entire West German era, figural decorations were also popular, from some very light "on the town" designs, to simplified but powerful Cubist looks.
		Information on most West German pottery remains hard to come by, though it is surely waiting in someone's filing cabinet, attic, or basement.
	www.ginforsodditiques.com /westgerman.html (3872 words)

	Condi Rice Is Wrong About Germany's Werewolves, But Right About Iraq
		The Nazi party was crushed and outlawed and the German state ceased to exist as a national body for the four years of the occupation.
		Given that the German army fought to the bitter end and that the German anti-Nazi resistance was small, late and unsuccessful, the Allies did not romanticize German anti-fascism.
		West German democracy in the 1950s failed in important ways to get at the truth about the Nazi past in a timely fashion though the voices calling for looking at the truth square in the eye eventually found a broader audience.
	www.hnn.us /articles/1655.html (2081 words)

	Rocket museum
		The Soviets and their communist lackeys, Brysac says, "wanted to prove that people in the West German government were war criminals." There certainly were links: One director of the operation, Heinrich Luebke, was later president of the Federal Republic of Germany, as West Germany was known before reunification.
		When it opened just after German reunification, it was designed to be a space museum, and was called "Peenemunde, the birthplace of space travel." The place was, she says, "a paean to Wernher von Braun and the start of the space age.
		German records show that 32,475 slave laborers worked at the two concentration camps whose remains remain visible at Peenemunde.
	www.whyfiles.org /155war_archeo/4.html (774 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Berlin Wall
		The flight of growing numbers of East Germans to non-communist countries via West Berlin led to Germany erecting the GDR border system (of which the Berlin Wall was a part) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus.
		West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, led by their mayor Willy Brandt, who strongly criticised the United States for failing to respond.
		West Berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions; all crossing points were closed to West Berliners between August 26, 1961 and December 17, 1963, and it was not until September 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a Four Powers Agreement on transit issues.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Berlin_Wall (4314 words)

	Print Article: Farewell to a dark past
		Goodbye Lenin, by the West German director Wolfgang Becker, has led audiences to clap spontaneously in darkened cinemas and brought older East Germans to tears because of its nostalgic yet humorous depiction of the past.
		Bizarre situations ensue: Alex tells his bedridden mother that the thousands of East Germans she sees on television flooding through the breached Berlin Wall to the west are in fact West Germans, realising a long-held dream of finally moving to a socialist paradise in the east.
		German critics say that the film has struck a popular nerve because it offers a make-believe end to East Germany that many of that country's citizens would have preferred to have seen: transformation of the system from within as opposed to a capitalist takeover.
	www.theage.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/04/21/1050777209429.html (612 words)

	German economy, labor face wrenching changes : The Morning Call Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, the Social Democrat who headed a coalition government at the time, championed ties with East Germany and economic cooperation among nations.
		Germans are concerned about Eastern European competition and also fear that Turkey's acceptance into the European Union would mean the influx of cheap labor into their country.
		West German taxis were Mercedes-Benz sedans and, fortunately, one was idling at a cab stand.
	www.mcall.com /business/yourmoney/sns-yourmoney-1009leckeyfile,0,4324798,print.story?coll=all-tjinews-hed (430 words)

	Heisenberg - The Post-War Era, 1945-1976: Reviving German Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Working with western authorities and German political leaders, Heisenberg sought a direct role for the federal government in forming a national policy for science and technology and a direct role for science advisors to the new federal chancellor, Konrad Adenauer.
		Heisenberg tirelessly argued for a lifting of the ban and for German preparations to begin reactor construction as soon as the ban was lifted.
		They published the "Göttingen Manifesto." Although the West German government strove to obtain nuclear warheads, the German army remained non-nuclear in the sense that it possessed the delivery vehicles but the U.S. retained control of the warheads.
	www.aip.org /history/heisenberg/p12.htm (930 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Top Worldwide
		German companies, including businesses in the chemical, engineering and automobile industries, may create as many as 30,000 new jobs this year, the DIHK industry and trade chambers said on Dec. 27, citing a survey of 9,300 companies conducted last month.
		German steelworkers in September won the biggest pay increase in more than a decade, and officials at IG Metall, the country's largest union, are gearing up for another round of talks this spring for 3.2 million engineering and metal workers.
		West German adjusted unemployment fell by 74,000 to 2.73 million from 2.8 million in November, while the eastern German count dropped by 34,000 to 1.39 million, according to the labor agency.
	www.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=10000087&refer=top_world_news&sid=an_nb2t57GwE (893 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		West Germany competed in the first two under-23 competitions, which finished in 1972 and 1974.
		The current Germany team can be legitimately considered as the current incarnation of the West German team, since the West Germany flag, uniform and football association all became those of the unified Germany.
		In effect, the West German team absorbed the East German team to become 'the Germany national under-21 football team'.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Germany_national_under-21_football_team (305 words)

	West German Phoenix standards and proposals
		The East Germans had kept a very feather-rich bird, of rather soft plumage, low and somewhat bulky of carriage in which the tail feather length was the singularly most important aspect of the breed, as is the standard in the UK.
		The West Germans had, however, striven for a bird with more durable feathers, more elegant build, longer legged, only slate-coloured legs acceptable, many times at the cost of the extreme lengths and fullness of feathers.
		The direction the predominantly West German contingent of the German Phoenix Association would like to take is based on the superb results of the famous breeder Mr Rolf Ismer and the initiatives of Mr.
	www.longtail-fowl.com /html/western_german_phoenix.html (1257 words)

	\| Book Review \| The American Historical Review, 108.1 \| The History Cooperative
		In the author's view, the central component to the rehabilitation of West German industry after World War II was its public association with the economic miracle of the 1950s and its dissociation with the disastrous policies of the Nazis.
		West German industrialists succeeded in doing this through the manipulation of historical memory.
		Building on the work of sociologist Maurice Halb-wachs, Wiesen posits that the historical memory of West Germans after the war was the product of volitional choices and actions rather than of a subconscious desire to suppress the memory of their willing embrace of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.1/br_148.html (498 words)

	Germany (02/07)
		The leaders of the German kingdoms and principalities chose sides, leading to a split of the Empire into Protestant and Catholic regions, with the Protestant strongholds mostly in the North and East, the Catholic in the South and West.
		German nationalism developed into an important unifying and sometimes liberalizing force during this time, though it became increasingly marked by an exclusionary, racially-based definition of nationhood that included anti-Semitic tendencies.
		German employers, even during periods of relatively fast growth, say they often prefer to invest overseas or install more machinery, rather than make job-creating investments at their domestic facilities.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm (7008 words)

	The New Republic: Archive Issues
		An episode in West German diplomatic history has occurred which has an indirect but immensely signifi- cant bearing on Soviet policies in Germany, and in par- ticular on Soviet support of Walter Ulbricht in East Berlin.
		This is precisely what his West German opponents are not going to allow him to do, and this is the primary reason why Walter Ul- bricht will continue to be utterly indispensable to Khrushchev.
		He was West German Ambas- sador to Belgrade from 1953 to 1955, to Tokyo from 1955 to 1958, and to Moscow during the past four years.
	www.tnr.com /arch/issues/19620319/prittie-8.mhtml (858 words)

	Westpreußen / West Prussia
		In 1806 Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Europe and abolished the German empire and the title of Kaiser for Germany (capital: Wien [Vienna]).
		In 1871 Germany as an empire with a Kaiser was re-established with Berlin as the capital of Germany and Prussia and with the Prussian king also having the title of German Kaiser.
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/WPRU/wprus.html (1731 words)

	THE WEST GERMAN LEFT & THE EAST - The New York Review of Books
		A German parliamentarian promptly rose to ask what measures were being considered to provide for the evacuation, in those circumstances, of the German population to healthier surroundings.
		No doubt, the German Communists intended their assent to the document to be understood as a token of good intentions—but, once on paper, it took on a life of its own, as the Social Democrats thought it might.
		The Germans had good reason to think that many who where so prodigal with verbal attacks on the prevailing order in the Soviet bloc were less than rational or sovereign in their policies.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/2252 (1230 words)

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