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Topic: West Germanic languages

Related Topics

High German dialect

Low Franconian language

High German

Germanic languages

East Low German

Standard German

East Germanic

European languages

Austrian Dialect

Franconian language

List of languages

North Germanic

Low Saxon language

Swiss German

Grimms law

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anglic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		West Germanic is the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages, including such languages as English, Dutch, and German.
		The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinguished from other West Germanic languages partially by the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law and by the palatalization of Proto-Germanic *k to a coronal affricate before front vowels: cf.
		English cheese and Frisian tsiis to Dutch kaas and German Käse, or English church and Frisian tsjerke to Dutch kerk and German Kirche.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Anglic-languages (761 words)

	Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the latter mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		The largest Germanic languages are English and German, with approximately 380 and 120 million native speakers respectively.The group consists of other notable languages, such as Dutch with 22 and Afrikaans with 16 million speakers; and the Scandinavian languages including Danish, Norwegian and Swedish with a combined total of about 20 million speakers.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low Saxon, with graded intermediate Central German varieties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germanic_languages (1632 words)

	West Germanic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The West Germanic languages constitute the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages and includes languages such as German, English and Dutch.
		During the Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the second Germanic sound shift on the continent on the other.
		The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the Anglo-Saxons left traces in the English language, and is suspected to have facilitated the collapse of the Old English inflexional system that marked the onset of the Middle English period 12th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Germanic_languages (533 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Low Franconian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Central German (in German: Mitteldeutsch) is a group of German dialects spread from the Rhineland to Thuringia, south of Low German and north of Upper German.
		Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia.
		Low German (in Low German, Platt(düütsch) or Nedderdüütsch) is any of a variety of West Germanic languages spoken in northern Germany and the Netherlands.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Low-Franconian-languages (859 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Germanic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The West Germanic languages are English, Frisian, Dutch, Afrikaans, German, and Yiddish.
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm's law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		The West Germanic dialects not affected by the second shift were the Low German dialects of the lowlands, from which Dutch and English evolved.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/GermancL1an.asp (980 words)

	Germanic languages
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects.
		During the Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the second Germanic sound shift on the continent on the other.
	www.languageexchanges.com /germanic_languages.html (1435 words)

	German language History
		German is one of the large group of Indo-Germanic languages, and within this group is one of the Germanic languages, related to Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, Dutch, as well as to English.
		German is used as the official language of Germany and of Austria.
		The neighbour languages within the dialect continuum of the West Germanic languages were Middle Dutch in the West and Middle High German in the South, later substituted by Early New High German.
	www.germanlanguageguide.com /german/facts/history (400 words)

	Home > Jericho, NY, New York Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, SÃ¼dtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, SÃ¸nderjylland) of Denmark.
		German used to be the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe.
		German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European language family.
	www.jerichonyus.com /profile/German_language (4513 words)

	Introduction & Abbreviations
		Arabic, the Semitic language of the Arabs and the language of Islam.
		O.H.G. Old High German, the ancestor of the modern literary German language, spoken in the upland regions of Germany; German language as written and spoken from the earliest period to c.1100.
		O.N. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E., the relevant phase of it being "Viking Norse" (700-1100), the language spoken by the invaders and colonizers of northern and eastern England c.875-950.
	www.etymonline.com /abbr.php (3129 words)

	loanwords
		This language is no longer spoken and was never written down, but much of its vocabulary and many of its other features can be reconstructed with some confidence by linguists who study the relationships among the various known descendent languages.
		The Common Germanic period is placed in the first and second centuries C.E., and East Germanic seems to have become distinct from the remaining Common Germanic language stock during the second century.
		North and West Germanic became distinct from one another by about 400 C.E. English is the descendent of a West Germanic dialect that arrived in present-day England from the European mainland during the fifth century.
	www.unc.edu /~bmize/hel/loanwords (1475 words)

	Germanic Languages
		From there the West and East Goths migrated to southern Gaul, Iberia, and Italy in the fifth and sixth centuries C. The Gepids were overcome by the Lombards and Avars in the fifth century and disappeared.
		Gutnish is a contemporary Eastern North Germanic language spoken on the island of Gotland.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Verbix -- Germanic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		West Germanic: Anglo-Frisian group - the English language and the Frisian language; Netherlandic-German group - Netherlandic, or Dutch-Flemish and the Low German dialects, Afrikaans, the German language or High German, and the Yiddish language.
		The Germanic languages are related in the sense that they can be shown to be different historical developments of a single earlier parent language.
		Although for some language families there are written records of the parent language (e.g., for the Romance languages, which are variant developments of Latin), in the case of Germanic no written records of the parent language exist.
	www.verbix.com /languages/germanic.asp (837 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Germanic languages
		The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family.
		The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the latter mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low Saxon, with graded intermediate Central German varieties.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Germanic_languages (1731 words)

	English language History
		The first was by speakers of languages in the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who colonised parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries.
		The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distant, including the prefixes, suffixes and inflections of many of their words.
		The Germanic language of these Old English inhabitants of Britain was influenced by the contact with Norse invaders, which may have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns).
	www.englishlanguageguide.com /english/facts/history (1251 words)

	West Germanic languages - tScholars.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects are divided into three groups, West, East and North Germanic.
		Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration period, so that some individual dialects are difficult to classify.
		The High Germanic sound shift resulted in the division between the Low Germanic languages and the High Germanic languages.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/West_Germanic (612 words)

	Germanic Languages
		So both modern German and modern English descend from a primitive West Germanic language family, but they are on different sides of the family.
		In Gothic (the earliest attested Germanic language, but not the source of the others, just a member of the Eastern branch of the family), the first and second person personal pronouns are (nominative) ik, þu, weis and jus; (accusative) mik, þuk, uns and izwis; (genitive) meina, þeina, unsara, and izwara.
		Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301f98/oct5.html (1312 words)

	OHCHR: English (English) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It belongs to the Indo-European family, Germanic group, West Germanic subgroup and is the official language of over 1.7 billion people.
		During the Old English period of 450-1,100 A.D. (first phase), Britain experienced the spread of Christianity, and, from the 8th century, the invasion and occupation by the Vikings, called the "Danes." The most important event of the second phase, the Middle English period (1100-1500 A.D.) was the Norman Conquest of 1066.
		The English language which spread to the world created many of its variants, the most prominent of which is American English.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/eng.htm (1931 words)

	Germanic Linguistics
		The Germanic languages is a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, which were spoken by about 420 million people in many parts of the world (chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere).
		These modern North Germanic languages are all descendants of Old Norse and have several distinctive grammatical features in common.
		French culture and language have given hundreds of loan-words and related ideas to most other Germanic languages, although their effect is not as great as on English.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atrium/3993/germanics/grm_linguistics.htm (2365 words)

	Germanic languages
		subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages, spoken by about 470 million people in many parts of the world, but chiefly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		B.C. Although no writing in Proto-Germanic has survived, the language has been substantially reconstructed by using the oldest records that exist of the Germanic tongue.
		The West Germanic languages are English, Frisian, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, German, and Yiddish.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Germanic_Languages.html (805 words)

	Germanic numeral expressions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The numeral expressions in all three languages are descended directly from the Proto-Germanic forms and in many cases the similarities are evident right back to the Proto-Indo-European forms.
		With the data from earlier languages, as well as from Frisian, which we discuss briefly, cultural considerations cannot be ignored.
		In some cases, such as the forms for 1 and 4, the modern day English, German and Dutch forms of these words are at least as closely related to the Old Norse and Gothic forms as to the postulated Old Germanic forms from which they are descended, according to the received view.
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /research/nlp/polylex/polynode15.html (740 words)

	Questions from Germanic prelim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Early Germanic languages are generally subdivided into three major groups, namely East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic.
		Argue for a particular explanation of the class VII strong preterites of North and West Germanic.
		Describe and contrast the "verb-second" rules of Old English and the continental West Germanic languages in terms of their structure, applicability, and effect on surface word order.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /advice/germq.html (195 words)

	Indiana - Languages
		The following table gives selected statistics from the 2000 census for language spoken at home by persons five years old and over.
		The category "Other West Germanic languages" includes Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, and Afrikaans.
		The category "Other Slavic languages" includes Czech, Slovak, and Ukrainian.
	www.city-data.com /states/Indiana-Languages.html (331 words)

	KU Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures
		The topic of her dissertation is "Low German-Speaking Mexican Mennonites in Kansas." A very interesting group of Low German speakers that have maintained their language and Mennonite culture and religion for over 200 years, during migrations from West Prussia to Russia, to Canada and on to Mexico, and recently to Kansas.
		His dissertation, Non-lexical Triggers in West Germanic Scrambling, investigates the active role of scopal and prosodic elements in syntactic operations.
		He received his BA in German from the University of Colorado at Denver in 1995, and his MA in Modern Languages and Literatures/German from Colorado State University in 1997.
	www2.ku.edu /~germanic/People_Graduate_Students.shtml (572 words)

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