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Topic: West Germanic strong verb

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	Nederlands
		The West Germanic dialect s can be divided according to tribe (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low Germanic against High Germanic).
		An oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, when they speak AN, their pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the voiced velar fricative) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the voiced glottal fricative), thus, the words ''held'' (hero) and ''geld'' (money) sound nearly the same.
		In The Netherlands German is spoken with a high level of proficiency (especially in the regions bordering Germany) and the language is part of the core curriculum in schools for 2-5 years.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Nederlands (5557 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Frisian is a contemporary West Germanic language spoken in the Netherlands and Germany.
		From there the West and East Goths migrated to southern Gaul, Iberia, and Italy in the fifth and sixth centuries C. The Gepids were overcome by the Lombards and Avars in the fifth century and disappeared.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Germanic languages - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Strong evidence for the unity of all the modern Germanic languages can be found in the phenomenon known as the first Germanic sound shift or consonant shift (also called Grimm's law), which set the Germanic subfamily apart from the other members of the Indo-European family.
		The West Germanic dialects not affected by the second shift were the Low German dialects of the lowlands, from which Dutch and English evolved.
		Also peculiar to the Germanic languages is the recessive accent, whereby the stress usually falls on the first or root syllable of a word, especially a word of Germanic origin.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-germancl1an.html (975 words)

	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (630 words)

	Common Germanic language
		Germanic linguistics was the first to be researched deeply and thoroughly already since the beginning of the 19th century.
		Verbs used in Germanic were either strong or weak, and the second formed their past tense with -t- / -d- suffixes, derived from Indo-European *-to-.
		Germanic words have cognates in Baltic, Slavic, Italic, Celtic, Venetic, Illyrian, Indic languages, and it is impossible to detect the closest language by these numerous cognates.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/germanic.html (366 words)

	English Language - MSN Encarta
		Old English, a variant of West Germanic, was spoken by certain Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) of the regions comprising present-day southern Denmark and northern Germany who invaded Britain in the 5th century ad.
		It was characterized by strong and weak verbs; a dual number for pronouns (for example, a form for we two as well as for we); two different declensions of adjectives; four declensions of nouns; and grammatical distinctions of gender.
		The conjugation of verbs was simplified by the reduction of endings and by the use of a common form for the singular and plural of the past tense of strong verbs.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564210_2/English_Language.html (1469 words)

	Germanic languages at AllExperts
		Germanic languages possess several unique features, such as the following:# The leveling of the IE tense and aspect system into the present tense and past tense (also called preterite).# The use of a dental suffix (/d/ or /t/) instead of vowel alternation (Indo-European ablaut) to indicate past tense.
		All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law.
		During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low Saxon, with graded intermediate Central German varieties.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/ge/germanic_languages.htm (1547 words)

	E-Intro to Old English - 15. The Grammar of Poetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Verbs that govern words in the genitive case are common in both verse and prose.
		Strong adjectives are used as nouns less often than weak adjectives are, but it happens often enough that you should be prepared for it.
		the finite verb is an auxiliary, and the verbal (a past participle) is delayed to the end of the clause, and in 2.
	www.wmich.edu /medieval/research/rawl/IOE/pogrammar.html (1945 words)

	Wikinfo \| Old English language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Strong verbs use the Germanic form of conjugation (known as Ablaut).
		Some verbs that were originally strong have become weak; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (eg "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak.
		In combination, these factors have drastically reduced the number of strong verbs, so that in modern English weak verbs are the dominant form (although occasionally a weak verb may turn into a strong verb through the process of analogy).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Old_English_language (2555 words)

	Literary Terms and Definitions W (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		WANDERJAHR (German, "Wander-Year"): A period in a character's life during which she is absent from her normal routine, engaged in thought, travel, and a quest for novel experiences or insight.
		Contrast with a strong verb, one whose linguistic principal parts were formed by ablaut of the stem vowel, Examples of a strong verb surviving in modern English would be the verb swim, with forms like swim, swam, swum, as opposed to a weak verb like indicate, indicated, or have indicated.
		WEST GERMANIC: A sub-branch of the Germanic family of languages including Dutch, English, and German, in contrast with the North Germanic sub-branch (including Old Norse, Norwegian, and Icelandic) and the East Germanic sub-branch (which included the now extinct language of Gothic).
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/lit_terms_W.html (3105 words)

	ipedia.com: Old English language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We still have verbs like this in modern English: for example, "sing, sang, sung" is a strong verb, as are "swim, swam, swum" and "choose, chose, chosen." The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending.
		Regular strong verbs were all declined roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel.
		In combination, these factors have drastically reduced the number of strong verbs, so that in modern English weak verbs are the dominant form (although occasionally a weak verb may turn into a strong verb through the process of analogy, such as "to spit" or "to sneak").
	www.ipedia.com /old_english_language.html (2983 words)

	Germanic Languages
		So both modern German and modern English descend from a primitive West Germanic language family, but they are on different sides of the family.
		In Gothic (the earliest attested Germanic language, but not the source of the others, just a member of the Eastern branch of the family), the first and second person personal pronouns are (nominative) ik, þu, weis and jus; (accusative) mik, þuk, uns and izwis; (genitive) meina, þeina, unsara, and izwara.
		Germanic languages continued to be spoken in the Germanic home lands of Scandinavia and central Germany, and are of course till spoken there today.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301f98/oct5.html (1312 words)

	Germanic Branch of the Indo-European Family
		Germanic languages are spoken by close to 470 million people in many parts of the world, but mainly in Europe and the Western Hemisphere.
		All Germanic languages are characterized by a shift of stress to the root and later to the first syllable of the word.
		German is somewhat more difficult (30 weeks), while Icelandic is considered to be Category III language (44 weeks).
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/GermanicBranch.html (1160 words)

	Dutch language at AllExperts
		The West Germanic dialect continuum can be divided according to tribe (see Germanic tribes), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low Saxon-Low Franconian against High German).
		Since it did not experience the High German consonant shift (apart from Ã¾â'd), it is a Low Saxon-Low Franconian language, and it is most closely related to the Low Saxon dialects of German.
		In The Netherlands German is spoken with varying levels of proficiency (especially in the regions bordering Germany) and the language is part of the core curriculum in schools for 2-5 years.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/du/dutch_language.htm (5611 words)

	Dutch Information Center - von dutch
		The West Germanic dialects can be divided according to tribe (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low German against High German).
		Germans seem to have an advantage with the Dutch grammar, but suffer the same difficulties as the English when dealing with pronounciation.
		An oddity of West Flemish (and to a lesser extent, East Flemish) is that the pronunciation of the "soft g" sound (the voiced velar fricative) is almost identical to that of the "h" sound (the voiced glottal fricative), thus, the words held (hero) and geld (money) sound nearly the same.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/Dutch.html (4344 words)

	LANOVER
		Germanic also developed a dental suffix (either a "d" or "t") to indicate past tense.
		Germanic developed the strange system of two different declensions of adjectives, called strong (more inflectional changes) and weak (fewer inflectional changes).
		From IE peter we notice that most all of the Germanic versions of father are fader or faðer, not as in Modern English father.
	www.tutorpal.com /Our_English/germanic/dchn_gr.html (356 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1478: Language Description: Koenig, et al. (2002)
		German is the official language or one of the official languages in Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Germany.
		Pennsylvania German is the language spoken by descendants of German immigrants to Pennsylvania (18th century).
		It is characterized by the lack of gender distinction, lack of conjugation of verbs, almost total lack of the original past tense, double negation, and the strong tendency to describe past events using the present tense.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1478.html (1510 words)

	Old English Language Grammar by Cyril Babaev
		Germanic tribes from Southern Scandinavia and Northern Germany, pushed from their densely populated homelands, looked for a new land to settle.
		One of the main phonological and morphological instruments in Common Germanic and practically in all Germanic languages was the Ablaut, the vowel interchange in the root of nouns and verbs.
		Strong declension (a, ja, wa, ó, jó, wó, i -stems).
	members.tripod.com /babaev/archive/grammar41.html (4178 words)

	ENG 121: The Germanic Languages
		Germanic Languages A. We know of Germanic being a major language group of Northern Europe by the records of the Romans at around 1 AD.
		Many strong verbs in Old English have shifted to weak verbs (to help), and borrowed verbs are given weak inflections (to invite).
		The Phonology of Proto Germanic A. The placing of stress on first syllables in Germanic languages led to a gradual de-emphasis of word endings because they were not stressed, and "ease of effort" led to weaker inflectional systems (particularly in English, Barber 92-93).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~grabe/notes/notes32.html (760 words)

	Dutch
		Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by some 21 million people mostly in the Netherlands (Holland) and the northern half of Belgium (Flanders, including Belgium's capital Brussels).
		To this day, descendants of German settlers in southeastern Pennsylvania are known as the Pennsylvania Dutch.
		West Flemish which is also spoken in part of the Dutch province of Zeeland, and in a small area near Dunkirk, France, on the Belgian border.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/Dutch.html (1163 words)

	Done With Mirrors
		The light verbs often also function as auxiliary or helper verbs, zombies drained of meaning that slave for other, fully living, verbs to express tense or other niceties of grammatical meaning.
		The do in the one-verb sentence meant "fare, thrive, live." In the two-verb form, it has moved to the back, and an auxiliary, which happens to be the zombie or dummy do, has been inserted in its old place to preserve the subject-verb word order.
		This is opposed to the general tendency of the language, which is to have the subject before the verb.
	vernondent.blogspot.com /2006/08/do-about-do.html (1505 words)

	Dutch language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The West Germanic dialects can be divided according to tribe (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian and Swabian), and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift (Low Germanic against High Germanic).
		To this day, descendants of German settlers in southeastern Pennsylvania are known as the "Pennsylvania Dutch", especially those who are members of the plain sects.
		Since it did not experience the High German consonant shift (apart from þ→d), it is a Low Germanic language, and it is most closely related to the Low German dialects of German.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Dutch_language (5897 words)

	Gothic Online
		Strong verbs across the Germanic languages generally use vocalic alternation to signal a change in tense, but Gothic possesses in addition a fairly large number of verbs that reduplicate the root syllable to mark the past tense.
		Gothic is the only language of the Germanic family to employ a polysyllabic dental suffix in forming the preterite of weak verbs.
		Of North Germanic, Old Norse is the primary exemplar; of West Germanic, Old English and Old High German are exemplars; of East Germanic, Gothic is the sole remnant.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-0.html (2513 words)

	What is English? History of the origins and development of the English language
		But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders—mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
		Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
		Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.
	www.englishclub.com /english-what.htm (742 words)

	Words in English :: History
		The language we call English was first brought to the north sea coasts of England in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., by seafaring people from Denmark and the northwestern coasts of present-day Germany and the Netherlands.
		Germanic tribes on the continent continue migrations west and south; consolidate into ever larger units.
		By 600 A.D., the Germanic speech of England comprises dialects of a language distinct from the continental Germanic languages.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/Words04/history (2523 words)

	Germanic
		By the fifth century A.D., these warlike Germanic tribes, though illiterate and without the highly advanced civilization of the competing Roman Empire to their south, were among the most powerful and influential in all of Europe.
		By the time that the spread of Germanic was at its peak, the Germanic language was so far flung geographically that it was inevitable that dialects would have arisen and that these dialects would eventually become mutually incomprehensible and thus comprise separate languages.
		Such verbs are called "weak verbs." Verbs indicating past tense by the more Indo-European method of ablaut (e.g., sing and sang) are called strong verbs.
	homepage.mac.com /ebranscomb/courses/HEL/Germanic.html (638 words)

	A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics. On the Accent and Phonology of the Germanic ...
		Like the excerpt presented here, formulation of the "law of palatals" was only one of a great number of fine observations which were being published in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, often to be refined later, as Edgerton did for Sievers's law.
		The j was merged here throughout to a simple vowel with i of the verbal ending, which was proved to be general Germanic through its causing umlaut in the strong verb at a very early time, before the beginning of the consonant lengthening.
		As the last general Germanic original form of the short syllable stems we must therefore not assume harjis, kuni, but only harjəz, kunjə; in these ə may designate the vowel sound that cannot be determined, which developed gradually under the influence of the j from the thematic vowel a².
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/read15.html (2554 words)

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