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Topic: West Iberian languages

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	West Iberian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		West Iberian languages is a subcategory of Romance languages, which includes Spanish (Castilian), the languages derived from Galician-Portuguese, the languages in the Astur-Leonese branch (Asturian, Leonese and Mirandese), Extremaduran, Aragonese, Ladino, and their dialects or codialects.
		By most linguistic criteria, these languages are significantly closer to each other than to any other living language — including Catalan, the other major language of the Iberian Peninsula.
		Speakers of the West Iberian languages generally claim that they are all mutually intelligible to some extent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/West_Iberian_languages (199 words)

	Iberian Romance languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A common Romance language with dialectal differences was spoken throughout the ancient Roman Empire.
		Catalan is regarded as a transition language between Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance languages.
		Catalan originated from East Iberian Romance, which separated from West Iberian at an early stage of the development of the Iberian Romance languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages (587 words)

	PRE-ROMAN LANGUAGES AND WRITING SYSTEMS OF SPAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The languages of the pre-roman Iberian peninsula can be classified in two groups according to their external cultural relations: 1) the languages of the historically documented colonisations: Phoenician, Punic and Greek; and 2) the "native" languages.
		Greek writing was used also for Iberian language and Latin for Lusitanian, sometimes for Celtiberian, and exceptionally for Iberian.
		Attested from the IV century B.C. to the I A.C. Before the Second Punic War it is limited to the coastal zone from South France (from the river Orb: Béziers/ Narbonne) to the north of the province of Valencia, on the same latitude as Sagunto.
	www.webpersonal.net /jrr/ib1_en.htm (699 words)

	HEFCE QO 4/96 Subject Overview Report - Iberian Languages and Studies
		Iberian languages and studies were also assessed as part of 38 joint visits in modern languages and only in one instance is the overall provision not approved, being subject to reassessment.
		The acquisition of language skills is seen to be at the heart of the provision in Iberian languages and studies, with the objective of fluency in the chosen language.
		Many Iberian languages and studies providers are in a transitional stage, learning to manage greater numbers of students and higher staff-student ratios than has traditionally been the case; they are reacting to this by instituting formal quality assurance systems where previously, small numbers of students had allowed a greater degree of informality.
	www.qaa.ac.uk /reviews/reports/subjectlevel/qo4_96_textonly.htm (7143 words)

	Languages
		Buhi is an Austronesian language used in the Philippines particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon.
		Historically, this language is derived from the Old Church Slavonic language by adapting pronunciation and orthography and replacing some old and obscure words and expressions by their vernacular counterparts (for example from the Old Russian language).
		The Dongxiang language belongs to the Mongol branch of the Altaic languages.
	www.thegoldensearch.com /html/languages.html (1478 words)

	Materials about the Iberians and Iberian Languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		The Rhaetic language and the language in which the Lemnos stele was written are believed to be close to Etruscan (see Lemnos stele), and the single "Tyrrhenian group" of languages is sometimes formed to unify these three tongues.
		Strabo says Iberians spoke different languages, but as he again said their writing was also different we can suppose there were just dialectal differences - the fact is that writing has several varieties but they are all forms of one script.
		The Iberian Substratum in Spanish, Portuguese and Basque.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article8.html (2575 words)

	Iberian wolf - Wolves in Spain
		The Iberian wolf population is slowly recovering from its 1970 low of 400-500 odd individuals with current (2003) figures estimated at as many as 2,000-2,500, almost 30% of European wolf numbers outside the ex-USSR.
		The Iberian wolf is considered by some specialists as a sub-species (Canis lupus signatus) of Canis lupus, though this is rejected by many in the field.
		Later, the wolf is a common animalistic motif in ancient Iberian vases, urns and dishes, usually reflecting the infernal character of the beast.
	www.iberianature.com /material/wolf.html (4435 words)

	Romance languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Romance languages are a subfamily of the Italic languages specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people in different areas after the break-up of Roman Empire.
		Or rather a language with Portuguese a dialect of it (as some argue is?) Naturally political and cultural and local issues play a role in these debates.
		Latin and the Romance languages also give to numerous constructed languages both International Auxiliary Languages (well-known examples of which are Interlingua and Latino sine flexione) and languages created for artistic purposes (such as Brithenig and Wenedyk).
	www.freeglossary.com /Romance_languages (1631 words)

	Languages of Spain, Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As Menéndez Pidal says “the base of the language is vulgar Latin, spread in Spain from ends of the century III B.C. that was imposed to the Iberian languages” and to Basque, case of not belonging one to them.
		The name of the language comes from the earth of castles that configured it, Castile, and before the century X cannot be spoken of her.
		Starting from the first moments of the XVI century the Spaniard denomination was preferred for the language of the new empire, and the concern of the intellectuals of the moment is reflected in the enormous task of systematizing her, to analyze it and to disclose it.
	www.historia-es.com /usa/a_04_in.htm (3049 words)

	ORIGIN OF THE IBERIAN SPEAKING PEOPLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There are only two theories which try to explain the origin of the Iberian speaking peoples: one considers the Iberian language to be a “lingua franca” expanding from south to north; the other one considers it as a relatively recent linguistic layer which came from France or even West Germany.
		One major difference between both theories is their opinion on the relation between the Basque and the Iberian languages: the first one is better explained is there is no relation between them; the second one considers the relation as almost sure and uses it as important evidence.
		Hence De Hoz considers that the Iberian language expanded as a language used in economic transactions between peoples which didn’t speak the same language; that is, as a lingua franca, and by an economic and cultural Iberian influence.
	www.webpersonal.net /jrr/origin_en.htm (686 words)

	West Africa & the Sea in Antiquity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		West Africans depicted as swimming around their fishing-craft and/or surfing on boards, hardly suggests any great fear of the sea, the more so given that they stood a very good chance of being taken by sharks.
		The west Iberian saviero/xavega seems to be a close relative of the Venetic ponto.
		Copper was common in west Africa but other metals that could be alloyed with copper to form were relatively scarce, so most of their weapons, tools and artifacts were of a wide variety of materials.
	www.clarence-webpage.com /africanarts/bourne001.html (17901 words)

	Romance Languages
		The Department of Romance Languages and Literatures is comprised of faculty and coordinators dedicated...
		All Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of soldiers, settlers...
		Language is the key that opens doors to peoples, stories, and cultural encounters throughout the world.
	www.45waystokiss.info /2/romance-languages.html (402 words)

	Celtic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		At one time, during the Hellenistic period, Celtic speech extended all the way from Britain and the Iberian Peninsula in the west across Europe to Asia Minor in the east, where a district still known as Galatia recalls the former presence there of Celtic-speaking Gauls.
		Today the Celtic languages that have survived into the modern era are limited almost entirely to the British Isles and French Brittany, where these tongues are spoken by a total of about 2 million people.
		An official language of Ireland, Irish is spoken natively by approximately 75,000 people; roughly a third of Ireland’s population can speak and understand it to some degree.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ce/Celticla.html (1068 words)

	Language Miniatures 119: The Romance languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Romance languages are spread all the way across Europe from the Iberian peninsula in the west to the Balkans in the east, covering Spain and Portugal, France, Italy and parts of Switzerland, on to Romania deep in non-Romance territory.
		The Romance languages are uniquely interesting for anyone studying how language works, because we have the rare privilege of being able to follow the entire development of all these languages out of Latin, as the Roman empire spread out across vast areas.
		When a single language (or closely similar dialects) gets scattered over a wide area and these local forms of speech are out of all communication with each other, each changes in its own way with the result that over a millennium or two they gradually become unintelligible to each other.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/romance.htm (867 words)

	Romance Languages Branch of the Indo-European Family
		All Romance languages are descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people in the Roman Empire, a vast territory that covered a good portion of Europe, England, Northern Africa and portions of the Middle East.
		Catalan is considered by many specialists as a transition language between the Gallic and the Iberian group, since it shares characteristics from both groups.
		Romance languages are considered to be Category I languages in terms of difficulty for English speakers (24 weeks of full-time instruction to reach ILR S-3).
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/RomanceBranch.html (423 words)

	Romance languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The most spoken Romance language is Spanish, followed by Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.
		In the history of the Romance languages, the first split was between Sardinian and the rest.
		Others are used as the language of instruction in schools and have some official status, such as Sardinian and Romansh.
	romance-languages.ask.dyndns.dk (1970 words)

	Celtic languages
		Celtic languages: Bibliography - Bibliography See H. Lewis and H. Pedersen, A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar (1937); K. Celtic languages: Pronunciation and Grammar - Pronunciation and Grammar The rules of pronunciation for all the Celtic languages are extremely...
		Celtic languages: Goidelic - Goidelic The third group of the Celtic subfamily is Goidelic, to which Irish (also called Irish...
		Celtic languages: Continental Celtic - Continental Celtic Continental Celtic, which includes all Celtic idioms on the Continent with the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0811065.html (248 words)

	Aboriginal languages of Spain 1:1i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Southern Iberian: Another group of inscriptions, dating from VI b.C onwards, found in Southern regions, are written in a variant of the semisyllabic writing.
		Their language is generally thought to be Iberian, or a variety of Iberian.
		No relationship with other languages can be confidently assessed; among other proposals, links have been suggested with some of the Caucasian languages (whether with the Kartvelic or the Septentrional stock), with Hamitic (Numidian, Berber), with Iberian, etc. None of these proposals has been widely adopted.
	www.geocities.com /msanzledesma/ind_i1.htm (623 words)

	Introduction to the Celtic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Celtic languages belong to the Western or European section of the Indo-European family of languages along with English, German, French, Spanish, Russian and many others.
		The area of their influence stretched from the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula in the west through the Danube Basin in the center to the Anatolia region of modern Turkey in the east.
		From 500 AD onward our knowledge of Celtic languages became clearer as the areas in which they were spoken became better known at the same time the were becoming more confined.This residual area is often referred to as the 'Celtic fringe'.
	www.his.com /~rory/celtlang.html (358 words)

	Tenser, said the Tensor: Linguistics Archives
		Each language is represented at the bottom of the tree by its two-letter ISO-639-1 language code (with the exception of Sorbian, which has no two letter code, which I've represented by "sb").
		The underlining of the language codes marks portions of the tree that are correct with respect to the language taxonomy in the Ethnologue: subtrees containing groups of languages in exactly the right relationships are double-underlined; subtrees containing languages that are related but with the wrong relationships are single-underlined.
		For example, Walloon (wa) and French (fr) should be siblings; Catalan (ca) and Occitan (oc) should be more closely related to West Iberian than to French; and Sardinian (sc) and Corsican (co) should be in their own family separate from Eastern Romance (Romanian) and Italo-Western Romance (everything else).
	tenser.typepad.com /tenser_said_the_tensor/linguistics (10834 words)

	Indo-Aryan Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Of these, the languages in the first two categories are extinct (dead), while Sanskrit has been preserved as the sacred language of the Vedas and other sciptures sacred to the Aryan Vishnuite religion.
		These languages of this category are considered the `purest' descendants of Sanskrit, being spoken in Aryavarta, the `pure land of the Aryans', also known as Aryadesha or Madhyadesha.
		The languages of this family are descended from Sanskrit via the intermediate Madhyi (or Madhyadeshi) Bibhasa.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html (3044 words)

	Iberian-Peninsula
		The Iberian Peninsula is a patchwork of peoples and cultures, which often don't find in the national-oriented fora an adequate vehicle for the expression of their identity and proper discussion of their problems and concerns.
		The most obvious reference for the scope of the newsgroup is the geographical denomination of the land where the cultures had their origin, the Iberian Peninsula a.k.a.
		Considering the objective of the group and assuming that every written Iberian language is minimally understood by speakers of other Iberian languages, participants are invited to write in Iberian languages.
	www.cfn.ist.utl.pt /~peres/Iberian-Peninsula.html (734 words)

	Reanimating the old Latin. \| Antimoon Forum
		Latin is a solid foundation for most Germanic languages, influencing the Slavic languages and the Big-Bang for the Neo-Latin languages
		If latin would be a solid foundation for Germanic language they would be called romance languages.
		These figures are controversial estimates : 'Germanisants' will tell you the percentage of Germanic words is higher than 25 % while 'Latinisants' will tell you 'their' share is higher than 2/3.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/8566.htm (334 words)

	101 Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		People who buy 101 Languages of the World may also be interested in.
		Hands On While the claim may be a bit of the stretch, the 101 Languages of the World set can be as entertaining as it is helpful if you travel to far-flung locales or simply want an introduction to several...
		Whether you want to learn a foreign language for travel, school, business or for your own personal enjoyment, hereis the quickest, easiest, and most fun way possible.
	religionoftheworld.madsreligion.com /101languages (682 words)

	Inside Europe: Iberian Notes
		But language, ah, my friend, that is something else...A 'president' (regional premier) worthy of the new statute must speak Catalan and Spanish well.
		For those who are interested, Iberian Notes posts from January to May 2006 can be found here.
		Just a few months ago Iberian Notes linked to an SI interview with Ronaldo, in which he said that he would probably still be playing with FC Barcelona if team management hadn't lied to him.
	www.iberiannotes.blogspot.com (11120 words)

	European minority languages
		The influence of the languages of Ireland and Scotland on linguistic varieties in northern England
		Belgium - Languages and Dialects - by Roger Thijs...
		Belgium - Languages and Dialects - Luxemburgian in Belgium
	www.smo.uhi.ac.uk /saoghal/mion-chanain/en (1355 words)

	WESLINE: West European Studies Library and Information Network
		WESLINE is an umbrella group created to enable collaboration between the individual Library Groups for West European Languages and to facilitate the dissemination of information and discussion of issues in West European studies in the UK.
		The aim of the group, ISiS (Iberian Studies in SALALM), is 'to continually develop SALALM's expertise in research trends related to Iberia, Ibero-American relations and Iberian relations with Latin America'.
		Patricia would welcome suggestions for links, descriptions of European collections of Iberian material, and comments from librarians, bibliographers and other specialists in Iberian reseearch materials.
	www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk /wesline (456 words)

	Spanish division Languages and Literature of Europe and the Americas
		Spanish division Languages and Literature of Europe and the Americas
		The Spanish Program at the University of Hawai'i offers core courses in the literatures of Latin America, Spain and the Latina/o populations in the United States, plus additional courses in cultural studies, linguistics and film.
		As a complement to the faculty's areas of expertise, the Department also enjoys cooperative relationships with UH Ma¯noa's National Foreign Language Resource Center, the Hawai'i International Film Festival and the UH East-West Center's International Cultural Studies Program.
	www.hawaii.edu /llea/spanish (204 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Publisher: Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, University of Wisconsin, —Madison
		Arachne@Rutgers: journal of Iberian and Latin American literary and cultural studies
		Language: all the Slavic languages, English, French, Italian, German
	www.doaj.org /ljbs?cpid=9 (675 words)

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