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Topic: West Middle German

	Ethnologue report for Germany
		Schleswig-Holstein, on the coastal strip between the rivers Eider in the south and Wiedau in the north, and adjacent islands of Föhr, Amrum, Sylt, Norstrand, Pellworm, the ten islands of the Halligen group, and Helgoland.
		Standard German is one High German variety, which developed from the chancery of Saxony, gaining acceptance as the written standard in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		Dialects: German with a heavy cryptolectal lexical influsion from Rotwelsch, Yiddish, Romani, and Hebrew.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Germany (1147 words)

	GERMAN LANGUAGE. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the middle period a relatively uniform written language developed in government after the various chancelleries of the Holy Roman Empire began, in the 14th cent., to use a combination of certain dialects of Middle High German in place of the Latin that until then had dominated official writings.
		The German of the chancellery of Saxony was adapted by Martin Luther for his translation of the Bible.
		German dialects that differ substantially from standard German, not only in pronunciation but also in grammar, are found in regions of Germany, E France, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein; Lëtzeburgesch, an official language of Luxembourg, is a German dialect spoken by about 400,000 people there.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ge/Germanla.html (757 words)

	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (630 words)

	German language at AllExperts
		German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, SÃ¼dtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, SÃ¸nderjylland) of Denmark.
		German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European language family.
		Middle Saxon was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/ge/german_language.htm (4786 words)

	History of Germany
		The Germanic tribes living to the west of the Rhine River and south of the Main River were soon subdued by the Romans and incorporated into the Roman Empire.
		German strategists felt that a war against these countries had to be waged by 1916 if it were to be won because after that year Russian and French military reforms would be complete, making German victory doubtful.
		German settlement in areas south of the territories controlled by the Knights of the Teutonic Order also continued, but generally at the behest of eastern rulers who valued the skills of German peasant-farmers.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany (4663 words)

	German Beads
		This is a characteristic of German bicones that is not true of Swarovski beads.
		German foil glass - the foil was wrapped around the center of the bead and a fl glass was added to the two ends.
		West German fl center with foil over the fl and teal/green stripes encased in clear.
	home.comcast.net /~c.scheer/Bead_German_beads.htm (212 words)

	German Language Facts
		German a Germanic language, is a member of the Indo-European language family.
		The stabilising force, which emerged as the Germanic world came to rest, was the Frankish Empire from the fifth century AD to the end of the reign of Charlemagne in 1814.
		The translation of the Bible into Middle German by Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a major contribution to the final victory of this dialect as a common German language.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/german.html (884 words)

	german
		Germans contributed substantially to its growth: By 1841, 28 percent of the total population was German; 10 years earlier the figure was only 5 percent, By 1850, when Cincinnati was known as the "Queen City of the West," the German community (including those born in America) made up half its population.
		German involvement in the labor movement did not sit well with nativists, who, in the last decades of the 19th century, were again seeking support for anti-immigration laws.
		German Americans, the societies members insisted, were neither "mongrels with a divided allegiance" nor "hyphenates." In keeping with this goal, they named their organization after Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a hero of the War of Independence.
	www.theseverts.net /German.htm (13046 words)

	Graduate Courses
		Since Dutch is a Germanic language--linguistically related to both German and English--and since Dutch culture and literature have always had close ties to both German- and English speaking cultures, Dutch is a logical choice as an additional language for American students of German language, literature and culture.
		The aim of "German" 335 is to develop the student's ability to speak and write in Dutch on everyday matters, current events, and academic topics through daily oral work (in-class discussions and presentations) and regular essays.
		German 645 is a three-credit course which meets for three one-hour class sessions per week taught in English plus an hour’s discussion in Dutch.
	german.lss.wisc.edu /c_students/courses_fall2006/g_courses.htm (3331 words)

	German Foods
		In the north, food preferences reflect the influences of the nearby Scandinavian countries and the sea; in the central region of rolling hills and forests the cuisine is richer and heavier; and in the south, one finds lighter cuisine, with strong influences from neighboring Italy and Austria.
		German food is a lot like eating in a traditional American diner: meatloaf, mashed potatoes, deviled eggs, potato salad, dill pickles, beef stew, chicken and dumplings, pot roast and chocolate cake.
		German beer is clearly the beverage of choice, with hundreds of varieties produced.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/k/a/kaw310/germany.html (736 words)

	West Germanic language
		West Germanic is the largest branch of the Germanic family of languages, inlcuding such languages as English, Dutch, and German.
		The other families of Germanic are North Germanic and Gothic.
		Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/w/we/west_germanic_language.html (167 words)

	Child Health Library - Infectious Diseases - West Nile Virus
		The West Nile virus belongs to a group of viruses known as flaviviruses, commonly found in Africa, West Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
		West Nile virus occurs in late summer and early fall in temperate zones, but can occur year round in southern climates.
		West Nile virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female mosquito.
	www.chp.edu /greystone/infectious/westnile.php (1131 words)

	Hunter College German Department
		Her academic interests are German literature and philosophy of the 18th-20th centuries, as well as the intersections between religion and literature.
		She was a professor of German at Hunter College for 20 years, and chair of the German Department for fifteen years.
		Since the early eighties, she has been active in the movement to introduce proficiency-based foreign language teaching into the college and high school curriculum, and was trained as a tester of oral proficiency on the ACTFL model in 1983, and as a trainer of testing in 1985.
	www.hunter.cuny.edu /german/faculty.htm (1238 words)

	Ethnologue report for West Middle German
		Ethnologue > Web version > Language family index > Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German
		Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Middle German, West Middle German
		This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
	www.ethnologue.com /show_family.asp?subid=90437 (50 words)

	JH Prospectus: Dutch background
		From Indo-European down to West Germanic, Dutch follows the same branch of the linguistic tree as does Frisian.
		The linguistic period designated as "Middle Dutch" is generally held to encompass the language used from about the 12th century until the beginning of the 16th.
		'Middle Dutch' may thus be taken here as referring to the variety of dialects which the non-Frisian inhabitants of the Netherlands spoke during this period.
	www.germanic.ucla.edu /grads/jharvey/prospectus/dutch.htm (724 words)

	ASU Libraries: Collection Development: German Page
		Division of Germanic Languages, Literatures and Linguistics (University of Alberta) By Manfred Prokop at the University of Alberta, Edmonton.
		Lixl-Purcell's German WWW Trails By Andreas Lixl-Purcell at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro.
		German Language Resources in Greater Phoenix Area Some subjects of interest listed by professor John Alexander, Arizona State University, are Phoenix companies in Germany, local German restaurants, and German tutors and translators in the Phoenix area.
	www.asu.edu /lib/colldev/lang/germanpage.html (941 words)

	German Studies Collection - Boston College
		The German Studies collection supports undergraduate study of German language, literature, culture and history of Germany, with additional support for research by faculty of the German Studies Department.
		German materials are collected in the original language.
		Germanic materials in languages other than German are collected selectively, as are literary works in English translation.
	www.bc.edu /libraries/resources/collections/s-german (838 words)

	Germany for Kids
		Deutsch, which is what the Germans call themselves, comes from the root “theodisk,” which meant “the people.” When the Romans ruled the western world, they built fortress towns for their military.
		In the Middle Ages, Germany was a patchwork of small states ruled by kings, princes and dukes.
		In 1954, the date was declared the “Day of German Unity,” a national holiday in West Germany and served as an occasion for commemorations of the uprising and hopeful speeches about reunification.
	www.germany.info /relaunch/culture/life/G_Kids/history.htm (822 words)

	[No title]
		Middle English language was spoken and written in England from about 1100 to about 1500.
		As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it.
		German is considered to be a foreign language, not to be used with others who speak Luxembourgeois.
	www.verbix.com /xml/germanic.xml (1034 words)

	German Literature
		A chronological survey of German literature from the Middle Ages to the present divided by broad literary periods.
		Explores the German minnesongs in the context of social relations and literary correlations of the Middle Ages.
		This is a text on verse with chapters describing the history of verse, the use of rhyme and meter, and the development of prose.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /mdx/bibliogs/german/GermLit.htm (4505 words)

	Pennsylvania German language at AllExperts
		English "Dutch" is cognate to Standard German "Deutsch" and Dutch "Duits", Pennsylvania German "Deitsch", all referring to the German, not the Dutch language (although the Dutch language was natively called Diets at that time).
		Pennsylvania German is well-known for its association with the Amish.Those English speakers with a Pennsylvania German accent are typically noted for switching the sounds of v and w.
		Pennsylvania German can be said to be dying in at least two ways.First, while it was once used as an everyday language in many parts of southeastern Pennsylvania, today it is not.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/pe/pennsylvania_german_language.htm (1201 words)

	The New Yorker : critics : books
		Nor was the fastidious scholar of Middle Eastern subtleties much in evidence when Lewis glibly used the attack on the World Trade Center to advocate a war on Saddam Hussein.
		German Romanticism, which later curdled into a murderous ideology, began as a reaction to the French Enlightenment, whose ideals were promoted with armed force by Napoleon’s Grande Armée.
		German Fascists in the nineteen-thirties denounced “Americanism.” Japanese chauvinists in the forties embraced the idea that Japan was fighting a holy war against the wicked West.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/books/?040614crbo_books (2705 words)

	German Genealogy: Dialects
		Bavarian is divided into South, Middle, and High Bavarian, where the broad plains on the Isar and Danube rivers connect Upper and Lower Bavaria with the main parts of Upper and Lower Austria to the central territories of the largest German dialectal region of Middle Bavarian.
		West Erzgebirgish lies in front of the Hither Erzgebirgish (with strong features of slang) in the north in the region, while in the west it borders on the Vogtlandish.
		East of the upper course of the Pulsnitz and west of the so-called "New Lausitzian" spoken in the Sorbian region lies the small backwater territory of West Lausitzian around Pulsnitz and Kamenz.
	www.genealogienetz.de /misc/dialect-e.html (1405 words)

	Background of the Middle East Conflict, Part 1
		The British “poet of empire,” Rudyard Kipling, wrote, “East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.” But, in the Middle East, the two have not only met, they have often collided because of overlapping or conflicting interests in the region.
		Many of the world’s most sacred shrines and sites are located in the Middle East, particularly in Palestine, which is known as “the Holy Land.” Various factions have conflicted on issues of access and possession of such sacred sites as the city of Jerusalem, which is revered by all three religions.
		Although the Empire peaked in the 16th century, it remained a force with which to be reckoned until it was torn apart by revolution, religious dispute, and the nationalistic aspirations of various Arab groups in the first decades of the 20th century.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0310e.asp (1726 words)

	Terror and Peace: the "Root Cause" Fallacy -- Monday, Sep. 22, 1986 -- Page 4 -- TIME
		The other great fuel for Middle East terrorism is also anti-Western, but modern and secular, and is thus often at war with Islamic fundamentalism (sometimes quite literally, as in 1982 when President Assad of Syria killed an estimated 30,000 of his own people in putting down the Muslim Brotherhood revolt in Hama).
		In the Middle East, however, the resort to terror is ubiquitous.
		Revolutionary violence in the Middle East, whether Palestinian, Islamic or pan-Arab in objective, routinely turns to terror as an extension of war by other means.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,962377-4,00.html (734 words)

	Germany - West Germany
		"The post-war development of West German fine arts was the result of both the spontaneous revival of the German art scene, and the implementation of an OMGUS [Office of the Military Government for Germany, US] political agenda targeted at the use of art as a tool for political re-education."
		: Hagen's coverage is of post-World War II espionage cases in West Germany, in effect substituting that arena for the whole of Europe.
		Close cooperation developed between the Israeli Mossad and the West German BND over testing and evaluation of captured Soviet weapons." This article includes an analysis of the effects of this cooperation "on major German armaments projects....
	intellit.muskingum.edu /germany_folder/germanywest.html (1346 words)

	West Germany - Costume Jewelry - Vintage Jewelry @ collectiblejewels.com - Germany Jewelry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In 1946 or '47, when Germany was split, items made in either West or East Germany were marked "West Germany" or "German Democratic Republic" (that was East Germany, which was neither democratic nor a republic).
		The beads are green transparent plastic with opaque darker green plastic petals on in inner layer surrounding the rhinestone.
		West German Art Deco design Milk Glass Choker with red, green, glue and yellow clear glass disks that have white milk glass spacers strung sideways in between each two color disks.
	www.collectiblejewels.com /westgermany.html (1344 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs
		British, French and German foreign ministers (the European Union 3 - EU-3) were due to meet in Berlin on Thursday to call for an emergency session this month of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations' nuclear watchdog, which would then discuss a referral of the dispute to the Security Council.
		The German magazine Der Spiegel wrote that Goss had asked Turkey to provide unfettered exchange of intelligence that could help with a mission to attack Iran.
		Such an outcome can only be prevented if the West moves away from coercive diplomacy to isolate Iran and opens serious talks with it, and if the nuclear weapons states rethink their own policies.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/HA13Ak02.html (1316 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-German (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Low German refers to any German dialect except the standard or "High German" understood throughout the entire region of Germany.
		Low German dialects descended from Middle Low German and Old Low German counterparts, which in turn came from the West Germanic sub-branch of the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages.
		Modern Low German is most closely related to High German, Frisian and the Anglo-Saxon ancestor of Modern English.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_centum_German.html (189 words)

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