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| | Naval History Magazine: Pearl Harbor Attack from Below, by Rodgaard, Hsu, Lucas, Biache |
 | | Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's Pearl Harbor operational strike plan was one of combined arms, involving the use of carrier-based aviation in concert with the fleet, including the five midget-type submarines. |
 | | The magnitude of the vertical velocity and the motion history of the water particles behind the shock front is dependent on its location relative to the charge, the free-surface effect, and the bottom reflection, which was compounded by explosive gas pulsation, especially in shallow water. |
 | | The 40-foot shallow draft of Pearl Harbor, with its bottom reflection potential and the gas bubble pulsation would have exaggerated the cavitation range, causing the submarine to be launched upward by the explosion. |
| www.usni.org /navalhistory/Articles99/NHrodgaard.htm (3317 words) |
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