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	Western Interior Seaway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Western Interior Seaway, also called the Cretaceous Seaway and the North American Inland Sea, was a huge inland sea that split the continent of North America into two halves during most of the early and mid-Cretaceous Period.
		With high eustatic sea levels existing worldwide during the Cretaceous, waters from the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Gulf of Mexico in the south met and flooded the central lowlands, forming a sea that transgressed (grew) and regressed (receded) over the course of the Cretaceous.
		The Western Interior Seaway was also home to early birds, including the flightless Hesperornis, which had stout legs for swimming through the water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway (765 words)

	Airtools Store: Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past) - $26.37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Until the land finally rоsе above sea level during the final years of the Late Cretaceous, the area was covered by a succession of oceans whose geologic record is preserved in the sedimentary rоск that covers the Great Plains.
		Although in places the non-professional may find their eyes glazing, for the most part, it is full of interesting information on the faunal era of the Cretaceous Interior Sea of North America (roughly the еntirе Midwest from Northern Canada to the present Gulf of Mexico).
		This book relates the fascinating expeditions of the great "bone hunters" during the early days of mоdеrn paleontology, when Kansas and other interior states were out in the comparative hinterlands, and the jouneys of these rugged individualists соuld occasionally be fraught with hardship.
	www.airtools-store.info /good30323533333435343732.html (2071 words)

	Cretoxyrhina mantelli
		The Western Interior Sea, which flooded inland North America during much of the Mesozoic, providing prime hunting grounds for Cretaceous sharks.
		But fossil hunter Mike Everhart has collected hundreds of Cretoxyrhina mantelli teeth from late Cretaceous deposits in the western part of that state, indicating that this species was once quite abundant there.
		While it is tempting to imagine titanic undersea battles between a giant shark and a sea dragon, it seems far more likely that Cretoxyrhina more commonly fed on large pelagic bony fishes, taking juvenile mosasaurs when the opportunity arose, and perhaps even dining on the occasional long-necked plesiosaur.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/evolution/cretoxyrhina.htm (555 words)

	ELASMO.COM Fossil - Paleo-faunas: Cretaceous of Kansas
		The Western Interior Seaway (Inland Sea) covered much of North America for millions of years, until finally retreating for good, near the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
		The Dakota formation (Middle Cenomanian, 15+ meters thick) is found in the central portion of the state and consists of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales from non-marine and marginal marine sediments deposited in the early portion of the Greenhorn cyclothem.
		Vertebrates in the Western Interior Sea, in Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kaufmann, E.G. eds, Evolution of the Western Interior Basin, Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39, pp.
	www.elasmo.com /paleo/fauna/ks_cret.html (1317 words)

	U-Haul Supergraphics - Archelon
		In fact, at times it reached as far north as the Arctic Sea and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, completely dividing the eastern and western landmasses of what we now call North America.
		The Western Interior Seaway was home to many forms of marine vertebrates, including the Archelon.
		Deposits of both shale and limestone represent areas that were once the muddy floor of the Western Interior Seaway.
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/turtle/seaway.html (279 words)

	Western us bibliography
		Cobban, W. A., 1961, The ammonite family Binneyitidae Reeside in the western interior of the United States: Journal of Paleontology, v.
		Cobban, W. A., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., 1952, Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the western interior of the United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.
		Lehman, T. M., 1987, Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/western_us.html (441 words)

	Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past) by Indiana University Press
		Although in places the non-professional may find their eyes glazing, for the most part, it is full of interesting information on the faunal era of the Cretaceous Interior Sea of North America (roughly the entire Midwest from Northern Canada to the present Gulf of Mexico).
		This book relates the fascinating expeditions of the great "bone hunters" during the early days of modern paleontology, when Kansas and other interior states were out in the comparative hinterlands, and the jouneys of these rugged individualists could occasionally be fraught with hardship.
		Until the land finally rose above sea level during the final years of the Late Cretaceous, the area was covered by a succession of oceans whose geologic record is preserved in the sedimentary rock that covers the Great Plains.
	www.floridakeysdiving.net /stuff-0253345472.html (2123 words)

	Sea Monsters Learn More @ National Geographic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Take an in-depth look at the fascinating marine creatures—including mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and giant fish—that lived in the vast sea that covered the central part of North America during the late Cretaceous.
		Join geologist Chris Scotese as he charts the changing distribution of land and sea during the Mesozoic era (some 250 million to 65 million years ago), when reptiles ruled the Earth.
		Everhart, Michael J. Oceans of Kansas: A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea.
	www7.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0512/feature3/learn.html (301 words)

	Western Interior Seaway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Western Interior Seaway, or Cretaceous Seaway The Western Interior Seaway, also called the Cretaceous Seaway and the North American Inland Sea, was a huge inland sea that split the continent of North America into two halves during most of the early and mid-Cretaceous period.
		With high eustatic sea levels obtaining worldwide during the Cretaceous, cold water from the Arctic Ocean in the north and warm water from the Gulf of Mexico in the south flooded the central lowlands, forming a sea that transgressed (grew) and regressed (receded) over the roughly 100 million years of its existence.
		Rudy Slingerland of Penn State University has computer-modelled a counter-clockwise gyre for the Cretaceous Seaway, with cooler waters flowing south along the eastern seacoasts of Wyoming and Colorado.
	western-interior-seaway.kiwiki.homeip.net (490 words)

	Epeiric Sea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the early Cenozoic and other eras.
		They can be warm or cold; indeed, several were present at the end of the last Ice Age, when sea level rose more rapidly than some areas could isostatically adjust.
		Modern examples are the Persian Gulf, the North Sea, and Hudson Bay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epeiric_Sea (114 words)

	RANGE EXTENSION OF SOUTHERN CHASMOSAURINE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAURS INTO NORTHWESTERN COLORADO Journal of Paleontology - ...
		During Late Cretaceous time, the western shoreline of the Western Interior Sea migrated back and forth across the interior of North America as the sea level rose and fell.
		Fluvial sediments of the Williams Fork Formation were deposited on top of the Trout Creek Sandstone in coastal plain environments along the western edge of the Western Interior Sea (Lawton, 1983, 1986; Zeiler, 1987; Noll, 1988).
		Deposition of the Williams Fork Formation ceased during the penultimate transgressive episode of the Western Interior Sea (Noll, 1988).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200503/ai_n11827021 (817 words)

	Marine Turtles
		Although their remains are found in the middle of the sea, the females must have periodically migrated hundreds of miles to the east or west to find sandy shorelines where they could lay their eggs.
		While Cope was collecting fossils in western Kansas in 1871, one of the Army personnel (Sgt. William Gardner) assigned to escort him found the tail vertebrae of a small turtle "two or three hundred yards" from the type locality of Protostega gigas, southeast of Fort Wallace.
		A primitive cheloniid sea turtle from the Cretaceous of South Dakota.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /Turtles.html (4056 words)

	Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
		A new nodosaur specimen (Dinosauria: Nodosauridae) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of western Kansas.
		The Western Interior Sea, sometimes called the Inland Sea, was probably less than 600 feet deep in most areas, and had a relatively flat and soft, mud bottom.
		Near the end of the Cretaceous, the Western Interior Sea began to close, becoming shallower and narrower as the Rocky Mountains were pushed up from the west, uplifting the sea bottom as they rose.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /index.html (3533 words)

	Publications
		Sageman, B.B, Kauffman, E.G., Harries, P.J., and Elder, W.P., 1997, Cenomanian-Turonian Bioevents in the Western Interior Basin: Contrasting Scales of Local, Regional and Global events.
		Elder, W.P., Gustason, E.R., and Sageman, B.B., 1994, Correlation of basinal carbonate cycles to nearshore parasequences in the Late Cretaceous Greenhorn Seaway, Western Interior, U.S. Geol Soc.
		Meiras, B.M., Sageman, B.B. and Kauffman, E.G., 1993, Trace fossil distribution patterns in Cretaceous facies of the Western Interior basin, North America, In: W.G.E. Caldwell and E.G. Kauffman (eds.), Cretaceous Evolution of the Western Interior basin, North America, Geol.
	www.earth.northwestern.edu /research/sageman/pubs.html (1145 words)

	USGS Geology in the Parks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sea stacks are blocks of erosion-resistant rock isolated from the land by sea.
		Sea stacks begin as part of a headland or sea cliff.
		Click here to see Jump-off Joe, a sea stack, erode over 100 years.
	wrgis.wr.usgs.gov /docs/usgsnps/sea/gseastack.html (64 words)

	MODELING STUDIES OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND CHANGJIANG ESTUARY
		The East China/Yellow/Bohai Seas (ECYBS) are located on the western Pacific Ocean, with connection to the Japan/East Sea through the Korea/ Tsushima Strait to the northeast and the South China Sea through the Taiwan Strait to southwest.
		The Bohai Sea (BS) is the semi-enclosed shallow basin with connection to the YS through the Bohai Strait.
		The water depth ranges from 200 to 50 m over the continental shelf of the ECS, remains around 50 m in the central YS, and decreases to 20 m in the interior of the BS.
	codfish.smast.umassd.edu /research_projects/ECS/index2.html (733 words)

	ELASMO.COM Fossil Genera: Cretoxyrhina
		, common in Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Western Interior Seaway.
		The teeth of this genus are large, triangular and very similar in appearance to those of the modern mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus).
		This shark probably reached lengths of 6 meters or more in the Western Interior Seaway during the late Cretaceous.
	www.elasmo.com /genera/cretaceous/cretoxyrhina.html (489 words)

	Chased By Sea Monsters - Junk Warehouse Product Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The series featured intrepid zoologist/time-traveler Nigel Marven swimming in the seven most deadly seas of the prehistoric age and encountering some of the most dangerous (and...
		The book highlights seven different time periods (in seven different chapters) in the Earth's past, and shows the sea creatures living at those times; emphasizing those with the biggest jaws and their respective prey.
		Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea (Life of the...
	www.junkwarehouse.com /amazon/asinsearch_0756603757 (199 words)

	[Article]: Tusoteuthis and the Cretaceous Giant Squids - TONMO.com Forums
		A few questions, would the fact that most of the sediment entering the western interior sea came from the west, be why most of the squid fossils are found on the eastern side?
		I suppose it is possible that squid fossils could found in the western margins but just have not been located yet, afterall squid are very rare fossils in North America in general, I doubt if to date 20 Tusoteuthis fossils have been identified (my guess).
		1976 and I recall the finest silts were carried over to the eastern side of the Western Interior sea on an El Niño type current which had cooled sufficiently by then to sink and unload.
	www.tonmo.com /forums/showthread.php?t=2527 (947 words)

	seaturtle.org - Links : Species : Fossil
		Marine turtles from the Western Interior Sea - There were two major groups of marine turtles that lived in the Western Interior Sea during the Late Cretaceous; the Toxochelyids and the Protostegids.
		Testudines Turtle Skull Reproductions - Replicas of Sea Turtle Skulls (Leatherback, Hawksbill, Loggerhead, green, and an undescribed fossil skull).
		The Giant Archelon ischyros - The fossilized remains of the largest sea turtle that roamed the Earth was found in the grassy plains of South Dakota.
	www.seaturtle.org /links/Species/Fossil (782 words)

	R. Mark Leckie
		His research has included modern and ancient marginal marine depositional environments, late Paleogene-early Neogene neritic glacial marine deposits of the Ross Sea region of Antarctica, Late Cretaceous epicontinental sea depositional systems of the U.S. Western Interior Sea, and a variety of low latitude deep sea settings of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic age.
		Current research projects focus on the following: 1) mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events and plankton community evolution, 2) Late Cretaceous paleoceanography and sequence stratigraphy of the Western Interior Sea, 3) Campanian-Maastrichtian paleoceanography of the tropical Pacific, and 4) middle to late Miocene constriction of the Indonesian Seaway and paleoceanography of the western tropical Pacific.
		Foraminiferal paleoecology and paleoceanography of the Greenhorn Cycle along the southwestern margin of the U.S. Western Interior Seaway.
	www.geo.umass.edu /faculty/leckie (1088 words)

	Amazon.com: Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past): Books: Michael J. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Michael J. Everhart, Adjunct Curator of Paleontology at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, Kansas, is an expert on the Late Cretaceous of western Kansas.He lives in Derby, Kansas.
		Oceans Of Kansas: A Natural History Of The Western Interior Sea (Life of the Past) by Michael J. Everhart
		It is a throrough, comprehensive and up-to-date review of life in the interior sea - with chapters on sharks, fish, elasmosaurs, pliosaurs mosasaurs, and more.
	www.amazon.com /Oceans-Kansas-History-Western-Interior/dp/0253345472 (2687 words)

	GSRG Publications
		Anderson, D.S., and Cross, T. A., submitted, Large-scale cycle architecture and stacking patterns in continental strata of the Hornelen Basin (Devonian), Western Norway, Journal of Sedimentary Research.
		McDonough, K.J., and Cross, T.A., 1991, Late Cretaceous sea level from a paleoshoreline: Journal of Geophysical Research, v.
		Cross, T.A., 1986, Tectonic controls of foreland basin subsidence and Laramide-style deformation, western United States, in Allen, P. A., and Homewood, P., eds., Foreland basins: International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 8, p.
	www.mines.edu /research/gsrp/Pubs/publications.htm (904 words)

	One Day in the Western Interior Sea
		They were growing quickly but still would be vulnerable to attacks by the other predators in the ocean for many months to come.
		The mother mosasaur paused briefly in the water to rest and floated motionless in the calm sea.
		Her young slithered part up way on her back to take advantage of relative safety of her large body.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /One_day.html (1153 words)

	75th Abstracts -- Abstract 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The extensive paleontological collections and associated geological data in the UC Museum of Paleontology continue to provide a basis for new research projects addressing questions of pattern and process of biotic change across the K\T boundary.
		In the latest Cretaceous northeastern Montana was part of the broad eastern coastal floodplain of the regressing Western Interior Sea.
		Tephra suitable for 40Ar/ 39Ar age determinations, probably derived from a volcanic center to the west, were preserved in the coal swamps of the Tullock and calibrate the record of the first million years of terrestrial biotic change in the Paleocene.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /museum/75th/ab4.html (329 words)

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