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Topic: Western Interior Seaway

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	U-Haul Supergraphics - Archelon
		This shallow body of water was called the Western Interior Seaway, and it flowed from north-central Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
		For this reason, the snout to tail measurement of 15 feet, 1 inch was several inches shorter than the giant creature's actual measurements when it was alive and swimming in the Western Interior Seaway.
		It is estimated that the Vienna specimen of Archelon was approximately
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/turtle/archelon.html (840 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Western Interior Seaway, also called the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobraran Sea, and the North American Inland Sea, was a huge inland sea that split the continent of North America into two halves during most of the early and mid-Cretaceous Period.
		Interior Seaway denizens included predatory marine reptiles, the largest animals in the Cretaceous seas: mosasaurs growing up to 18 meters long, ichthyosaurs (one specimen from Pink Mountain in British Columbia is currently the largest ichthyosaur specimen found to date), and plesiosaurs (an inspiration for the Loch Ness Monster).
		The Western Interior Seaway was also home to early birds, including the flightless Hesperornis, which had stout legs for swimming through the water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Western_Interior_Seaway (783 words)

	Western Interior Seaway
		The Western Interior Seaway, stretched from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico.
		During the Cretaceous the Seaway was very dynamic, it's levels and boundaries shifting constantly, depositing cyclical sequences of sediments that geologists call cyclothems.
		Large volumes of sediments were carried by streams, rivers and wind to the Seaway.
	www.discoverfossils.com /Geology/WesternInteriorSeaway.html (0 words)

	SEMP: Evidence-based disaster management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation.
		In the clear waters of the middle of the great seaway during the Cretaceous lived billions of microscopic organisms with calcium carbonate shells (calcareous algae) whose delicate carcasses sank to the bottom of the seaway to produce the thick layers of limestone and chalk observed today.
		The Western Interior Sea was so vast that performing the initial descriptive work of its stratigraphy and paleontology, followed by conflating work performed in various states and in Canada, is ongoing.
		They were excellent swimmers in the open seaway because their remains are abundant in the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas, which was in the center of the Western Interior Sea far from shore.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_385.html (2224 words)

	Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week
		In the meantime tectonic forces were building the Rocky Mountains in western Montana and Idaho, and rivers flowing eastward from these mountains were delivering massive amounts of sediment (sand, silt, clay) to this sea.
		As the land cycled between periods of uplift and subsidence, the seaway expanded or shrank, resulting in dramatic east-west shifts in the location of the coastline.
		For example, the “Rimrocks” of Billings are made of sand deposited at or near the shoreline of the ancient Western Interior Seaway.
	formontana.net /seaway.html (227 words)

	North American Cretaceous Dakoticancroids
		A circum equatorial seaway existed, the Tethys Seaway, the Atlantic ocean was just beginning to open, and a shallow, north-south seaway, the Western Interior Seaway, extended across North America from the Arctic Ocean to Proto-Gulf of Mexico.
		Several phosphatic assemblages are known outside the Western Interior seaway including the Merchantville Assemblage from the C and D Canal in Delaware and the Braggs Assemblage from the Ripley Formation south of Montgomery, Alabama.
		Because of the number of repeated Dakoticancer assemblages in the Western Interior Cretaceous and the patterns of evolution within lineages, emigration events, and homeomorphy, it is possible to trace the evolution of an epifaunal benthic decapod community through the late Cretaceous of North America.
	museum.sdsmt.edu /CV/dak_dec.htm (704 words)

	Marine Creatures from the Age of Dinosaurs
		The Western Interior Seaway bisected North America from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico during the Late Cretaceous Period.
		The cast of a skull of a long-snouted crocodilian, Terminonaris robusta, is an example of crocodile-like creatures that lived in the Western Interior Seaway.
		The part of the seaway in what is now Canada was a key place for the evolution of birds about 95 million years ago.
	www.nature.ca /exhibits/exf/exf_mc_e.cfm (687 words)

	U-Haul Supergraphics - Archelon
		The seaway's coastlines, depth and length fluctuated throughout the Cretaceous period.
		The Western Interior Seaway was home to many forms of marine vertebrates, including the Archelon.
		Deposits of both shale and limestone represent areas that were once the muddy floor of the Western Interior Seaway.
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/turtle/seaway.html (0 words)

	Mosasaurs: Last of the Great Marine Reptiles
		Mosasaurs were certainly capable of traveling across large bodies of water as evidenced by the numerous fossils found in the chalks and shales deposited in the middle of the Western Interior Seaway, hundreds of miles from the nearest land.
		While it is possible that the Western Interior Seaway had masses of floating seaweed that young animals could hide in, there is no fossil evidence to support this theory and the presence of many fast swimming predators, such as Xiphactinus, seems to argue for large areas of open, unobstructed water.
		Paleobiogeography of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America: the vertebrate evidence, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 79:149-169.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /Greatrep.html (0 words)

	Cretaceous Dinosaurs of the Southeastern United States D
		Regarding the Western Interior Seaway, third-order sea-level falls seem to have affected timing of dinosaurian migrations into and out of eastern North America.
		Timing and mode of ornithomimid migration, east to west, across the Western Interior Seaway may have been facilitated, as with tyrannosaurids and hadrosaurines, by a rapid, 120-m mid-Campanian sea-level fall (see 80 Ma in Figure 5).
		Paleogeographic reconstructions of separate emergent continental land masses in western and eastern North America show that those two land masses were in closest proximity at opposing headlands in two locations.
	www.auburn.edu /~kingdat/dinosaur_webpage.htm (4356 words)

	Mesozoic History of Arizona
		It also formed a seaway, called the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, that stretched from the then-opening Gulf of Mexico northward to the Arctic Ocean.
		The seaway formed in response the Sevier orogenic belt as it advanced to the east and was eroded.
		Foreland basins form in to load as the weight of an advancing mountain front and the accumulation of eroding sediments adjacent to the front depresses the crust in a subsiding trough that parallels the orogenic belt.
	web1.shastacollege.edu /geoscience/histories/Az/Mesozoic/mz_histAz.html (2327 words)

	chamberlain
		Obradovich, 1993) has generally been interpreted to mean that the Seaway had retreated completely from the northern plains region of the United States by the end of the Cretaceous.
		The overlying Fox Hills Formation, also fossiliferous, is a regressive phase of sedimentation that tracked the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway at the end of the Cretaceous Period.
		This signal indicates that the K/T boundary interval was a time of highly restricted diversity in the Western Interior fauna _ at least as we know it from the Badlands.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/paleontology/pub/fossil_conference_6/chamberlain.htm (7408 words)

	Cretaceous Paleogeography
		It stretched from central Utah to the western Appalachians and from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico.
		The Western Interior seaway slowly retreated to the northeast.
		The Western Interior seaway had withdrawn and in its place were the embryonic Laramide uplifts of the Rocky Mountains.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~rcb7/crepaleo.html (0 words)

	U-Haul Supergraphics - Archelon
		This separation displaced ocean water, submerging the lowlands of the newly formed North American continent, which formed the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow, inland sea that stretched across what is now the Great Plains.
		As volcanic activity and shifting of the land mass fluctuated, so did the size and depth of the immense Western Interior Seaway.
		The Western Interior Seaway hosted an abundance of ferocious reptiles and swimming dinosaurs, while the surrounding land was home to a diverse variety of prehistoric creatures and dinosaurs.
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/turtle/cretaceous.html (0 words)

	A NEW POLYCOTYLID PLESIOSAUR (REPTILIA: SAUROPTERYGIA) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS BEARPAW FORMATION IN SASKATCHEWAN, ...
		Maastrichtian marine sediments are known from the seaway (e.g., upper portion of the Bearpaw Formation: Caldwell et al., 1993) but no polycotylids of definite Maastrichtian age have been reported, suggesting this faunal change took place before the complete draining of the Western Interior Seaway.
		Nevertheless, these occurrences are sporadic compared with those from the Western Interior, and their stratigraphie data are in some cases not precise enough for a detailed discussion of global distribution patterns at the stage level.
		In addition to its biostratigraphic importance as the latest record of polycotylids from the Western Interior, this specimen is also remarkable for the excellent condition of the skull that allows a detailed anatomical study, especially that of the braincase.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200509/ai_n15348707 (887 words)

	Cretaceous Paleogeography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It stretched from central Utah to the western Appalachians and from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico.
		The Western Interior seaway slowly retreated to the northeast.
		The Western Interior seaway had withdrawn and in its place were the embryonic Laramide uplifts of the Rocky Mountains.
	www2.nau.edu /~rcb7/crepaleo.html (453 words)

	ASTRID FORSTER
		During the Turonian transgression an epicontinental seaway extended meridionally from northern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, connecting water masses of the polar ocean with those of the subtropical ocean to the South.
		Adjacent to the rising highland of the Sevier Orogenic fold- and thrust belt the western part of the WIB could be characterized as a foreland basin but to the east the WIB changes into a stable platform area bordered by the North American craton.
		In case of the WIB this could result in variations of water temperatures by means of enforced or reduced mixing of cold water from the north and warm water derived from the southern region.
	geology.de /Forster (2398 words)

	North Dakota Rock and Mineral Sample: Shale (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These shales were deposited between about 90 million and 70 million years ago in shallow epicontinental seas that were part of the Western Interior Seaway (fig.
		Western Interior Seaway about 85 million years ago.
		North Dakota's Cretaceous shales are interbedded with layers of volcanic ash that originated from volcanoes in new uplands to the west - later to become the Rocky Mountains.
	www.state.nd.us /ndgs/rockandmineral/Shale.htm (445 words)

	Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Paleogeographic Map of Western North America
		The two main late Cretaceous rock formations of the Montana part of the sea are called the Bearpaw shale (representing off-shore depostion) and the Foxhills Formation (representing near-shore and beach deposition).
		But during the latest Cretaceous (the time of the deposition of the Hell Creek Formation), the seaway had retreated both southward and eastward, and was then roughly 100 miles to the east (see illustration above).
		Scientists call the body of water that lay to the east of the Hell Creek landscape the "Western Interior Seaway", an epieric sea.
	www.scn.org /~bh162/maas.html (539 words)

	Colorado Plateau Field Institute - Geological Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Along the western margin of the San Rafael Swell, the Tununk Shale Member of the Mancos Shale lies stratigraphically between the transgressive shoreline sandstones of the Albian-Cenomanian age Dakota Formation and the Upper Turonian age Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale.
		The Tununk Shale spans Western Interior biozones Mytiloides opalensis to Prinocyclus hyatti.
		The Tununk Shale represents the first deep water marine sedimentation along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway in Utah.
	www.cpfieldinstitute.org /abstract1.php?cpfi_id=10&cat=&tbl=research (371 words)

	St. Lawrence University: NetNews
		The relics were the calcium carbonate ear stones belonging to Vorhisia vulpes, a Late Cretaceous fish that spawned in brackish water before migrating to open marine waters of the Western Interior Seaway of North America.
		Sediments from the Western Interior yield exceptionally well-preserved fossils that serve as proxies for the rapid climate change that occurred 67-65 million years ago.
		My aim has been to clarify issues of paleogeography, habitat, invertebrate, botanical and vertebrate paleontology and paleoceanography of the Western Interior Seaway close to the K-T boundary when the dinosaurs and many other organisms became extinct.
	www.stlawu.edu /netnews/naturepaper.html (530 words)

	Geology
		The Cretaceous rocks visible today in both Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde were deposited in alternating marine and nonmarine environments as the Western Interior Seaway repeatedly inundated parts of the Four Corners area and then receded.
		Although primarily a marine sandstone, it has locally interbedded shales which were deposited in deeper water when the entire area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway.
		It was deposited in shallower water than the intermediate shale unit and reflects a lowering of the local sea level as the Western Interior Seaway receded for the last time.
	www.nps.gov /archive/chcu/geology.htm (1272 words)

	Formation of Pangaea
		Only Eastern and Southeastern Asia, and (arguably) Western North America, including the subcontinent of Beringia (Alaska and Siberia east of the Lena River) were not included.
		For most of the Mesozoic era, roughly the time that Pangaea existed, Western North America was isolated from the rest of the continent by a waterway known as the Great Interior Seaway.
		Whether this was entirely made up of submerged continental crust - and thus was truly an 'interior' seaway, or whether an actual ocean basin separated the two land masses, remains conjectural, but the Laramide Orogeny of the later Mesozoic does look suspiciously like the result of a continental collision.
	webspinners.com /dlblanc/tectonic/pangea.php (0 words)

	WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY PROJECT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cretaceous sandstone tongues that penetrate unusually far out into the Western Interior Basin have generated debate over the last 25 years because (1) they are anomalously coarse-grained potential reservoirs, (2) the mechanism of their dispersal, far out onto shelf sites, has been especially problematic and debated, and (3) they can appear to be unpredictable.
		Their basinal location, downdip of highstand shoreline tongues that have transited the shelf for 10s to 100s of km, dictate that they derive from falling-stage and lowstand shorezones.
		They are therefore ramp-basin analogs to deepwater slope and basin-floor sands in basins with a shelf-slope break, and probably have as much variability.
	www.geo.utexas.edu /faculty/steel/WISP.htm (240 words)

	Paleocurrents.com - Fossils from Baculite Mesa in the Pierre Shale of Colorado
		The Western Interior Seaway (also known as the Pierre Seaway) covered much of the western interior from approximately 69 to 80 million years ago, during the Cretaceous (late Campanian to early Maastrichtian (Scott, G.R. and W.A. Cobban, 1986 referenced in 1).
		If you want to visit Baculite Mesa, your only chance is to join the Western Interior Paleontological Society (WIPS) and sign up for their annual field trip.
		The purpose of these pages is to provide specimen images and identification which may be of use to people studying the Pierre Shale and to future WIPS field trips to the area.
	www.paleocurrents.com /baculite_mesa (1065 words)

	Cretaceous Fossils: Formations Main Page
		As the deposition of the Comanche Series came to a close, the "Skull Creek Seaway" rapidly retreated northward (the maximum extent of this retreat is called the Muddy Lowstand; named for the Muddy Sandstone), thus breaking the open connection (see Muller, 1993).
		During the upper Cretaceous, widespread deposition of fl muds occurred in the Western Interior Seaway and along the margins of the Gulf Coast.
		Then, as the Western Interior Seaway proceeded to widen to its maximum extent (Robinson Roberts and Kirschbaum, 1995), large amounts of chalk (made predominantly of coccoliths and calcareous foraminifera) was also deposited (Greenhorn LS, Austin Chalk, and Niobrara Chalk).
	www.cretaceousfossils.com /formations/main_page.htm (2605 words)

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