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Topic: Western Iranian

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	Balochi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Balochi, a north-western Iranian language, is the principal language of Balochistan.
		The western Balochi dialect is spoken between Karachi (Pakistan) and Kerman (Iran), among the Baloch of Turkmenistan, the Sultanate of Oman, the Khorasan province of Iran and Sistan (Iran-Afghanistan).
		It is classified as a branch of the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family like Kurdish, Persian, Pashto, and Ossetic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balochi_language (738 words)

	Iran and Iranian Studies: Essays in Honor of Iraj Afshar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The distinction between “Western” and “Iranian” scholarship on Iran has been becoming increasingly blurred since the arrival of a large number of émigrés in Western countries since 1979, many of whom were scholars or have turned to scholarship since exile.
		Four are by Iranians resident in North America, four by native Americans, five by Englishmen (two resident in North America), three by Dutchmen (two resident in North America), three by Frenchmen (one resident in England), one by an Italian, one by a German, and one by an Iranian resident in Denmark.
		It is written, in Western languages, by scholars of all nationalities, resident throughout the Western world, to honor an Iranian scholar the great bulk of whose output has been in Persian, and epitomizes the irrevocable intermingling of Iranian and Western scholars and scholarship in the pursuit of Iranian studies.
	www.lib.umich.edu /area/Near.East/MELANotes7172/emerson.html (4078 words)

	EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES
		Thus Ossetic, an Eastern Iranian language, is spoken in the Caucasus, further west than many Western Iranian languages, while Baluchi (q.v.), a North-Western Iranian language, is spoken chiefly in Pakistan, in the south-eastern corner of the Iranophone area.
		While Western Middle Iranian is represented by Middle Persian and Parthian, the chief Eastern Middle Iranian languages are Khotanese (with the closely related Tumshuqese), Sogdian, Chorasmian, and Bactrian, to which one may add the remnants of such languages as Sarmatian and Alanic (R. Bielmeier in Schmitt, pp.
		The Eastern Iranian languages are distinguished from the Western by both archaisms and innovations.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f6/v7f659.html (1336 words)

	History of Iran
		The general consensus is that before the foundation of the Empire of Medes, Iranian tribes, before and after their migration to the plateau, existed in form of individual or small tribal confederations with no proper ruling hierarchy.
		Medes were one of the three western Iranian tribes that moved, along Persian and Parthian, from their original homeland into the western and southern territories of the Iranian Plateau, probably around 1000 BC.
		When the Iranian tribes arrived in the west and south of the plateau, they witnessed a thriving economy based on trade of tin, copper, and iron ores from the queries in western Iran.
	www.iranologie.com /history/history3.html (3501 words)

	Iranian Islam and the Faustian Bargain of Western Modernity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Consequently, many Iranian intellectuals acknowledge that they are deeply indebted to Western thought which serves as the cultural reference point for their struggle with issues of identity and selfhood.
		For the prototypical Iranian intellectual this has translated into a rejection of the apish imitation of the West on the grounds that mimicry and submission are fraudulent and counterfeit states of being.
		In their desire not to be a prolegomenon to Western philosophical texts or a nodal point in the Western imperialist maps, some of these intellectuals and social movements, alas, succumb to cultural xenophobia toward the West and adopt essentialist world-views.
	faculty.maxwell.syr.edu /mborouje/jpr.html (2570 words)

	The 1991 Gulf Massacre: The Historical & Strategic Context of Western Terrorism in The Gulf (by Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed) ...
		This would be achieved by opposing any movement threatening Western domination of the region, particularly what is referred to as “Arab nationalism”, a term referring to the desire of the indigenous populations to determine their own political and economic destinies, particularly their own resources.
		The case of Iran supplies a clear illustration of the profit-orientated nature of Western foreign policy and its consistent opposition to basic humanitarian principles, primarily because during the era in which the West retained close ties to the country, it was governed by a brutal dictator.
		Jackson stressed the necessity of “the strength and Western orientation of Israel on the Mediterranean and Iran [under the Shah] on the Persian Gulf”.
	www.mediamonitors.net /mosaddeq14.html (11143 words)

	Ethnologue report for Iran
		Western Iran: Central and Southern Lorestan, Northern Khuzestan, Southern Hamadan Province, the southern edge of Markazi Province, some regions of Ilam, and possibly a small population in eastern Iraq.
		Lexical similarity of Mahali dialect 80% with Western Farsi, 69% with Laki, and 73% with Bakhtiari (Haflang); Khorramabadi dialect 85% with Western Farsi, 78% with Laki, and 75% with Bakhtiari (Haflang).
		Esfahan Province: Nayin and Anarak, 100 km east of Esfahan; Khuri is spoken in Khur (Khvor) and Mehrjan, 250 km northeast of Esfahan.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Iran (1874 words)

	Iranian Languages and Literatures (CAIS at SOAS)
		Iranian (Aryan) languages are spoken in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Arran (republic of Azerbaijan), Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Russia and other scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains.
		Old Iranian, which is closely related to Sanskrit is known from the Avesta (the sacred book of Zoroastrians) and from Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenid Emperors.
		The Middle Iranian stage (3rd century BCE to 8th-10th century CE) was characterized by a significant simplification of the verbal system and, in some areas, by reductions in noun inflection as well.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/iranian_languages.htm (293 words)

	Anthropology (Languages)
		Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia and its Turkish and Iranian borderlands; Western Armenian is spoken elsewhere.
		Western Armenian is understood only by some in Iran.
		Distinctive dialect differences between the Azerbaijani of the former USSR (North) and Iranian Azerbaijani (South) in phonology, lexicon, morphology, and syntax.
	www.farhangsara.com /language.htm (1800 words)

	gulfnews.com: Opinion
		With the Iranians having turned down the latest European offer and restarting some of their sensitive nuclear activities, Ahmadinejad faces a rough ride in his early days as president, as the West is closer now than it ever was to referring the whole case to the Security Council and possibly seeking UN sanctions.
		Iranian and Western views regarding this issue were never further apart and the prospects for a showdown are immense.
		Iranian ability to scuttle any peace agreement with Israel is high, unless the US helps in curbing Israeli expansionism and establishing a viable, independent and democratic Palestinian state as it has promised.
	www.gulfnews.com /Articles/OpinionNF.asp?ArticleID=178934 (754 words)

	The 1991 Gulf Massacre: The Historical & Strategic Context of Western Terrorism in The Gulf by Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed 02 ...
		Yet neighbourhood residents insistently pointed out the existence of constant Western aerial surveillance overhead which clearly would have observed the daily flow of women and children into the shelter, [160] and Western reporters at the site admitted that absolutely no signs of military use could be discovered.
		Western aversion to the removal of Saddam in this case appears to have been associated with the problem of how to ensure that the Kurdish/Shi'ite rebellion would result in the installation of an appropriately subservient government.
		Western indifference to the slaughter of Kurds and people of other ethnicities in the non-Western world, is therefore a long-standing reality that continues to this day, because policy is driven not by benevolence, but by elite interests in the maximisation of profits.
	www.doublestandards.org /ahmed1.html (16231 words)

	Speeches & Messages 2001
		Iran's spiritual leader Ayatollah Ali Khamene'i has launched a strong attack on Western democracies, saying that the biggest blow to the credibility of Western liberal-democracy "is all the dead bodies, bloodshed and injustice that covers this world".
		Addressing a large gathering of people in the western Iranian city of Kashan on 11 November, citing the Palestinian and Afghan situation, he said: "Western politicians and their followers deceptively speak of peace, while fanning the flames of war." The following is an excerpt from the speech broadcast by Iranian TV on the same day:
		On 28 Mordad when Kashani was isolated by Mosaddeq's government, his absence was the cause of the people's absence in the scene and the American coup agents managed to control part of the army easily, and stage a coup and to bring to the streets a number of lumpens of Tehran and toppled Mosaddeq.
	www.khamenei.de /speeches/speech2001.htm (10628 words)

	superior to that of local Western - 22 - Prof. Cole, University of Michigan "Fundamentalism in the Contemporary U.S. ...
		Cole, University of Michigan "Fundamentalism in the Contemporary U.S. Baha'i Community" - Iranian Baha'i absolutism - superior to that of local Western "Several Iranian Baha'i informants of a liberal turn of mind have said they were ostracized by their extended families because they do not accept the idea of infallibility.
		In turn, Iranian Baha'i absolutism may be a reaction to the persecution of the Baha'is by the Islamic Republic.
		Many immigrants saw their practice of the faith to be superior to that of local Western converts, which caused tensions (Cole 2000).
	www.talkaboutreligion.com /group/alt.religion.bahai/messages/40655.html (285 words)

	iranian.com: Naheed Rasa, Iranian democracy and western liberals
		In fact a number of Iranian "scholars", having emphasized their Iranianness; by thus claiming a special knowledge of the culture, they have functioned as the native elements of these discourses in the hope of pursuing the easy path to academic success.
		A consideration of this academic phenomenon suggests a rather comic situation: on the one hand the majority of scholars in academic institutions are trying to present a radical face; on the other hand, on many occasions they reinforce the most reactionary images of cultures of which they had intended to present self-sustaining definitions.
		The German court concluded that the Iranian government was behind this act and thus engaging in state terrorism.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2005/August/Ganji/index.html (2640 words)

	Iran, history of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Early in the 1st millennium, Iranian Medes already controlled almost all of the eastern Zagros and were infiltrating, if not actually pushing steadily, into the western Zagros, in some areas right up to the edge of the plateau and to the borders of lowland Mesopotamia.
		Thus, the argument that links these archaeological patterns with the Iranian migration into the area associates the Iron Age I and II cultures with the early penetration of the Iranians into the more eastern Zagros and with their infiltration westward along the major routes crosscutting the main mountain alignments.
		Dominant among these groups were the Scythians, and their entrance into the affairs of the western plateau during the 7th century may perhaps mark one of the important turning points in Iron Age history.
	www.kat.gr /kat/history/Ancient/IranOld.htm (4800 words)

	ACHAEMENIAN FUNERARY PRACTICES IN WESTERN ASIA MINOR (CAIS at SOAS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The intention of this paper is, firstly, to emphasise The diversity and the eclectic nature of the Achaemenian funerary monuments in western Asia Minor, the majority of which are, by general agreement, identified with burial.
		Some Iranian monuments in the West are decorated with Zoroastrian iconography, thus providing the only archaeological evidence that Zoroastrianism played a role in some of the funerary rituals carried out in western Asia Minor.
		It is generally believed that Zoroastrianism introduced to western Iran a mandatory funerary ritual which involved the initial exposure of the body, and the secondary disposal of the bones.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/achaemenian_funerary_practices.htm (2763 words)

	Iran News - Quakes jolt western province of Hamedan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An earthquake, with a magnitude of 4.7 degrees on the open-ended Richter scale, shook the city of Nahavand in the western Iranian province of Hamedan on Sunday, IRNA reported.
		Meanwhile, another earthquake measuring 3.2 degrees on the Richter scale, shook the western city of Poldokhtar in the western Iranian province of Lorestan early Saturday.
		At least 305 people were killed in the earthquake which hit the northwestern and western provinces of Qazvin, Hamedan and Zanjan on June 22.
	www.iranmania.com /news/ArticleView?NewsCode=12716&NewsKind=CurrentAffairs (369 words)

	Western Iranian Definition / Western Iranian Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Iranian languages are a part of the Indo European language family.
		The Iranian language group is part of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily and accounts for some of the oldest-recorded Indo-European languages.
		Indo-Iranian languages originated around modern Afghanistan, and split into the Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Dardic, and Nuristani language groups as the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian moved west, east, and south.
	www.elresearch.com /Western_Iranian (77 words)

	Interest in Western Philosophy Leads Iranian Professor to CUA - Campus Watch
		He was able to study ancient philosophy, logic and some Western philosophical texts in Iran, where he earned bachelor's and master's degrees in Western philosophy.
		But because some modern academic disciplines are relatively new at Iranian universities — which are rooted in traditional Islamic teaching — scholars like Professor Iravani are interested in studying in the United States, according to the professor and the Rev. George McLean, O.M.I., director of CUA's Center for the Study of Culture and Values.
		The two Iranian visitors were at a law school reception with Professor Marshall Breger and Interim Dean Robert Destro when Father McLean suggested that Professor Iravani pursue a doctoral degree in philosophy at CUA.
	www.campus-watch.org /article/id/1141 (884 words)

	Interview with an Iranian Anarchist - Western Asia Anarchist movement - Anarkismo
		Nevertheless, before the reorganization of the counter-revolution and its total control over all areas of civil society, every sector of the Iranian society was so thirsty for the so-called new founded "freedom" that they won through their own self-organization.
		That is, he cheated all the discontented Iranian masses on one hand, and all the imperialist powers on the other.
		The defeat of the revolution in general (specifically, its democratic aspiration), and the destruction of the Iranian Left (movement of socialist ideals) in particular was very hard to digest.
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=584&media_type=IMAGE (6030 words)

	Ethnologue: Pakistan
		Distinct from Western Balochi of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan; and Southern Balochi of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates.
		(WESTERN PUNJABI, LAHNDA, LAHANDA, LAHNDI) [PNB] 30,000,000 to 45,000,000 in Pakistan (1981 census); 52,000 in India (1991 IMA).
		'Lahnda' is a name given earlier for Western Panjabi; an attempt to cover the dialect continuum between Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, and Western Panjabi in the north and Sindhi in the south.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/Pakn.html (4028 words)

	AnalisiDifesa - IRANIAN AND WESTERN NAVIES COOPERATE IN PERSIAN GULF - nr. 30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is not clear why the Iranian forces are helping now, and "The New York Times" speculated that the Iranian action is either the result of residual hostility from the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war or because Iran does not want U.S. vessels to have a reason to venture into Iran's territorial waters.
		This is not the first time that Iranian cooperation with the naval blockade has received U.S. praise.
		In March 2001, the commander of the U.S. fleet in the Persian Gulf noted Iranian cooperation, and in September 2000, the Pentagon praised Iranian cooperation with the Maritime Interdiction Force (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 26 March 2001 and 2 October 2000).
	www.analisidifesa.it /articolo.shtm/id/2457/ver/EN (328 words)

	kurdishlanguage,Saghez
		Kurdish (like Persian) is grouped under the Western Iranian branch of Indo European languages.
		Kurdish, Ashkani (Parthian) Pahlavi, Baluchi and Mazandarani are from the western branch of the Northern group of Iranian languages, while Persian and middle Persian (Sassanid Pahlavi) belong to the south.
		While we may concede that SIL is reporting on ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic difference, we should not accept that low intelligibility of spoken and/or written language between communities is incontrovertible evidence for the existence of distinct languages.
	www.geocities.com /saghez_kurdistan/language.html (1384 words)

	Conflict between western and traditional Iranian educational value/, Khadigeh Khatami Dodge. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Differences between cultures exist and these differences can cause conflict, as the information in this study shows.This information indicates that the sources of the conflicts between the west and Iran were cultural as a whole, and political, economical and educational in particular.
		Western type education is based on science, rationality, and intellectual tranining which trains the mind and the intellect and promotes the acquistion of knoweledge and science, and teaches people to acquire more material benefits from learning.
		On the other hand, the Iranian culture values education that is based on virtues, morality and spiritual tranining which purifies the heart and trains emotions and thought, and the spiritual and moral aspects of learning are important.
	dbase.irandoc.ac.ir /00230/00230311.htm (174 words)

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