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Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Iranian language group is part of the generally agreed-upon superstock of the Indo-Iranian language subfamily and accounts for some of the oldest-recorded Indo-European languages, and as Gathic Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit, along with Greek and Hittite, are the first to be written languages. The imperial period of the Iranian languages is that of the Persian Empire, particularly the Achaemenid dynasty. He then adds that Dari is the official language of the royal courts and the language of Khorasan and Balkh and eastern Iran; Parsi is the language of the Moobeds of Fars; Khuzi is the unofficial language of the royalty and comes from Khuzestan; and Seryani originates in Mesopotamia. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_languages   (920 words)

Encyclopedia: Iranian languages   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Ossetic or Ossetian (In Ossetic: Иронау, Ironau) is an Iranian language spoken on the slopes of the Caucasus mountains on the borders of Russia and Georgia. Balochi, a north-western Iranian language, is the principal language of Balochistan. Hazaragi is a dialect of the Persian language, with a significant deviation from it to be on the borderline of being a separate language. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Iranian-languages   (2661 words)

Persian Language Persian is a subgroup of West Iranian languages that include the closely related Persian languages of Dari and Tajik; the less closely related languages of Luri, Bakhtiari and Kumzari; and the non-Persian dialects of Fars Province. For example, it was an important language during the reign of the Moguls in Indian where knowledge of Persian was cultivated and encouraged; its use in the courts of Mogul India ended in 1837, banned by officials of the East Indian Company (British Colonialism). The Early Modern period of the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. www.iranchamber.com /literature/articles/persian_language.php   (1384 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) The Indo-Aryan languages and the Iranian languages together constitute the Indo-Iranian language group, the easternmost major branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC. In addition to being the national language of Tajikistan, Tajik is important as the lingua franca of the Pamirs mountain range, a region where a remarkable variety of Iranian languages and dialects are spoken. stp.ling.uu.se /~kamalk/indo_iran%20lang.html   (11280 words)

EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES Thus Ossetic, an Eastern Iranian language, is spoken in the Caucasus, further west than many Western Iranian languages, while Baluchi (q.v.), a North-Western Iranian language, is spoken chiefly in Pakistan, in the south-eastern corner of the Iranophone area. While Western Middle Iranian is represented by Middle Persian and Parthian, the chief Eastern Middle Iranian languages are Khotanese (with the closely related Tumshuqese), Sogdian, Chorasmian, and Bactrian, to which one may add the remnants of such languages as Sarmatian and Alanic (R. Bielmeier in Schmitt, pp. The Eastern Iranian languages are distinguished from the Western by both archaisms and innovations. www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f6/v7f659.html   (1336 words)

Iranian Languages and Literatures (CAIS at SOAS) Iranian (Aryan) languages are spoken in Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Arran (republic of Azerbaijan), Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Russia and other scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains. Old Iranian, which is closely related to Sanskrit is known from the Avesta (the sacred book of Zoroastrians) and from Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenid Emperors. All Iranian languages currently spoken show a simplification of the earlier sound systems and a preference for the use of auxiliary verbs in place of the complex verb conjugations of the ancient Iranian languages. www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/iranian_languages.htm   (308 words)

UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in a wide area stretching from portions of eastern Turkey and eastern Iraq to western India (see maps in Crystal 1987:299, and in Payne 1987:516). For example, it was an important language during the reign of the Moguls in Indian where knowledge of Persian was cultivated and encouraged; its use in the courts of Mogul India ended in 1837, banned by officials of the East Indian Company. The Early Modern period of the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Rudaki, Firdowsi, and Khayyam. www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=63   (1527 words)

Iranian Language Family   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Avestan belongs to the Eastern branch of Iranian languages. Middle Persian was initially the language of the province of Pars (Persia), and a development of the Old Persian of the Achaemenid royal inscriptions or one of its close dialects. It was also taken as the language of artistic expression and science by the population of Central Asia and Muslim inhabitants of China, as well as the aristocratic classes of Ottoman Turkey. www.iranologie.com /history/ilf.html   (2828 words)

Old Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) It is classified in the group of Western Iranian languages. This language was used in the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings. It evolved into the Middle Persian language (Pahlavi) of Sassanid Iran, and eventually into modern Persian language. www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_Persian   (572 words)

Luri language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some scholars use the term Persid for the group of languages to which Persian and Luri (as wll as Bashkardi, Larestani and Kumzari) belong. Luri and the rest of the Persid languages belong to the southwestern subbranch of the western Iranian languages branch. Luri is mainly spoken in the Iranian provinces of Lorestan, Ilam, Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and Buyer Ahmad and parts of Khuzestan. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Luri   (149 words)

Synopsis - "The True History and the Religion of India" The eternity of the Sanskrit language and its grammar. It is the language of the Divine abodes. Similarly, to understand the Divine greatness of the Sanskrit language, you have to know the origination and the shortcomings of the western languages; and to understand the Divinity of eternal Bhartiya scriptures and religion, you have to know about the class, quality and the nature of the religious literature and the religions of the West. www.thetruehistoryandthereligionofindia.org /th_synopsis.htm   (4620 words)

Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Iranian-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush Munji—idGa, the language of the small Munji population in the upper Munjân Valley; The idGa dialect is spoken by Munji émigrés in Upper Chitral. Iškâšmi—Sangleci, the language spoken around the village of Iškâšm on the Âb-e Panj (upper Oxus) and in Zêbâk and the neighboring Sanglec Valley to the south. History: The Irânian languages stem from the speech of the northern Âryas, whose probable homelands were on the lower Volga and regions adjacent to the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, north of their linguistic cousins, the early Indo-Âryas. users.sedona.net /~strand/Iranian/Iranians.html   (1817 words)

Iranica.com - GRYUNBERG TSVETINOVICH The result of his research was a series of studies on The languages of the Eastern Hindu Kush (Yazyki vostochnogo gindukusha), the first of which to be published was on the Munji language (1972), based on the texts he had recorded in 1966-67 in the Monja@n valley of Afghanistan. Edelman, of the comprehensive study on Pashto, including the chapter on Pashto historical phonology, in "Fundamentals of Iranian linguistics." During the 1970s and 1980s he was engaged in the study of Baluchi language and literature and wrote an article on the Dardic language (1971). Yazyk severoazerbaidzhanskikh tatov (The language of the Tats of northern Azerbaijan), Leningrad, 1963. www.iranica.com /articles/v11f4/v11f4009.html   (681 words)

Iranian languages --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! Nearly all the Modern Iranian languages have been written—if at all—in adaptations of the Arabic alphabet. Iranian languages are spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and scattered areas of the Caucasus Mountains. The Slavic languages are most closely related to the languages of the Baltic group (Lithuanian, Latvian, and the now-extinct Old Prussian), but they share certain linguistic innovations with the other eastern Indo-European... www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9368164   (980 words)

Ethnic Root of the Tatar People Because the Scythian etymology of Herodotus from the point of view of the Iranian languages does not prove to be true, until now he is considered to be a frivolous linguist, even though he is recognized as an outstanding historian and ethnographer [Borukhovich V.T., 1972, 482, 493]. It is recognized that language is a determining attribute of an ethnos, therefore the ethnolinguistic problems of continuity or discontinuity in the development of the people first of all are studied based on the language data. Linguists have determined that an original language union formed in the Middle Volga and Urals area from the Türkic ancestors of the Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash languages, and from the Finno-Ugrian ancestors of the Mari, Udmurtian and Mordovian languages [Serebrennikov B.A., 1972; Zakiev M.Z., 1987, 176 - 182]. www.turkleronline.com /turkler/turk_turuk/koken_isim/datelines/etnicroot_ofthetatarpeople.htm   (9873 words)

Aryan Language (CAIS at SOAS) Linguistically, Aryan is the oldest attested Persid [1] language, which is classified in the group of Western Iranian languages. Western-Iranian language belong to the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian languages which is again is one of the main branches of the Indo-European family of languages. It evolved into the Middle Persian language known as Pahlavi of Parthian and Sasanid Iran, and eventually into modern Persian language. www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/aryan/aryan_language.htm   (1067 words)

Indo-Iranian Languages This language is primarily spoken in the region of Gujarat in northwestern India, near the Pakistani border. This language is the official language of Bangladesh, with a population of roughly half the United States, and it is also spoken in northeast India near Bangladesh, including the city of Calcutta. This is the language spoken by the inhabitants of the well-known region of Punjab, in northwest India. members.tripod.com /misterhaynes/indoir.htm   (2187 words)

Iranian Languages   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Persepolis is a combination of Iranian architecture and Mesopotamian art. More than two-dozen languages of Indian-Aryan, Iranian, Tibetan and Nooristani origins are spoken in the NWFP and the Northern Areas, most of which do not have... Computing, the software is helping the Iranian government block internationally hosted sites in English, as well as other sites hosted in local languages. iranian-languages.wikiverse.org   (297 words)

Iranian languages   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) The Iranian language group is of the larger Indo-Iranian language subfamily and accounts for some of oldest recorded Indo-European languages. Indo-Iranian languages originated modern Afghanistan and split into the Iranian Indo-Aryan and Nuristani language groups as the speakers proto-Indo-Iranian moved west east and south. But the authors have done an amazing job of simplifying the language, breaking it down into the basic elements and conveying it all to the reader. www.freeglossary.com /Indo-Iranian_language_family   (550 words)

Iranian languages --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! Iranian languages are probably spoken by more than 80 million people in southwestern and southern Asia. Only two Old Iranian languages are known, Avestan and Old Persian. They are often divided into three subgroups: Kafiri, or Western; Khowari, or Central (spoken in the Chitral district of northwestern Pakistan); and the Eastern group, which includes Shina and Kashmiri. www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9368164   (980 words)

Kurdish Translations Kurdish is a member of the Indo-Iranian language group which is a branch of the Indo-European family, the largest language family in the world. Kurdish has thirty-one consonant phonemes some of which have entered the language through borrowing from Arabic; and five long and four short vowel phonemes. This language is also spoken by 200,000 Kurdophones settled around Kabul, in Afghanistan. www.kurdishtranslations.co.uk /5941.html   (258 words)

Amir Hassanpour: The Identity of Hewrami Speakers Underlying this statement we find a view of language as a (dialectally) unified speech, and a strong comparativist bias (to qualify as a language, Kurdish must be clearly distinguishable from other "Iranian languages"). Iranian linguists ofa nationalist persuasion, for example, use and create philological evidence, to deny the existence of a distinct Kurdish or Baluchi language. Firstly, the only obvious reasons for describing Sorani and Kurmanji as 'dialects' of one language, are their common origin, and the fact that this usage reflects the sense of ethnic identity and unity of the Kurds. www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/Papers/Hassanpour98.html   (4922 words)

PSCO 25: Utz The issue of language and, especially, script is important, and we will return to it a little later. However, the fact that these texts are in western languages, i.e., Parthian Middle Persian, in the Manichaean script indicates that the originated outside of the eastern Manichaean community in Central Asia. So, for instance, in the Iranian redaction of the Book of Giants, ‘Ohya [‘why’] and ‘Ahya [Hahyah (hhyh)], the giant sons of Samihazah [smyhzh], the chief of the Watchers, have been given the names of the Iranian culture heroes Sam [s’m] and Nariman [nrym’n]. ccat.sas.upenn.edu /psco/year25/8803c.shtml   (1938 words)

Term paper on Guilaki   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Gilaki language has many Farsi (Parsi) words within it; however the grammar is somewhat similar to some of the european languages such as English in that the adjective precedes the object. Today Gilak poets are the only people who try to save the language by using its terms and expressions in their poems and writings. A large amount of Gilaki words and expressions are now forgotten and are not in use because of using their simpler instants in Farsi. www.termpapertopic.org /gu/guilaki.html   (141 words)

Kurdica: An Indo-European Language Kurdish, Ashkani (Parthian) Pahlavi, Baluchi and Mazandarani are from the western branch of the Northern group of Iranian languages, while Persian and middle Persian (Sassanid Pahlavi) belong to the south branch (see [Kalbasi83]). Kalbasi, I. " Ergative in Iranian Languages and Dialects", Iranian Journal of Linguistics, Vol. Stiener, G., The Intransitive-passival Conception of the Verb in Languages of the Ancient Near East, pp. www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/iran-lang.html   (1801 words)

Sogdian   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) The Sogdian language belongs to the eastern group of the middle iranian languages, along with Sacian, or Saka (spoken in Khotan, China), Bactrian (spoken in present-day Afghanistan) and Chorasmian (spoken in present-day Northern Uzbekistan). Other languages of this group are Avestan in the old times and Pashto and Ossetian in the modern times. This language has not died out after its decadence, but it has evolved into the Yaghnobi language, spoken in Tajikistan by a few thousand people, and it has been replaced as a cultural language by Persian, a western iranian language. www.geocities.com /interlinguae/sogdian.html   (175 words)

UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page Each Language Profile includes information about the historical, cultural, and social roots of the language, a map showing where the language is spoken, basic facts about the grammar, writing systems, and history of the language, and a wealth of other sociolinguistic information. Each page also includes contains links to the LMP citations for that language and a list of websites of interest to teachers and learners of the language. There is also a link to select the Profile for another language. www.lmp.ucla.edu /profiles/profp01.htm   (132 words)

Kurdology The table shows that Kurmanci and Sorani clearly belong to the Northwestern group of the Iranian languages, as they do not share some of the most conspicuous features that set the Southwestern languages apart already at the stage of Old Persian, especially OIr. In other words, language in itself was not a very important distinguishing ethnic criterion, although it could if it coincided with other factors like religion, tribal affiliation, etc. This becomes clear if we look at the remarks made by early outside observers. This is just one instance of the general point that not 'objective' factors such as language (in the genetic, linguistic sense), but rather 'subjective' ones, like self-perception and significance attached to such 'facts' (which, as we saw, are open to discussion anyway) are fundamental in determining ethnic identity (pace Isajiv 1974). www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/Papers/Leezenberg93/sec2.html   (1842 words)

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