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	Western Kshatrapas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Western Kshatrapas, or Western Satraps, ( 35 - 405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India ( Saurashtra and Malwa : modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states).
		The Kshatrapa dynasty seems to have reached a high level of prosperity under the rule of Rudrasen II (256-278 CE), 19th ruler of Kshatrapa The last Kshatrapa ruler was Vishwasen, brother and successor to Bhratadaman and son of Rudrasen II.
		The Kshatrapas established their own calendar, which starts in 78 CE and defines the beginning of the Saka era, and which today the starting year for the official calendar of the Indian Republic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Western_Kshatrapas (477 words)

	Articles - Satavahana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They issued mainly lead and copper coins, and their portrait-style silver coins were usually striked over the coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings.
		106 - 130 CE) defeated the Western Kshatrapas ruler Nahapana, restoring the prestige of his dynasty by reconquering large part of the former dominions of the SÄtavÄhanas.
		His brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni, married the daughter of Rudradaman I of the Western Kshatrapa dynasty, but was defeated by his father-in-law in battle, strongly affecting Satavahana power and prestige.
	www.x-moto.net /articles/Satavahana (672 words)

	Gupta [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Only marginally less war-like than his father, he expanded his realm westwards, defeating the Saka Western Kshatrapas The Western Kshatrapas, or Western Satraps, (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states).
		Western Kshatrapas The Western Kshatrapas, or Western Satraps, (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states).
		The Shahi were the last Hindu dynasty to rule Afghanistan and the western Punjab before the Muslim conquest of the tenth and eleventh centuries....
	www.wikimirror.com /Gupta (4261 words)

	Articles - Indo-Greek Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The last king in the western part of the Indo-Greek territory, Hermaeus, was probably replaced around 70 BCE by the phil-hellenic Yuezhi rulers, who maintained the minting of his coinage posthumously until around 40 CE.
		In the south, the Greeks were under the rule of the Western Kshatrapas.
		The Western part made of Bactria was ruled by a succession of Greco-Bactrian kings until the end of the reign of Heliocles around 130 BCE.
	www.kamero.net /articles/Indo-Greek_Kingdom (3312 words)

	Early Indian Trade and the Traders©
		It should be borne in mind that the maritime trade in the Western Indian Ocean was not restricted to luxury goods only, but was sustained by subsistence items and agricultural products.
		The commerce of the Western Indian coast was so lucrative that Bharuch (Barygaza) and Sopara had trade settlements or "station" in the "Gulf", the presence of foreign citizens being of course entrepreneurial in nature.
		The conflict for control of the external trade of Barygaza between the Saka kshatrapas and the Satavahanas has been mentioned in "The Periplus..." and presumably that explains partly the beginning of the decline of this trade.
	education.vsnl.com /atreyi/early_trade.html (1926 words)

	India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain.
		Towards western India, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert.
		The plateau is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/India (3614 words)

	Coinage -- Ancient India Coinage
		The Saka coinage of the Western Kshatrapas are perhaps the earliest dated coins, the dates being given in the Saka era which commences in AD 78.
		In the interregnum between the fall of the Maurayans and the rise of the Guptas various tribal republics in the Punjab and monarchies in the Indo-Gangetic plain issued coins.
		The symbols and motifs on South Indian coin issues were confined to dynastic crests such as the boar (Chalukya), bull (Pallava), tiger (Chola), fish (Pandya and Alupas), bow and arrow (Cheras) and lion (Hoysala) etc. The Yadavas of Devagiri issued 'Padmatankas' with an eight-petalled lotus on the obverse and a blank reverse.
	www.rbi.org.in /currency/museum/c-ancient.html (906 words)

	Buddhist Architecture: The Hill of Sanchi, Madhaya Pradesh, India.
		After a prolonged period of stagnation and lassitude under the Kashtrapas, there was a revival of sculptural activity at Sanchi during the reign of the Guptas who, after conquering the Kshatrapas (circa A.D. 400), provided peace and prosperity essential for the growth of artistic pursuits.
		And then came the shock of the Hana invasions, which resulted in the seizure of a large part of western and central India by that tribe.
		But that occupation was short lived, to be shattered by Yasodharman's victory over their chief Mihirakula in the first half of the sixth century.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/history/buddhist-art/sanchi.htm (1231 words)

	1Up India > India > Daman & Diu > History of Daman & Diu. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Satrya Kshatrapas under the Kushana emperor ruled over Daman District during the first century.A.D. The coins of Bhumaka and Nahaphan, the Kshaharata rules are discovered in the surrounding areas of Surat district.
		Abhir King Ishvarasena of Nasik who had conquered the western part of the Daccan from the Satavahanas seems to have been held by Gautamiputra Yajnashri Satakarni during his campaigns the Kshatrapaes from A. 180 to 200.
		The district seems to have been subjected to the rule of traikutakas during the 5th century A.D., whose coins and inscriptions are found in Daman and also in the adjacent areas of the Surat district.
	www.1upindia.com /states/damandiu/history.html (1063 words)

	Indo-Greek [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is unclear whether he was a Bactrian official who raised a rebellion, or, according to some scholars, a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes who was trying to regain the Bactrian territory.
		The remaining domains were divided into two realms: the house of Menander retreated to their territories east of the Jhelum River The Jhelum River is the largest and most western of the five rivers of the Punjab province of Pakistan.
		In the south, the Greeks were under the rule of the Western Kshatrapas The Western Kshatrapas, or Western Satraps, (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states).
	www.wikimirror.com /Indo-Greek (13747 words)

	Iranica.com - GUJARAT
		Sasanian diplomatic links with rulers in western India are confirmed by T®abari's account of an embassy, presumably traveling by sea, from the Chalukya ruler, Pulakeshin II (608-42), to the court of K¨osrow II Parve@z (T®abari, I, p.
		Perhaps due to the long history of state patronage in western India, to the strength of local Hindu guilds of craftsmen, and to the indigenous origins of the ruling house, the architecture of Gujarat under the sultans proved almost impervious to external influences.
		These time-worn exchanges between Persia and Gujarat were to be mortally damaged by the anarchy in Persia after the demise of the Safavids in 1135/1722, which itself initiated a further wave of Persian refugees to the ports of western India, and by the fall of Ahmadabad to the Marathas in 1171/1758.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f4/v11f4019.html (4736 words)

	Indo-Greek Kingdom
		The Chinese Historical Chronicles Hou Hanshu describe the alliance between the Chinese general Wen-Chung, commander of the border area in western Gansu and on a mission to Ki-pin (Kabul valley), and Yin-Mo-Fu (Hermaeus), "son of the king of Yung-Kiu" (Yonaka, the Greeks) around 50 BC.
		The last king in the western part of the Indo-Greek territory, Hermaeus, was probably replaced around 70 BC by the phil-hellenic Yuezhi rulers, who maintained the minting of his coinage posthumously until around 40 AD.
		The Western part made of Bactria was ruled by a succession of Greco-Bactrian kings until the end of the reign of Heliocles around 130 BC.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/IndoGreekKingdom.html (3519 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The flourishing civilisation went into decline around the second millennium BC due to severe flooding in the Indus delta.
		The Yadavas, the clan of the Hindu God-King Krishna ruled much of the region from 1500 to 500 BC, with their capital at Dwarka on the western tip of Saurashtra.
		The name Gujarat’ - shortened from the earlier ‘Gurjarsha’ - gained currency in the 7th century during the Chalukyan period, a time when the Parsees, fleeing religious persecution in their native Iran found a safe haven here and made it their home.
	www.journeymart.com /DExplorer/AsiaIS/India/Gujarat?SubLink=DExplorer/AsiaIS/India/Gujarat/ciHistory_Inc.htm (385 words)

	Your own weekend E zine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		His most significant and well celebrated military achievement being total destruction of Kshatrapas, the Shaka (Scythian) rulers of Malawa and Saurashtra, the western India (modern Gujrath and neighbouring states).
		The colorful and vibrant murals at Ajanta are famous not only for the meticulously observed details of nature and the urban landscape, including architecture and furnishing, elegant attire and alluring ornaments but also for perceptive delineations of a variety of human characters, expressions and moods.
		Ajanta caves which are located at western Maharashtra were part of local Vakataka kingdom which had matrimonial relations with imperial Guptas.
	www.indiainfoline.com /week/dec32000/ithi.html (1405 words)

	daman & diu tourism, tourism of daman & diu, tours for daman & diu, daman & diu tour travel, daman & diu travel agents, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		From 2nd Century B.C. to 13th Century A.D., it formed a part of the country known as Lata which was one of the Seven divisions of the Aparant or Konkan Vaishaya.
		Satrya Kshatrapas under the Kushana emperor seemed to have ruled over Daman District during the first century AD.
		Abhir king Ishvarasena of Nasik who had conquered the western part of the Daccan from the Satavahanas seems to have been held by Gautamiputra Yajnashri Satakarni during his campaigns against the Kshatrapaes from A. 180 to 200.
	www.allindiatourism.com /destinations/damandiu/damandiuhistory.html (1007 words)

	[No title]
		At this juncture, India was invaded by a series of foreigners and barbarians or Mlechchhas from the north western frontier region and central Asia.
		It shows his bust in Kshatrapa style and reverse is formalised Garuda with spread wings.
		Since the western region (modern Gujrath state) had well developed silver coinage, popularized by earlier Shaka rulers, the same tradition was continued, except the Shaka symbol of river and three arched hill was replaced with Garuda or peacock (Skandagupta introduced this symbol), on reverse.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/Sgupta1.html (3148 words)

	History-1
		It was during the time of Gautamiputra Satakarni, the 23rd ruler of this dynasty, who ascended the throne in A.D.62, their kingdom made a sharp recovery of the lost territories from the western Kshatrapas.
		This change was brought by strong historical forces, namely, the Eastern and Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas and the early Cholas.
		The Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, who were at first successful in overthrowing the Eastern Chalukyas, were driven out after 17 years by the Imperial Cholas with the help of local chiefs.
	www.tlca.com /youth/history-1.html (2201 words)

	[No title]
		The western and central part of India consisting of Saurashtra and Malwa (modern Gujrat and neighbouring Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states) was ruled by rulers known as Ksatrapa or Kshatrapas.
		It is believed that the early Kshatrapa rulers which belonged to Kshaharata family, occupied north-western and central India adjoining Mathura and possibly ruled as viceroys of Kushans (this is a controversial issue).
		At this juncture a rival empire was established at the western boundry of Gahadavalas.
	www.med.unc.edu /~nupam/kshatr1.html (4432 words)

	Todywalla's Auction
		Western Kshatrapas, Nahapana (1st century AD), Silver, lakhi - brockage.
		The coin is in excellent state of preservation and has clear impression of obverse bust on rev. The impression on the rev also indicate that it was a later issue of the king when Greek legend on obv was getting detoriated and remained merely as an ornamental.
		Western Kshatrapas, Chashtana ?, Copper, 2.0 g, bull to right type with Brahmi around central hill symbol.
	todyauction.com /cat10a.htm (781 words)

	Articles - Kushan Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The art and culture of Gandhara, at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony, are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners.
		From the 3rd century the Kushan empire began to fragment.
		Around 225 Vasudeva I died and the Kushan empire was divided into western and eastern halves.
	www.kamero.net /articles/Kushan (1414 words)

	[No title]
		Malwa, with their capital city of Ujjain in the Western Kshatrapas, from which they ruled Rajputana and Maharashtra for 300 years...."The period of the invasion of the Sakas and Kushans into India in the middle of the 2nd Century BC." (Acta: 1978..pg 239)
		The Western Turkish Empire was ruled by the Celestial Blue Turks (Kok Turks).
		The western Turkish empire was broken up as the result of civil wars in the 7th century.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/1605/KINGDOMSL-Z.html (2436 words)

	The Western Regions â“ Appendices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first reference is from the chapter on the Western Regions of the Hou Hanshu which deals with the period of the Later Han (25-220 CE), composed by Fan Ye, who died in 445 CE.
		Relations with the Western Regions were not restored until 127, which is almost certainly the explanation for the silence in the report on the reign of Wima Kadphises and the coming to power of Kanishka.
		The âWestern Regionsâ are said to have been out of touch with China for a further 10 years.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/appendices.html (10414 words)

	Punjabi.net discussion chat forums
		This further reveals that the migration of N. Frontier Kambojas to western India (Sindhu/Gujrat/Malwa) in later centuries was indeed a historical truth and not a wild supposition alone.
		This is also possible that the Kautalyian Kambojas(Kautalya Arathshastera11/1/4) could be an earlier stream of the Uttarapatrha Kambojas from Afghanistan who might have migrated to Gujarat in 5/4th c BC and established their Republic in the neighborhood of Saurashtrian People before the times of Kautalya.
		Western Kshatrapas had ruled Gujrat/Malwa for a long period of 300 years (Ancient India, 1971, p 121 by Dr.
	www.punjabi.net /talk/messages/1/13535.html (5630 words)

	Stayfinder.com - Daman & Diu - History
		The edict of the Emperor Ashoka (273 to 136 B.C) was found in Saurashtra and Sopara near Bombay.
		Satrya Kshatrapas under the Kushana emperor seemed to have ruled over Daman District during the first century, A.D. The Coins of Bhumaka and Nahapan, the kshaharata rulers were discovered in the surrounding areas of Surat District.
		Ushavadatta, son-in-law of Nahapan, is said to have provided ferries on rivers Dhanuha Dhamana, Parada and Tapi.
	www.stayfinder.com /travelguide/india/destinations/west/damananddiu/generalinfo/damananddiu_history.asp (766 words)

	Chapter SATIN <i>to</i> SAYER of S by The Hobson Jobson Dictionary
		We find that certain rich stuffs of damask and satin were called from this place, by the Arabs, Zaitunia; the Span.
		But the title occurs not only in the books of Ezra, Esther, and Daniel, but also in the ancient inscriptions, as used by certain lords in Western India, and more precisely in Surashtra or Peninsular Guzerat.
		639); and the Northern Kshatrapas of Mathura and the neighbouring territories in the 1st cent.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/260/1286/20212/1.html (741 words)

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