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Topic: Western Liao

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	Liao Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Liao Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: 遼朝; Simplified Chinese: 辽朝; pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire, was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper.
		In 1125 Liao was destroyed by the emergent Jin Dynasty, established by the Jurchens.
		After the destruction of Liao, Liao aristocrat Yelü Dashi established a refugee regime in what is now Xinjiang in 1132, called Western Liao or Kara-Khitan Khanate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liao_Dynasty (489 words)

	Chinese History - Liao Dynasty (Khitan) é¼ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		In 1120, the Song government established an alliance with the Jin empire é‘ in Manchuria to attack the Liao empire.
		The Liao government, weakened by economical desasters and internal quarrels, fell victim to the Jin assaults and draw back to the west where they established a new kingdom called Western Liao (Xiliaoè¥¿é¼, or Karakitan in Turkish - "Black Khitan").
		In 1218, the Mongols conquered the kingdom of Western Liao.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/liao.html (413 words)

	Mongolia - HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Despite close cultural ties between the Kitan and Western Xia that led the latter to become increasingly sinicized, during the remainder of that century and the early years of the twelfth century, the two Mongol groups were frequently at war with each other and with the Song Dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) of China.
		Meanwhile, the defeated Kitan Liao ruler had fled with the small remnant of his army to the Tarim Basin, where he allied himself with the Uighurs and established the Karakitai state (known also as the Western Liao Dynasty, 1124-1234), which soon controlled both sides of the Pamir Mountains.
		Much that the Western world of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries knew about the Mongols and Asia was the result of the famous missions of a Venetian trading family.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/mongolia/HISTORY.html (18249 words)

	Chinese History - Liao Dynasty (Khitan) é¼ event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		YelÃ¼ Jing è¶å¾ç’ (posthumous Liao Muzong é¼ç©å®—) lived in a conflict between the Khitan aristocracy and a large group among the society that was enslaved, YelÃ¼ Jing was murdered by a servant in 969.
		Instead, the Liao rulers concentrated on the empires of Inner Asia like the Tatars (Chinese: Dada éé¼) or Uighurs that had to offer tributes to the Khitan realm, and to the east where the Liao interfered into the politics of the Korean kingdom KoguryÅ (Chinese: Gaogouli é«å¥éº—).
		From the 12th century on the Jurchen in the northeast began to attack Liao territory, accompanied by rebellions of the former Bohai aristocracy.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/liao-event.html (1133 words)

	Liao Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Liao Dynasty was a regime established by the Khitan tribe (Qidan).
		As the Liao Dynasty was founded by the Khitan, the northern officials were superior in status to their southern counterparts.
		In 1131, Yelu Dashi, a minister of the former Liao, reestablished the Liao in the Chuhe valley which became known as the Western Liao.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/liao (1624 words)

	history5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		(A.D. The Liao was a regime dominated by the Khitan Tartars.
		In the north, it bordered on the Liao, along the present-day Jin River, Baxian in Hebei and Yanmenguan in Shanxi.
		In the northwest, it reached as far as the Baiy¨¹ Mountain in Shaanxi, the eastern Gansu and the northeastern Qinghai, contiguous to the Western Xia and the Turfan.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~hzhuo/song.html (1199 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		During the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties (220-581 A.D.) the Western Reigon was a political dependent of the government in central China.
		The Uighurs who settled in the Western Region lived commingled with Turkic nomads in areas north of the Tianshan Mountains and western pasturelands as well as with Hans, who had emigrated there after the Western and Eastern Han dynasties.
		Russia claimed that it could not "sit idle" while there were uprisings in the provinces in western China, and in the name of "recovery and defense upon request," it sent troops to occupy Ili in 1871 and started a 10-year period of colonial rule.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-uygur.htm (3496 words)

	Guide and Index to Lists of Rulers
		But the logic of these principles ate its way slowly into Western consciousness, until the concept of common humanity became the basis of the abolition of feudal privilege, the abolition of established religion, the abolition of slavery, and women's sufferage.
		Although the kingdom of the Franks, sanctified by the Pope, became the repository of Imperial pretentions, a kind of sibling rivalry arose between the Western Franks (the future France) and the Eastern Franks (the future Germany).
		Successors of Western Rome: Germania, Francia, & the Periphery of Francia, 395 BC-Present
	www.friesian.com /histindx.htm (3021 words)

	TibetNet - The Mongols and Tibet
		The new Mongol state was bordered by the Jin empire of the early Manchus in the south-east, the Tangut empire in the south-west, the eastern regions of Russia in the north-west and Western Liao (Kara Kitai) to the west.
		He sent an expedition under General Jebe, who seized Western Liao and the adjoining territory to the south of the Tianshan range.
		The third son, Ögedei, was given the territories stretching along the eastern and western sides of the Altai Range and those along the Emil River.
	www.tibet.net /en/diir/pubs/phri/mongols/data/part1.html (1424 words)

	[No title]
		The Western Turk Empire was also a great patron of Buddhism from the early seventh to the early eighth century.
		One branch of the Western Turks, the Turgish tribes, was responsible for the spread of Buddhism to Kyrghyzstan and southeastern Kazakhstan during the later part of the seventh and early eighth centuries.
		For Buddhist culture at Dunhuang, it was probably fortunate that Tibetan control extended as long as it did, for in the early 840s central China was experiencing a period of severe persecution of religions perceived as "foreign"; Buddhism was one of them.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/OkarResearch/uighur.html (3315 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Chapter 9, Section 1- Minorities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Some scholars hold that during the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, the "Kunmings," the nomadic tribe pasturing in the Erhai area in western Yunnan, might be the forbears of certain ethnic groups, including the Lahus.
		As testified to by the stone arrowheads and pomegranate-wood bows they sent as tributes to rulers of the Western and Eastern Zhou period (11th century- 221 BCE), the Sushens were one of the earliest tribes living along the reaches of the Heilong and Wusuli rivers north of the Changbai Mountains.
		Moving to the grasslands of western Mongolia in the 7th century, the Mongols settled in the upper reaches of the Onon, Kerulen and Tula rivers and areas east of the Kentey Mountains in the 12th century.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c09s01.html (16966 words)

	Secretary for the Environment, Transport and Works, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Dr Liao has also initiated the negotiation process for a merger of the MTR Corporation and the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation and secured the support of major public transport operators in providing fare reduction and other concessions to passengers.
		On the environment side, Dr Liao is a strong advocate of the “Polluters-Pay” principle and, as an important first step, successfully enacted legislation introducing a charging scheme on demolition and construction waste.
		Dr Liao is a member of the Executive Council, an organ for assisting the HKSAR Chief Executive in policy-making.
	www.info.gov.hk /info/cv_setw_e.htm (564 words)

	Western Han China: Silk Road
		Like the first period of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han inherited many detailed rules of the Qin Dynasty (221BC - 206 BC), but put more stress on centralization and a benevolent policy.
		This effectively accelerated the remedy for the effects upon agriculture and the economy after the disaster caused by war.
		During the late Western Han Dynasty, the conflicts between classes became acute again and the imperial power was switched by Wang Mang for a few years.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/han/western.htm (170 words)

	[No title]
		It was from the Northern Wei that the fabulous Buddhist cave shrines began to be carved and painted at Dunhuang, on the Silk Road in western Kansu [Gansu].
		Unlike Western astronomers at the time, the Chinese did not believe that the heavens were unchanging, and they were always on the lookout for what they called "guest" stars, i.e.
		The rulers of the Liao and the Kin/Chin Dynasties are from the Oxford Dynasties of the World, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, p.219].
	saturniancosmology.org /files/china/sangoku.txt (14073 words)

	GPS Division Field Trip 2006: People, History & Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Since the Western Regions Frontier Command was established in 60 B.C., the inflow of the Han people to Xinjiang, including officials, soldiers and merchants, had never stopped.
		In 755, An Lushan and Shi Siming raised a rebellion in the Central Plains, and Tang troops stationed in the Western Regions were withdrawn to battle the rebels, whereupon the Tubo took the opportunity to occupy southern Xinjiang and part of northern Xinjiang.
		In 1124, Yollig Taxin, a member of the ruling house of the Liao Dynasty (916-1125 A.D.), led his people, the Khitan tribe, westward and conquered Xinjiang, where he established the kingdom of Western Liao.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~rkanda/GPS_TienShan2006/GPSFieldTrip_PeopleCulture.html (1574 words)

	Liao Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ...
		Khitan chieftain, Yelü Deguang, tried to establish himself as emperor of northern China and declared Liao Dynasty while he was occupying the capital of Posterior Jinn in AD 947.
		Liao was meant for a dynasty in China, while Khitan was for their original northern dynastic title.) When weather got hot and Chinese under Posteriro Han Dynasty's Liu Zhiyuan rebelled against them, Yelü Deguang retreated to the north and died on route home at a place called Fox-killing Ridge.
		The Khitan, Western Xia and Song China, during the remainder of 11th century and the early years of the twelfth century, were frequently at war with each other till the Jurchens came along.
	www.uglychinese.org /liao.htm (5948 words)

	Kara-Khitan Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. The Kara-Khitan Khanate (Traditional Chinese: 西遼; Simplified Chinese: 西辽; pinyin: Xī Liáo, 1124-1218), also known as Western Liao was established by Yelü Dashi (耶律大石) who led around 100,000 Khitan remnants after escaping Jurchen conquest of their native country, the Khitan dynasty (also known as the Liao empire).
		This regime survived until the arrival of Genghis Khan's Mongolian horsemen and was referred to in Chinese sources as Kara-Kitai, Kara-Khitai, Kara-Khitay, Kara-Khitan, Western Liao, Xi Liao or similar variants.
		The Kitai or Khitai suffixes were quoted from Russian sources.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate (342 words)

	Session 25 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Western Liao, established by those Khitans who immigrated to the grasslands of Central Asia after the Jurchen conquest, is considered by the Liao shi to be a Chinese dynasty, and contemporary Muslim authors often denote its rulers as "The Chinese."
		In the manner of Northern Chinese tradition, however, those symbols of "Chineseness" were by no means exclusive: the Western Liao emperor, for example, also bore the Inner Asian title Gürkhan and at least Khitan and Persian were used together with Chinese in writing.
		It argues that the Chinese features retained by the Western Liao were not mere superficial traces of two-hundred years’ rule in China nor were they an expression of Khitan admiration for Chinese culture.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1999abst/china/c-25.htm (1277 words)

	Attorney Profiles of Spiegel Liao & Kagay - Specializing in antitrust litigation
		Kagay was selected as a “Northern California Superlawyer” — i.e., one of the top 3% of the lawyers practicing in Northern California, on the basis of surveys of 56,000 attorneys in that region.
		WAYNE LIAO, of counsel to the firm, earned his undergraduate degree in 1972 from the University of Chicago, and his J.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1975.
		Liao led the firm's defense of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission in the relocation of the National Basketball Association Clippers team from San Diego to Los Angeles, National Basketball Association v.
	www.slksf.com /attorney.htm (1259 words)

	Kara-Khanid Khanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Others occupying western Tarim Ferghana Valley Jugaria and parts of Kazakhstan bordering the Muslim Turco-Tajik Khwarazm Sultanate to Islam no later than 10th century built a federation with Muslim institutions called whose princely dynasties are called Kara-Khanids by
		Influential Kara-Khanid rulers include Mahmoud Tamgach of After the defeat of the Khitan dynasty by the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in Northern China the great Khitan Yelu Dashi escaped from China with a band of Khitan soldiers recruited warriors from Tangut Tibetan Qarluk Karakhoja Naiman areas and marched in search of asylum.
		Yelu Dashi was accommodated by the hospitable Western Xia Kingdom and the Buddhist Karakhojas.
	www.freeglossary.com /Western_Liao (1217 words)

	Greatest Western Empire in history - History Forum
		In 395, the Imperivm centered in Constantinople was divided into Eastern and Western empires when the Western half broke away, but the Western empire was overthrown by the Ostrogoths in 476.
		After the destruction of the Western Empire, the Eastern Empire was accepted as the only Roman Empire by everyone, until the Carolingian Franks declared their own Roman Empire.
		Perhaps a comparable example would be the Khitan, whose western Liao empire is not considered the same as the original Liao.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1440 (2001 words)

	Angiotensin II Stimulates MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of Raf -- Liao et al. ...
		A, Western blot analysis was performed with anti–c-Raf-1 antibody on cell membranes.
		G, The distribution of H-Ras in membrane and cytosol fractions was determined by Western blot analysis.
		Western blot analysis was performed with anti–c-Raf-1 and anti–Raf-B antibodies.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/79/5/1007 (5819 words)

	Plastics Technology - Mai Liao styrene production plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Formosa Petrochemicals has undertaken a number of petrochemical, chemicals and plastics plant expansions at its site at Mai Liao, on the western coast of Taiwan.
		Indeed, Formosa Plastics Corporation's petrochemical facilities in Kaohsiung and Mai Liao were fortunately not affected by the quake that struck Chiayi city in southern Taiwan despite the fact that Mai Liao is just 50 km away from Chiayi, which was near the epicentre of the quake.
		With the growing liberalisation of Taiwan's economy and the loss of the monopoly positions previously enjoyed by state-owned corporations, the group plans to engage directly in such activities as petroleum refining and power generation in the near future.
	www.plastics-technology.com /projects/mailiao_sty (619 words)

	Yuan Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties
		The Western Xia kingdom in the north-west was attacked between 1205 and 1209 and the Jin Empire of North China was first overrun between 1211 and 1215.
		The Mongols then turned westwards and seized the Western Liao Empire, the state founded by the remnants of the Qidan.
		After a pause the Mongol attack was resumed, the Jin Empire was destroyed in 1234, the remains of the Nanzhao kingdom in the south-west fell in 1253.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/yuan.htm (1038 words)

	Liao Dynasties Imperial Succession - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Reigned 1124-1143 [there is much controversy about when the Western Liao was founded, but the most accepted theory is that Yelu Dashi assumed the title of king in 1123 or 1124, and only assumed the title of emperor in 1131 or 1132]
		In 1211, the chieftain of the Naiman 乃蛮 Mongols, Kücülüg or Kushlik (Chinese: Quchulü 屈出律) fled to the Western Liao after being defeated by Chinggis Khan.
		In 1218, Chinggis Khan invaded the Western Liao and defeated Kücülüg, thus bringing the Western Liao state to an end.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=843 (977 words)

	2004 Summary of China Request to U.S. Under Article 9 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention
		Of particular interest are the architectural bricks and stones of the Eastern Han Period that illustrate legendary tales, historical events, and daily life.
		The Liao, Jin, Western Xia and Yuan Dynasties were all founded by ethnic minorities in north China.
		Liao and Jin Dyasties were founded by the ethnic minorities Qidan and Nuzhen.
	exchanges.state.gov /culprop/cn04sum.html (4211 words)

	VIRTUAL MONGOLIA: Kara Korum Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In 1225 Jochi ruled the western Qipchaq and the territories on the Aral and Caspian Seas.
		The western detachment attacked Hungary, the northern Poland, and the southern Romania.
		Mongols continue to live in many areas of the former Western Mongol Empire, such as Buriatia, Kazakhstan, Kalmykia, Aginsky, and Tuva, and additionally there are many Mongols in East Turkestan and in the Tibetan province of Amdo.
	ubpost.mongolnews.mn /virtualmongolia/kara_korum/mongol_tibet.htm (10000 words)

	Timeline (2005-3059 A.D.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Leaders of the various Western powers meet in the newly reunited British Prime Minister's call for "a new alliance of Western nations." NATO and the European Common Market are dissolved in favor of the Western Alliance.
		Western Alliance forces in the Free Russian States and in the member-states of India are placed on a war footing.
		Sun-Tzu Liao, Chancellor of the Capellan Confederation, was appointed to the ceremonial post of First Lord.
	www.kerensky.tierranet.com /btech/innersphere/time.html (7304 words)

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