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Topic: Western Somali Liberation Front

	Somalia HISTORY
		A significant impetus to the Somali nationalist movement was provided by the UN in 1949 when the General Assembly resolved that Italian Somaliland would receive its independence in 1960.
		From the inception of independence, the Somali government supported the concept of self-determination for the people of the Somali-inhabited areas of Ethiopia (the Ogaden section), Kenya (most of the northeastern region), and French Somaliland (now the Republic of Djibouti), including the right to be united within a greater Somalia.
		Somali forces took part in the fighting but were defeated in 1977, soon after the USSR had swung its support to Ethiopia.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Somalia-HISTORY.html (2418 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Somalia
		Among Somalis this ideal had been approximated less fully in the north than among some groups in the settled regions of the south where religious leaders were at one time an integral part of the social and political structure.
		Under the Somali penal code, to be criminally liable a person must have committed an act or have been guilty of an omission that caused harm or danger to the person or property of another or to the state.
		Somali customary law was retained for optional application in such matters as land tenure, water and grazing rights, and the payment of diya.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/somalia.html (13093 words)

	History of Somalia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1959, at the request of the Somali Government, the UN General Assembly advanced the date of independence from December 2 to July 1, 1960.
		In the mid-1970s, the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) began guerrilla operations in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia.
		Somali officers of the National Armed Forces were trained in U.S. military schools in civilian as well as military subjects.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/somalia.html (1774 words)

	Somalia / Ethiopia - Uneasy Relationships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Competing Somali militia leaders were, for their part, initially willing to use Meles to broker peace talks, as he had links to the old, military dictatorship, while at the same time was perceived as a successful revolutionary and a leading figure in the "new generation" of African leaders.
		Although the Somali population in Ethiopia is relatively small - about 3.5 million - the territory it occupies is significant in that it borders on Somalia and is used by armed opposition groups, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and the ONLF.
		Ethiopia was accused of "occupying" the south-central Somali town of Baidoa in June 1999, and denied it strenuously.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivedec00/010102401.htm (4995 words)

	Ogaden / Western Somalia (Ethiopia)
		The Western Somalia Liberation Front flag in 1979
		The Ogaden Community (http://www.ogaden.com/) uses this flag for Ogaden, describing it: "The flag of Ogaden consists of green, blue and red horizontal stripes with a pentagonal white star in the centre of the blue stripe.
		The flag of the WSLF (Western Somalia Liberation Front) is divided perpendicularly in green and red; in the middle a white star with five rays.
	flagspot.net /flags/et-wso.html (478 words)

	Somalis in Ethiopia
		From 1963-1969, Somali and Oromo people were engaged in a major insurgency in Bale Province that was supported by the Somali Republic and put down with difficulty by the Ethiopian state.
		The president and vice president are from the ONLF and Warsameh is of the Isa and Gurgura Liberation Front.
		Somalis remain an at-risk group because of their history of opposition to the Ethiopian state and because the transition to democracy is so recent.
	www.angelfire.com /bc/snrs/history.html (6643 words)

	IRIN Special report - Armed factions and the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict, 14 May 1999
		The Afar Liberation Front [Party] (ALF/P), founded by Sultan Ali Mirah Hanfary in 1975 is currently represented by his son, who has had a sometimes rocky relationship with Addis Ababa, reports say.
		The ethnic Somali Ogadeni clan occupies much of southeastern Ethiopia and their pre-eminent political party, the Ogadeni National Liberation Front (ONLF), has resisted attempts by the Addis Ababa government to have it join the Ethiopian Somali Democratic League (ESDL), which is a multi-clan umbrella party affiliated with the ruling EPRDF.
		The Oromo Peoples’ Liberation Organisation (OPLO) signed an agreement to cooperate with the OLF on March 14 1999, saying there were no differences between the program of the OPLO and OLF, and that both sought to "enable the Oromo people to exercise the inalienable right of self-determination".
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/docs/19990514.htm (2285 words)

	After the Last Year?s August (2005) Elections and the Somali Region in Ethiopia
		The Somali region in Ethiopia is one of nine autonomous regions that make up Ethiopia and one of the least developed, insecure and unbalanced regions of the whole country.
		Because of this dream, former Somali governments and administrations had mobilized forces and tried to convince the world that the Somali people could not be segmented and scattered over various territories ruled by non Somali head of states.
		Although liberation efforts took momentum and Somalis tried their best to realize their dream, WSLF’s endeavours had failed, but it was alive and functioning up until Somalia had collapsed and knelt down before the international community for urgent help.
	www.hiiraan.com /op/2006/mar/Mohamed_M_Bakayr120306.htm (2461 words)

	Happy Anniversary ““WardheerNews””
		The ONLF has has decided to name the area of the Somali regional state with the disputed name “ogadeniya” This policy of ogadenism by the ONLF is one of the reasons that the organisation has divided the Somalis in the Somali regional state along clanistic lines.
		As Somalis belong to many different clans, clanism in political organisations is often viewed with suspicion by Somalis who do not belong to the clan of the political organisation.
		The Future of the Somalis in in Somali Galbeed seems to be a miserable one, just as it was in 1991 when winds of independence and freedom swept Harar and Jigjiga after the fall of Mengistu’s fascist Amhara dominated regime.
	www.wardheernews.com /articles/November/26_ONLF_Ayuub.html (1384 words)

	Western Somali Liberation Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the 1977-78 Ogaden War, the WSLF was routed, and its troops flocked to camps in Somalia.
		By 1989 the WSLF had ceased to be an effective guerrilla organization within Ethiopia.
		Siad Barre's decision to restrict the WSLF led to the formation of a WSLF splinter group, the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), whose headquarters were in Kuwait.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front (321 words)

	1980s Ethiopian Conflicts
		The regime's insecurity was considerably increased by repeated forays across the Somali border in the Mudug (central) and Boorama (northwest) areas by a combination of Somali dissidents and Ethiopian army units.
		Complicating matters for the regime, at the end of 1984 the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) (a guerrilla organizaton based in Ethiopia seeking to free the Ogaden and unite it with Somalia) announced a temporary halt in military operations against Ethiopia.
		This decision was impelled by the drought then ravaging the Ogaden and by a serious split within the WSLF, a number of whose leaders claimed that their struggle for selfdetermination had been used by Mogadishu to advance its expansionist policies.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/somalia4.htm (1250 words)

	[No title]
		Somalis not from the Ogaden region) be expelled from the group The name of the organisation be changed If these conditions are fulfilled, then Al-Ittihad will effectively cease to exist as a political and military force within the Ogaden.
		Dr Ahmed Yusuf Farah, describing the political evolution of Region 5’s Somali community, writes of “the undemocratic and aggressive tendency of the radical ONLF to dominate the killil administration and regional affairs” breeding a collective resentment and political solidarity on the part of non-Ogadeni Somalis, politically expressed through the ESDL.
		Ethiopian Somali Democratic League (ESDL) The ESDL essentially fuses the interests of non-Ogadeni communities in Region 5, while representing the option of continuing unity between the Somali Region and Ethiopia.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /eue_web/qdahar.doc (2439 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ethiopia - The Somali \| Ethiopian Information Resource
		WSLF guerrillas first engaged Ethiopian troops in combat in 1975, systematically attacking police posts and army garrisons from base camps across the border in Somalia.
		The Somali forces then focused their efforts on the strategic Marda (also known as Karamarda) Pass, carrying the attack into the unfamiliar highlands to block Ethiopian reinforcements coming into Harerge.
		Western journalists visiting the region in early 1980 confirmed that the WSLF once again controlled the countryside and many of the main roads.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/ethiopia/ethiopia186.html (1042 words)

	Faith Conflict in Ethiopia
		In the past, Somali insurgents seeking to overthrow the corrupt government of Said Barre operated from the frontier in eastern Ethiopia.
		Somali nomads did not respect borders written by European colonial powers and used the land as they had for centuries, sometimes crossing into territory inside Ethiopia.
		During the Cold War Somalia was an ally of the Soviet Union but shifted allegiance in 1977 when Ethiopia signed friendship agreements with the Soviets and pushed back the Western Somali Liberation Front, a Somali government-supported militia seeking to claim the Ogaden for Somalia.
	homepage.mac.com /larryhol/iblog/C1482802393/E20061015184821/index.html (461 words)

	Ethiopia - Somali Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Somali guerrilla activity in the Ogaden and in the Haud area east of Harer flared sporadically after Somalia gained its independence in 1960, but the guerrilla activity remained essentially a police concern until a border war erupted in 1964.
		The Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF), which operated in the Ogaden, supported the "Greater Somalia" concept.
		The Somali government subsequently forbade the WSLF to use its territory to launch attacks into Ethiopia.
	countrystudies.us /ethiopia/130.htm (272 words)

	Somalia History
		Although Abdullah was defeated as much by rival Somali factions as by British forces he was lauded as a popular hero and stands as a major figure of Somali national identity.
		In the mid-1970s the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) began guerrilla operations in the Somali region, recently known as (Kilil Five) of Ethiopia.
		In November 1977 President Siad Barre expelled all Soviet advisers and abrogated the friendship agreement with the U.S.S.R. On March 1978 Somali forces were terribly beaten by the Ruso-Cuban backed Ethiopians and were forced to retreat back into Somalia; however the WSLF continues to carry out sporadic but greatly reduced guerrilla activity in the Ogaden.
	www.world66.com /africa/somalia/history (1769 words)

	OGADEN ONLINE
		The people of Ogaden, the very ones whom Somalia had sought to liberate and Ethiopia had claimed as it’s own were witnessed the carnage of war on their own territory and suffered the vicious reprisals of Ethiopian troops after the Somali army had withdrawn.
		The WSLF for its part, continued to wage an armed struggle but political understandings between Addis Ababa and Mogadishu meant that material support from Somalia was dwindling.
		The collapse of the Somali government and the catastrophic civil war that followed resulted in a mass exodus of both refugees from Ogaden who had sought refuge in Somalia and intellectuals tracing their roots to Ogaden.
	www.ogaden.com /Special_Report.htm (2666 words)

	Ethiopia - War in the Ogaden and the Turn to the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The roots of the conflict lay with Somali irredentism and the desire of the Somali government of Mahammad Siad Barre to annex the Ogaden area of Ethiopia.
		Somalia's instrument in this process was the Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF), a Somali guerrilla organization, which by February 1977 had begun to take advantage of the Derg's political problems as well as its troubles in Eritrea to attack government positions throughout the Ogaden.
		However, in the process of eliminating the WSLF threat, Addis Ababa had become a military client of Moscow and Havana, a situation that had significant international repercussions and that resulted in a major realignment of power in the Horn of Africa.
	countrystudies.us /ethiopia/32.htm (452 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Following the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia (IFLO), which had withdrawn from the elections earlier, the All-Amhara People=s Organization (AAPO), the Ethiopian Democratic Action Group (EDAG), the Gideo People=s Democratic Organization (GPDO), and the OLF also withdrew.
		About 2/3 of the Somali region=s population are returned who have not been settled since the end of civil war in 1991.
		Reuter reported that 95% of the former guerrillas of the Tigrean People=s Liberation Front had been mobilized and were driving towards the border.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/ethsomalchro.htm (5676 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Somalia - Historical Highlights
		Early history traces the development of the Somali state to an Arab sultanate, which was founded in the seventh century A.D. by Koreishite immigrants from Yemen.
		Although Abdullah was defeated as much by rival Somali factions as by British forces, he was lauded as a popular hero and stands as a major figure of national identity to many Somalis.
		In 1981, as a result of increased northern discontent with the Barre regime, the Somali National Movement (SNM), composed mainly of the Issaq clan, was formed in Hargeisa with the stated goal of overthrowing of the Barre regime.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/so/Somalia_history_summary.htm (2116 words)

	FACT SHEET:Somalia at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Early history traces the development of the Somali people to an Arab sultanate, which was founded in the seventh century by Koreishite immigrants from Yemen.
		Interaction over the centuries led to the emergence of a Somali culture bound by common traditions, a single language, and the Islamic faith.
		In the mid-1970s, the Western Somali Liberation Front began guerrilla operations in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/somalia/index.shtml (1796 words)

	Ambassador Mahmoud Dirir - A Life in Politics and Diplomacy
		The timing, too, could not have been any better for those were the years when a new government replaced the Dergue regime and the country was in a transition to a new leadership and thus, by definition, set on a new path of democracy, economic and social development.
		With a particularly painful history of neglect and exploitation by the two successive governments, the region of Ethiopian Somalis had been then turned in to a military garrison with no infrastructure like schools and clinics built for the people, and they were not even considered Ethiopians.
		Back in Dire Dawa in 1991, he joined and later became chairman of the Issa-Grgura Liberation Front, which was also one of the various fronts in the country that signed the Transitional Charter of Post-Dergue Ethiopia.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/02/14-02-02/Ambassador.htm (1048 words)

	: SomaliNet > Somali > Somalia and Somalinad
		: SomaliNet > Somali > Somalia and Somalinad
		By the late summer of 1977, Somali armored forces and mechanized infantry supported by aircraft had invaded the Ogaden, capturing 60 percent of the disputed territory within several weeks.
		However, the activities of Somali shiftas, or bandits and ivory poachers and the periodic influx of Somali refugees into Kenya continued to strain relations between Mogadishu and Nairobi.
	somalinet.com /library/somalia/?so=0109 (772 words)

	FREE In-depth report - The Somali - Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In June 1977, the WSLF, supported by the Somali government and joined by Somali National Army (SNA) "volunteers," succeeded in cutting the railroad bridges between Addis Ababa and Djibouti, which carried about a third of Ethiopia's external trade, and in establishing control over 60 percent of the Ogaden.
		Moving east and south from Dire Dawa, an Ethiopian column crossed the highlands between Jijiga and the Somali border, bypassing Somali troops dug in around the Marda Pass.
		Farther north, an Ethiopian armored column overran a Somali settlement in Galguduud Region.
	www.exploitz.com /Ethiopia-The-Somali-cg.php (1021 words)

	Ethiopia POLITICAL PARTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They included the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), the Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO), Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), and Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF).
		The elections, despite being overseen by international observers, were boycotted by the opposition and were won by the EPRDF, which secured substantial majorities.
		The main parties contesting the 14 May 2000 elections were: Afar Democratic Association, Afar Democratic Union, Amhar National Democratic Movement, Ethiopia People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), Ethiopian Democratic Officers' Revolutionary Movement, Oromo People's Democratic Organization, and Tigre People's Liberation Front.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Ethiopia-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (369 words)

	islam, africa and terrorism......carnegie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Until its collapse in 1991, the Somali government strove to occupy all Somali-inhabited territory in the Horn, including the Haud and Ogaden in eastern Ethiopia.
		The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), launched in Cairo in 1960, was essentially formed as an Islamic organization; the ELF was subsequently supported by Egypt, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Iraq, and Sudan.
		He later said that the Somali "border itself is relatively meaningless," because Somalia is a "diaspora nation." Somalia is a "nation that's moved beyond internal and external," he argued, noting that between a quarter and a third of Somalis live abroad, and major Somali power and financial bases are now located in Dubai and Nairobi.
	www.somaliawatch.org /archivedec01/011221601.htm (2979 words)

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