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Topic: Western Ukrainian Republic

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	Army of the Ukrainian National Republic
		Republic, although the formation of its units in all phases was to a large degree spontaneous and chaotic.
		Ukrainians in the Russian army in 1917, only 1.5 million were Ukrainianized, and the majority of these declared themselves neutral when it came to fighting the Bolsheviks or demobilized under the influence of Bolshevik agitation.
		Republic and, on the eve of the establishment of the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/A/R/ArmyoftheUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm (2652 words)

	Encyclopedia: Western Ukrainian People's Republic
		The West Ukrainian National Republic (Західно Українська Народна Республика, Zakhidno Ukrayinska Narodna Respublyka or ЗУНР, ZUNR) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of L'viv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav.
		Zakarpattya or Transcarpathia (Закарпатська область;, Zakarpats’ka oblast’ in Ukrainian) is an oblast (region) of Ukraine.
		Ukrainian Peoples Republic (Ukrainian:), also sometimes translated as Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Western-Ukrainian-People%27s-Republic (1122 words)

	Ukrainian population - history of Ukraine, demographic studies of Ukraine
		The roots of the Ukrainian nation are found in the Trypillian culture that evolved in the Middle Dnipro region in the third millennium B C., the heritage of the Scythian tribes, and the Chernyakhiv culture.
		Its lands extended to the Gulf of Finland and the largest lakes of Karelia in the north, to the upper course of the Volga in the east, and to the Syan and Western Sub rivers in the west.
		The destruction of such a large segment of the Ukrainian nation, whose biological potential was undermined for an entire century, was accompanied by a ban on the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the physical liquidation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia.
	www.gmdh.net /pop/history.htm (1134 words)

	Western Ukrainian National Republic
		A nation-state established on the Ukrainian ethnic territory of former
		Republic on the union of the two Ukrainian states.
		Republic recognized Polish rule in Ukrainian territory west of the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/W/E/WesternUkrainianNationalRepublic.htm (297 words)

	Lviv
		Early in the 19th century, the city became the new seat of the primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Archbishop of Kiev, Halych and Rus, the Metropolite of Lviv.
		With the collapse of the Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I, the local Ukrainian population proclaimed Lviv as the capital of the Western Ukrainian Republic on the November 1st, 1918.
		Both Polish and Ukrainian victims of this fratricidal conflict are buried at the Lychakivskiy Cemetery.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/lv/lviv.html (2639 words)

	Introduction to Ukrainian Philately
		By 20 August, however, the Ukrainian Ministry of Posts had ordered all postage stamps in use on Ukrainian territory to be overprinted with a trident, the national emblem of the Ukrainian state (Figure 3).
		In 1923, the government of the Ukrainian SSR issued a set of four semi-postal stamps entitled "Famine Relief," since the surcharge on the stamps was earmarked to aid famine victims (Figure 11).
		"The Kyiv, Lviv, and Chernihiv Trident Overprints of 1992." Ukrainian Philatelist Vol.
	www.upns.org /intro.htm (2931 words)

	Religion in Eastern Europe
		In Western Europe, models often far removed from the American one have proved successful, i.e., the principle of freedom of conscience is protected concurrently with the functioning of state churches or various degrees of state Îinterferenceâ in church affairs.
		As for the religious policy of the Western Ukrainian Peopleâs Republic, it was not declared in practice, although the Greek Catholic Church actually functioned as a state church, and distinct confessional features marked the Ukrainian‑Polish war.
		Under the new law, a Ukrainian Church Synod financed by the state and meeting in the presence of a government representative was to become the governing body of the church.
	www.georgefox.edu /academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/plokhy.html (4412 words)

	ACLS: Collaborative Research Network
		Ukrainians are historically divided into a larger group of Orthodox Christians and a smaller group of Uniates who follow the Eastern Orthodox rite but recognize the authority of the Roman Pope.
		Ukrainian nationalism that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century was confined to a narrow stratum of intellectuals; there were about as many Russian nationalists as Ukrainian nationalists born in Ukraine.
		The Western Ukrainian nationalist troops were far more efficient and had higher morale than their Eastern counterparts who were able to show only frail resistance to Bolsheviks, anarchists, and Russian nationalists.
	www.acls.org /crn/network/meetings_nyc_ponarin.htm (3035 words)

	Ukraine Info \| About Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On March 22, 1918 the Ukrainian Central Rada simultaneously adopted the yellow-and-blue flag and the trident as the national coat of arms.
		Its emblazonment represents a synthesis of a preheraldic device of the ruling dynasty in the tenth century and of the oldest Ukrainian national heraldic tinctures from the 13th century.
		Finally, in 1917 it became the rallying song of the Ukrainian revolution and was officially adopted as the state anthem of the Ukrainian Republic.
	www.ukremb.com /about/aboutukr.html (1292 words)

	History
		In 1596 the Ukrainian Catholic Church was born in the Union of Brest.
		A group of Ukrainian bishops desiring to attain full equality with the Catholics for their Orthodox brethren in the Commonwealth brought their Church into union with the Pope, although they were allowed to retain their traditional liturgy and rites.
		From 1648 to 1654, Ukrainian Cossacks under their Hetman, the Chief Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytskyj, organized a series of revolts against the Poles, culminating in the liberation of Kyiv and the beginning of a period of Ukrainian autonomy under the Russian crown.
	www.usukraine.org /cpp/history.htm (2232 words)

	Ukrainian History: Chronological Table
		Ukrainian lands are united after Western Ukrainian Republic and Ukrainian republic unite.
		All lands that belonged to Ukrainian farmers are taken away and put into a large "kolhosps" (co-operative farms.) People, who didn't want to give their land away are arrested and murdered.
		Discrimination and murders of Ukrainian population in Poland by Polish army and police.
	ukraine.uazone.net /history.html (909 words)

	Encyclopedia: Western Ukrainian Republic
		Western Ukraine (Західно-українська Народна Республіка, West-Ukrainian People's Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of L'viv, Kolomyja, and Stanislav.
		The republic was proclaimed on 1 November 1918 and merged with the Ukrainian National Republic on 22 January 1919.
		This overprint of May 1919 is on a 5-heller stamp of Austria.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Western-Ukrainian-Republic (460 words)

	Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University
		Stepan Vytvytskyi (1884-1965) was a member of the Ukrainian National Democratic party and of the political committee which prepared the declaration of 1 November 1918 by the Ukrainian National Rada, and secretary of the Rada.
		As a member of the delegation from the Western Ukrainian national republic (ZUNR) to the Labor Congress in Kiev he participated in the ratification of the union of the UNR and ZUNR on 22 January 1919.
		He became state secretary of external affairs, and he represented the Western Province of the UNR in negotiations with the Entente for a truce with Poland.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~huri/lib/archives/vytvytskyi.html (185 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Western Ukraine (or the Western Ukrainian People's Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919.
		The republic managed to issue about a hundred postage stamps during its brief existence, all but two of which are overprints on existing stamps of Austria and Bosnia & Hercegovina.
		Western Ukraine comprised the areas of eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia.
	members.home.nl /bnieborg/east_malopolska/west_ukraine.html (180 words)

	[No title]
		Ethnically, 73 percent of the population identifies themselves as Ukrainian and 22 percent as Russian, with Ukrainians predominating in the western and central oblasts, and the Russian population in the south and east.
		Soon, however, the western Ukrainians were defeated by Polish expansionists and Soviet Russian troops seized Kyiv, incorporating much of Ukraine in the Soviet Union.
		For example, Shevchenko's tragic story of Kateryna, the Ukrainian girl who was seduced, impregnated, and abandoned by a Russian soldier, expressed both in ballad and later in a painting, are allegorical references to the fate of Ukraine under the Russian tsars who introduced serfdom.
	pages.prodigy.net /l.hodges/perspectives.htm (2030 words)

	Political Orientation among the Lemkos in the Inter-War Period: 1918 - 1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A marked influence on the development of Ukrainian national identity among the Lemko was that the Ukrainian press which was the distributed to the intellectuals.
		RSO fought against the Ukrainian national movement as an enemy of the Russian nation and demanded the Polish State satisfy RSO requirements in regard to the culture and education, for example the development of Russian schools.
		On the other hand Lemkovyna was the farthest Western extension of Ukrainian territory, a narrow wedge bordered by Polish settlements and it was identified by polish authorities for polonization.
	www.lemko.org /lih/moklak.html (2001 words)

	ipedia.com: Galicia (Central Europe) Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		3.1 Population of the Western Galicia in 1931
		L'viv -- Lemberg served as the capital of Austrian Galicia, which was dominated by the Polish aristocracy, despite the fact that the population of the eastern half of the province was in the majority Ruthenian or Ukrainian with large minorities of Jews and Poles.
		In 1918, Western Galicia became a part of the restored Republic of Poland, while the local Ukrainian population briefly declared the independence of Eastern Galicia as the "Western Ukrainian Republic".
	www.ipedia.com /galicia__central_europe_.html (816 words)

	Turning the pages back...January 22, 1918 (01/18/98) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, the Halychyna and Bukovyna regions united on November 1, 1918, to form the Western Ukrainian National Republic (ZUNR) in a concerted attempt to defend themselves from an impending Polish invasion.
		The declaration was confirmed by the Ukrainian parliament - the Labor Congress.
		In 1973, St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic School in Newark, N.J., became the first school to ever observe this day as a national holiday and at city halls and in state capitols across the nation, the Ukrainian flag was raised in commemoration as Ukrainian communities filled auditoriums and church halls for their own celebrations.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1998/039814.shtml (351 words)

	History and Information on Ukraine - Section 8
		With the collapse of Austria-Hungary, an independent Western Ukrainian National Republic was proclaimed in L'viv on November 1, 1918.
		The unity of all Ukrainian lands into one sovereign state was proclaimed in Kyiv on January 22, 1919.
		The combined Ukrainian armies recaptured Kyiv and continued their struggle for independence until their last remnants were defeated by the Russians at Bazar on November 21, 1921.
	members.aol.com /UKIRAMR6/old/ukr08.htm (517 words)

	EuroScope: On-Line Guides: Ukraine: Ivano-Frankivsk
		In October 1918 the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed, but in summer 1919 the western Ukraine and Stanislawow were annexed by Poland.
		In September 1939, as the result of the division of Poland by Berlin and Moscow, the western Ukraine became a part of the USSR.
		From 1944 the western Ukraine together with the rest of Ukraine was a part of the USSR till August 1991.
	pages.prodigy.net /euroscope/ivano_frankivsk.html (272 words)

	Historical Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Eighty-three years ago, the union of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on Jan. 22, 1919 in Kyiv.
		The Ukrainian People's Republic, UNR, was formed in January 1918 in the part of Ukraine formerly ruled by Russia.
		The same year, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, ZUNR, was created in the part of Ukraine formerly ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
	www.artukraine.com /historical/unif_day.htm (184 words)

	Turning the pages back... November 2, 1968 (11/01/98) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Twenty years ago, The Ukrainian Weekly commented on the 50th anniversary of the November 1 Act in Lviv that proclaimed the establishment of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.
		It was an example of the extent of the disintegration of the Hapsburg government, and so during the night of October 31-November 1, Captain Vitovsky raised the Ukrainian flag on the Lviv City Hall and the Rada issued a call for independence and proclaimed the establishment of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.
		The triumph of the declaration of independence was almost immediately marred by the outbreak of a Polish-Ukrainian war, as the revolt spread throughout the land with Ukrainians from the outlying regions taking over the administration in the local centers and others streaming to Lviv to fill the ranks of the Ukrainian army.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1998/449814.shtml (477 words)

	Ukrainian Youth Association (CYM) -- about
		November is the month of the Patron of the Ukrainian Youth Association, the month we celebrate the feast of the Holy Archangel Michael (8 November - Gregorian calendar; 21 November - Julian calendar).
		This continued with his use during the revolutionary years of 1917 1923 by the Army of the Ukrainian National Republic as well as the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA), as well during World War II by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
		Archangel Michael also appeared on postage stamps issued by the Western Ukrainian National Republic in the city of Lviv in 1918.
	www.cym.org /about/patron.asp (516 words)

	Air Force - Ukraine
		The Ukrainian brave falcons Kostiantyn Arceulov and Volodymyr Dybovsky managed to suppress the fear of the first world aviators and accomplished spin one of pilots’ stunts.
		Ukrainian pilots were remarkable for high airmanship and heroism during World War II.
		Ukrainian aircraft An-72 Coaler-C under Col. Vaneev command won the cup for the best flying demonstration as the non-military aircraft, and the Tu-22 M3 aircrew from Poltava won Concours d'Elegance competition.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/ukraine/vps-history.htm (901 words)

	Bukovina under Romanian rule (from Ukraine) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Following the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, northern Bukovina was briefly proclaimed part of the Western Ukrainian National Republic, before the entire province was occupied by the Romanian army in November 1918.
		It is bordered by Belarus on the north, Russia on the east, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea on the south, Moldova and Romania on the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland on the west; in the far southeast, Ukraine is separated from Russia by the Kerch Strait, which connects the...
		A republic in eastern Europe, Ukraine borders Russia to the north and east, the Black Sea to the south, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland to the west.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-30080 (929 words)

	Soviet Glossary
		According to Western authorities, divisions of the Soviet Ground Forces varied greatly in their readiness and could be placed in three states of readiness.
		Russian was given equal and official status with local languages in all non-Russian republics; it was made the official language of state and diplomatic affairs, in the armed forces, and on postage stamps, currency, and military and civilian decorations.
		The 7,000-kilometer railroad line, stretching from its western terminus at Chelyabinsk on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains to Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean, was built between 1891 and 1916 to link the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East.
	fas.org /irp/world/russia/su_glos.html (9333 words)

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