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	Historical capital of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Datong (WG: Ta-t'ong) was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493.
		Guangzhou (formerly Romanized Canton from PSP) was the seat of the National Government before the Northern Expedition, and was briefly the seat of Chiang's ROC government during the Chinese civil war with the Communist Party of China.
		Ye was the capital of Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_of_China (811 words)

	Liang Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One Hou Ching, a general in the service of the Western Wei (north-west China), moved over to the service of the Liang, rebelled in 548 and led his troops on Nanking.
		During the course of the disturbances which ensured until his death in 552, the Western Wei launched a series of victorious offensives against the Liang empire from the valley of the Wei in Shensi.
		After the Western Wei had gained control of Szechwan and Hupei, the civil war went on in the lower valley of the Yangtze.
	www.angelfire.com /co/leong/history2.html (595 words)

	Western Energy Institute
		The Western Energy Institute (WEI) is a regional association serving the electric and gas industries, both public and private, throughout the Western United States and Canada.
		Based in Portland, Oregon, WEI was formed in October 2000 from two longstanding industry associations - the Western Electric Power Institute (WEPI) founded in 1908 and Pacific Coast Gas Association (PCGA) founded in 1893.
		WEI offers a member driven, open learning environment to develop effective leaders and ensure well trained employees.
	www.westernenergy.org (169 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is a bibliography-in-progress of works in Western languages on the period of Chinese history between the end of the Han dynasty and the Sui reunification (220-589).
		History--Cao Wei dynasty--Cao Pi Goodman, Howard L. Ts'ao P'i transcendant: the political culture of dynasty-founding in China at the end of the Han.
		An anthology of Chinese verse: Han Wei Chin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
	usc.edu /isd/archives/arc/libraries/eastasian/china/emcg/wjbiblio.htm (13059 words)

	Southern and Northern Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Important among these were the Northern Wei, which ruled at Luoyang; the Eastern Wei at Anyang; the Western Wei at Chang'an; the Northern Qi, at Anyang; and the Northern Zhou at Chang'an.
		In the early 6th century the Wei was divided between the Sinicized court and a faction of the nobility desperate to preserve its Tabgach identity.
		By 534/535, the Northern Wei faded from view when two powerful ministers, Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai, split it into the Conservative Tabgach Eastern Wei and the Sinophilic Western Wei.
	xie.dyndns.org /~chineseeyes/nanbei.htm (3594 words)

	ancient coins of China - AD 221 to AD 590
		This is by no means certain as "WEI" could also stand for the Chien-wei, a district in Szechuan province under control of the Minor Han during this period, although that would make this the only mint-marked coin struck between 200 BC and AD 841.
		The Western Chin dynasty, with its capital at Loyang, was established by Ssu-ma Yen in AD 265 and achieved a new unification of China with the conquest of Wu in AD 280.
		Western Wei was set up by a general of the Northern Wei following a military coup, and was renamed Northern Zhou in the second generation.
	www.calgarycoin.com /reference/china/china3.htm (6836 words)

	Dunhuang Art During the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties
		A large number of manuscripts and murals discovered from the tombs of Wei and Jin periods at Jiuquan, Dunhuang and Turfan are the cultural assets of the times which provided the basis for the development of Buddhist art.
		From Northern Liang through Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou of the Northern Dynasties, in more than one hundred and sixty years, a total of thirty-nine of the existing caves are accounted for.
		In the Northern Wei period, on either side of the niche's lintel, there appeared the decorations of pterodactyl and phoenix, the former as a demonstration of power and the latter of swiftness.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ks_19012.htm (3024 words)

	Chinese History - Northern Dynasties maps and geography (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Northern Wei empire stretched from the Liaodong Peninsula é¼æ±åå³¶, with the three Korean kingdoms KoguryÅ/Gaogouli é«å¥éº—, Paekche/Baiji ç¾æ¿, and Silla/Xinluo æ—°ç¾ as neighbors, to the Tarim Basin å¡”éæ¨çå° with the Colonel of the Western Barbarians (Xirong xiaoweifu è¥¿ææ ¡å°åº) and the garrison Yanqi çèé®.
		At the end of the 5th century Northern Wei could conquer several regions of the Liu-Song Dynasty åå® in the south.
		In the years between 523 and 531 several rebellions and uprisings starting in the western and northern garrisons shook the fundaments of the Wei empire (big yellow dots in the map).
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/beiwei-map.html (496 words)

	Seattle Weekly: News: No Exit by Philip Dawdy
		They are Western State Hospital patients, well enough to be discharged from the psychiatric wards but, as a practical matter, unable to leave the grounds.
		Wei Li had been in and out of psychiatric hospitals since he was an adolescent in Canton during the Cultural Revolution and since coming to this country in the 1970s.
		Western and state officials say that 50 of the PALS patients have had some kind of criminal past and will be very difficult to place.
	www.seattleweekly.com /features/0432/040811_news_noexit.php (6109 words)

	Silkroad Foundation \| Dunhuang Studies
		The Northern Wei forces destroyed the Northern Liang and became the new ruler of Dunhuang.
		The Wei Dynasty was divided into two parts, the Western Wei and the Eastern Wei.
		Shazhou (Dunhuang) was conquered by the Western Xia.
	www.silk-road.com /dunhuang/dhhistory.html (2653 words)

	JWSR v5n3 - David Wilkinson
		Wei was overthrown by a military coup in 265 that changed the state-name to Jin.
		Wei invaded Togon in 460 and took loot; in 470, and got brief submission; in 473, and got regular tribute, after which peaceful relations were reestablished.
		Western Wei was called in, took the western Yangtze State territories as its reward 553-554, suppressed most factions, and installed a puppet Liang government in the rump state 555.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol5/vol5_number3/wilkinson (12949 words)

	huns
		As to the so-called Western Huns, they, in the second half of the 4th Century, attacked the Alans between the Volga and the Don Rivers, went on to conquer the Ostrogoths and drive the Visigoths westwards, triggering the chain reaction that led to the demise of the Roman Empire.
		In 5th century, the Huns pushed into Western Europe, and Attila the Hun fought the Battle of Châlons in Gaul in 451 AD, rerouted towards Italy in 452 AD, crossed over the Alps and swept through Milan and Northern Italy.
		Toba Wei Dynasty, claiming heritage from a son of China's Huangdi (i.e., the Yellow Lord or Emperor), had united northern China in AD Toba (Tuoba) treated the Ruruans as the descendants of the Huns and commented that "though Ruruans were Hinnic in nature but their ancestry was hard to corroborate".
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/huns.htm (1511 words)

	Turk & Uygur (UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, and WEIWUER) -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- ...
		Western history books tried in vain to make a distinction, and they said that the Genghis Mongols were descendants of the Ruruans.
		The Western Yugur are considered to be the descendants of a group of Uygur that fled from Mongolia southwards to Gansù after the collapse of the Uygur Empire in 840 A.D. The Yugur people have been living together for about six centuries.
		Western History books, in order to make a distinction between Turks and Mongols, would claim that the Turks were 'finally' expelled in AD 924 by the Khitans (i.e., Kitai, to evolve into the name of Cathay for China).
	www.uglychinese.org /uygur.htm (14217 words)

	16 Nations -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		In earlier times of Western Jinn Dynasty, Tobas were befriended by a a Chinese border general called Liu Kun whose strategy was to "fight the aliens via the aliens".
		Western history books, whenever referring to the Qiangs, Di nomads, and the later Tanguts (Danxiang Qiangs), would claim that those peoples were Tibetan in nature.
		A nephew of the Yang family, Linghu Maosou, was conferred the title of King Youxianwang by Western Jinn Emperor Huidi (reign 290-306) and the title of King Zuoxianwang by Western Jin Emperor Mindi (reign 313-317).
	www.uglychinese.org /16nations.htm (6173 words)

	Chinese History - Western Wei Dynasty event history and rulers (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Chinese History - Western Wei Dynasty event history and rulers (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Western Wei è¥¿é (535-556) and Eastern Wei æ±é (534-550)
		To escape the power of the potentate Gao Huan é«æ¡, Northern Wei (Beiwei å—é) emperor Yuan Xiu åä¿® in 534 fled to Changâan é•·å® (modern Xiâan) where the Xiongnu åå¥´ general Yuwen Tai å®æ—æ³° resided.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/xiwei-rulers.html (226 words)

	introduction
		Western Liang was a very minor dynasty, ruled by a family that conceived of itself as Chinese, which survived for just a few decades up in the Gansu corridor.
		The western territories that had, from Jin through Liang, been ruled from Jiankang were lost: Sichuan was now directly under Chang'an's control; Jiangling was the seat of a Western Wei puppet regime, the so-called Western Liang, which would cease to exist in Sui times.
		Wei armies eventually pushed him south, where he was received by Zhu Yi with great pomp, who sought hereby to draw over support in the Wei territories.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~pearce/introduction.htm (19252 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions - China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200—750 AD
		In the north, the powerful Northern Wei empire flourished briefly in a new capital, Luoyang, established in 494 in the center of China.
		The traditional Chinese approach to form in the plastic arts, particularly in the representation of humans, concentrated on intimations of life and movement, with summary treatment of details, and emphasized a frontal view.
		These fully three-dimensional figures are thus a radical departure, a change perhaps attributable to the presence of large numbers of western craftsmen in Luoyang.
	www.metmuseum.org /special/China/section_04_intro.asp?printFlag=1 (314 words)

	Chinese Xia Shang History -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Scholar Wei Juxian [Wei Chu-Hsien] analyzed the character 'long' for dragon and derived a conclusion that it was originally in the form of 'king snake' which the ancient Indian circus people brought over to Shang China.
		Wei Chu-Hsien stated that Shang Chinese, on basis of oracle words "feng (phoenix people) lu (surrender) bai (hundred)", had at one time received hundreds of turtles from ancient Indonesians and Malasians as tributaries and later used the turtle shell for inscribing oracle characters.
		(Wei Chu-hsien did commit a fatal mistake in extrapolating on the tin decipher for the city of Wuxi ["no tin"] and polarized the Xia-Shang dynastic substitution as a fight between Mongoloid [Negroid to be in Wei's apparently blown-away alternative writing] and Caucasoid, i.e., a fallacy that scholar Luo Xianglin opposed.
	www.uglychinese.org /xiashang.htm (12017 words)

	Chinese Porcelain History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The collapse of the Han dynasty was followed by nearly four centuries of rule by warlords.
		The age of civil wars and disunity began with the era of the Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, and Wu, which had overlapping reigns during the period A.D. In later times, fiction and drama greatly romanticized the reputed chivalry of this period.
		Unity was restored briefly in the early years of the Jin dynasty (A.D. The Jin could not long contain the invasions of the nomadic peoples, though, and was in A.D. 317 forced to flee from Luoyang to the south and reestablished itself at Nanjing.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/sixdynasties.shtml (250 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to the Weishu, the history of the Northern Wei dynasty later founded by the Tuoba Xianbei, in 443 CE a contingent of horsemen known as the Wuluohou asked for an audience with the Northern Wei emperor Tuoba Dao.
		The Northern Wei dynasty proceeded to effectively rule what would become the longest-lived and most powerful of the northern empires prior to the reunification of northern and southern China under the Sui and Tang dynasties.
		Both she and her child were killed in 534, and the empire was split into two halves, ruled by the Eastern and Western Wei dynasties, which would rule only for a number of decades until the establishment of the Sui dynasty in 589.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/nwei/essay.html (897 words)

	Historical capital of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chongqing (formerly Anglicized as Chungking) was the provisonal capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II (Second Chinese-Japanese War).
		Datong was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty before moving to Luoyang in 493.
		Hao was the capital during Western Zhou Dynasty.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/keyspy.html (565 words)

	Encyclopedia: Southern and Northern Dynasties
		The Northern Dynasties (北朝 bei3 zhao1) included Northern Wei Dynasty, Eastern Wei Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty.
		The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 386-534) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived.
		This barrier was only overcome by the first emperor of the Sui Dynasty, who built a large invading navy in the Sichuan basin.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Southern-and-Northern-Dynasties (2020 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: History of China
		The classics were collected again; Buddhist works were introduced into the empire; relations were begun with the Roman empire; the penal code was compiled; and examinations established.
		The three dynasties include: (1) the minor Han in Shu (Sze-ch'wan); (2) the Wei, at Lo-yang; and (3) the Wu at Kien-kang (Nan-king).
		The eighth dynasty, which became the eastern Tsin (317), or ninth dynasty, when the capital was removed to nan-king.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03681a.htm (1504 words)

	Chinese Dynasties Chart and Overview - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Jin: one of the most powerful states of Chun Qiu, this state would later divide into Zhao, Wei, and Han in the 5th century, so three of the powerful states in the warring states period come from this one.
		Unfortunately Xia Dynasty (夏朝) never admitted by western scholars, according to them, Xia was a Dynasty in Chinese myth and rumer.
		Western scholars tend to base the beginning of a civilization on archaeological proof.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=40 (1615 words)

	Luoyang,Regent Tour China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is one of the most attractive tourist spots in Western Henan Province.
		It was created as the capital for the Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin and the Northern Wei dynasties for 334 years.
		It was built by General Yang Shi in the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/lya/lya-sights-others.htm (510 words)

	History of the Great Wall of China: Northern and Southern Dynasties
		The dynasties of the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, and the Northern Zhou were called the Northern Dynasty (386-581).
		Emperor Taiwudi, ruler at the height of Northern Wei military strength, ended the unification war at the Yellow River Valley, defeated his powerful enemy, the Rouran, and established six important garrisons north of the Great Wall to protect Pingcheng City (present Datong City), capital of the Northern Wei.
		By defeating the Western Wei, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was established in 557.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /china_great_wall/history/northern-and-southern-dynasties (1005 words)

	ancient and medieval coins of China - reference guide) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The death of Yang Ti of Sui resulted in a civil war from which Li Yuan (of Western Wei) and his son Li Shih-min arose victorious, establishing the T'ang dynasty and extending the unification of China for another 300 years.
		The leader of the coalition, Kou Wei, established the Posterior Zhou dynasty.
		Power transferred, in AD 954, to Kou Wei (his adopted son) who was in turn killed in AD 959, by his chief General Chao K'ung Yin.
	www.calgarycoin.com /reference/china/china4.htm (4808 words)

	List of Colour Illustration
		Lady Sumati invoking Buddha (detail), Cave No 257, Western Wei.
		Samantabhadra, Cave No. 3, Yulin Grottoes, Western Xia.
		King of Western Xia, Cave No. 409, Western Xia.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ks_19003.htm (253 words)

	China Discovery Tours
		Since ancient times when Roman traders first ventured across the Silk Road in search of its riches, China`s remarkable terrain and natural beauty has fascinated the Western world.
		Over the course of history, this vast land has evolved into one of the largest and most diverse geographical nations on earth.
		Stretching from the shores of the Western Pacific Ocean to the barren mountainous plains bordering Nepal and India, and from the southern tropical island of Hainan north to the Gobi desert plains bordering Mongolia and Siberia, Mainland China has an area of more than six million square miles.
	www.chinadiscoverytours.com /CD/china-introduction.html (441 words)

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