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	Chinese Dynasties
		At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.
		Shang dynasty endured roughly from 1700 to 1027 B.C. The Shang dynasty (also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages) is believed to found by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler.
		The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
	chinatravelz.com /china/chinese-history (2064 words)

	Western Xia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Western Xia Dynasty (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; literally "Western Xia") or the Tangut Empire was a state that existed from 1032 up to 1227 in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia.
		His mother became the regent and during Yizong's reign, Liao Dynasty launched an invasion of Western Xia, causing Western Xia to submit to Liao Dynasty as a vassal state.
		Chongzong submitted to the Jin demand of the Liao emperor and Western Xia became a vassal state of Jin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Western_Xia (925 words)

	Emperor Renzong of Western Xia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Renzong, born Li Renxiao, was the 5th emperor of the Western Xia dynasty (1124-1193; reigned 1139-1193).
		Renzong's reign was the peak of Western Xia Dynasty.
		Many tribes to the north and west became vassal states of Western Xia, and Renzong's focus on internal politics allowed the central government to be more efficient.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Western_Xia (270 words)

	Song, Lioa, Western Xia, Yuan, Ming
		The northern Jin dynasty was overrun by the Mongols in 1234, who subsequently took control of northern China and maintained uneasy relations with the Southern Song court (A hasty peace treaty was settled, when Kublai Khan received the news of Möngee's death, the ruler of the Mongols.
		In 1214 the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Kaifeng (the old Song capital) to evade the Mongols; but under the forces of the Mongol Empire led by Ogedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan, as well as their allies in the Southern Song Dynasty, the dynasty crumbled in 1234.
		Later Jin was renamed the Qing Dynasty in 1636, and went on to conquer China proper and become the last dynasty of Imperial China.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadynasties3.html (3227 words)

	Discover a Lost Dynasty -- About Western Xia
		An further tribe founding a dynasty after Chinese pattern were the Tanguts, relatives to the Tibetians, who founded a Western Xia Dynasty in 1038.
		The Tangut people of the Western Xia kingdom did not adopt Chinese customs and habits as quick as the Liao-Khitan ruling class had done; the main part of their ruling class remained to be nomads.
		Emperor Li Yuanhao in 1033 introduced the Chinese administration structure of the Song Dynasty, including the highest institutions of state secretariat, bureau of military affairs, three military, judicial and fiscal offices or agencies, the censorate, and the subordinated directorates and offices for the administration of the state finances, state rites, and the imperial court.
	www.yellowsheepriver.com /~nx000007/wangchaojianjie_english.htm (447 words)

	Dynasty Rule
		Xia Dynasty, 2100 BC to 1700 BC Yu the Great founded this first cohesive state of China along the banks of the great Yellow River (Huang He).
		Also notable of the Xia Dynasty is its inception of the slave system, a rudimentary calendar, early forms of writing and simple bronze work.
		Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasties, 1100 BC to 256 BC China’s first recorded revolution was that of the Zhou state peasants uprising against the Shang Dynasty.
	chinasageconsultants.com /html/dynasty_rule.html (1721 words)

	China Dynasty Timeline
		Xia Dynasty 2033-1562 BC Shang Dynasty 1562-1066 BC The Shang dynasty was based in the Yellow River basin.
		The later period of this dynasty was documented by inscriptions on divination bones excavated in the 1920's.
		Zhou Dynasties 1066-256 BC Western Zhou Dynasty 1066-771 BC Eastern Zhou Dynasty 770-256 BC -Spring and Autumn Period 770-476 BC -Warring States Period 475-221 BC The longest-lived of the Chinese dynasties.
	www.chineseart.com /china-dynasties-1.htm (262 words)

	Chinese Xia Shang History -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Xia people, who later moved from Shanxi to Henan Prov and founded the dynasty of Xia, certainly brought with them the important dragon totem, a mark that would also be observed among the Huns of Mongolia and the Tungus of Manchuria for the thousands of years to come.
		Xia [AD 407-431], set up by Helian Bobo of Tie-fu Huns, had derived its name from the fact that the Huns were recorded to be of Xiahou origin, namely, Xia Dynasty descendants.
		Xia Chinese remnants, in the opinion of Wang Zhonghan, would evolve into Gui-gang [ghost domain] barbarians who were to fight the Shang Dynasty for hundreds of years till being subdued and then acting as a vassal together with Zhou people's ancestor Count Xi-bo.
	www.uglychinese.org /xiashang.htm (11874 words)

	The Western Xia Mausoleum Area - Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region - Adventure to the Wild West of China
		The Mausoleums of the kings of the Western Xia Dynasty are located on the eastern for of the Mount Helanshan at the western suburb of Yinchuan City, 35 km away from the city propel It is one of the key historical relics protected b the state.
		Its establishment is as large and spacious as that c the Tombs of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing.
		In the area, along the topographical curve, 9 tombs c kings of the Western Xia Dynasty were buried and more than 140 accompanied tombs of distinguished subjects and nobles and imperial relatives were also buried there with their rulers.
	www.chinaplanner.com /westchina/ningxiahui/xia.htm (1255 words)

	Xi Xia or Western Xia Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Dangxiang-qiang spread from Lintao [Lintan of Gansu Prov] and Xiping [Xining of Qinghai] in the east to Yehu [Shanshan and Turfan county in New Dominion Prov] in the west.
		Posterior Han Dynasty continued the pacification policy as to the Tanguts, and further seceded Jingzhou (Mizhi county of Shenxi) to Li Yiyin in AD 949 and conferred the title of "zhong shu ling" (minister for central secretariat).
		Since Western Xia had refused to provide troops in the war against the Khwarizm, and more over, signed another alliance treaty with Jurchen Jin, Genghis Khan led a force of 180,000 troops for a new campaign against the Tanguts in AD 1225.
	www.uglychinese.org /xixia.htm (8261 words)

	CNTO - China National Tourist Office
		There are many places of interest such as the Western Xia Tombs, the scenic Liupan Mountain, Shapotou Sand Control Project Tourist Area (which has been chosen as one of "the Five Hundred Best Projects of the Global Ecology" by United Nations), and a variety of other sites.
		An ancient and well-known city in the west, it was once the capital of the Western Xia Dynasty.
		The Western Xia Tombs are located at the eastern foot of the Helan Mountain, 18.6 miles west of Yinchuan.
	www.cnto.org /silkroad-ningxia.asp (413 words)

	Ancient Dynasties
		At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.
		The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other, from 1027 to 221 B.C. It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven" (tianming or
		The doctrine explained and justified the demise of the two earlier dynasties and at the same time supported the legitimacy of present and future rulers.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/ancient1.html (838 words)

	thepast
		The subsequent Han dynasty, drawing on Qin institutions but espousing an explicitly Confucian ideology, set the style and pattern for most later dynasties in the realms of government, scholarship, art, literature, economic policy, and even foreign relations.
		During the late Ming dynasty, for instance, Catholic missionaries in East Asia--notably the Jesuits--brought a raft of "modern" Western scientific, technological, and religious knowledge to China.
		Some genuinely admired Western ideas and institutions; others sought a vantage point from which to step outside their own tradition in order to criticize it more effectively; virtually all esteemed the abstract virtues of science and democracy.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~anth220/thepast.html (10949 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> 1193 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are is split among his descendants.
		Saladin, Sultan of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria.
		Muhammad Khilji, a general under the command of Qutb-ud-Din sacks and burns Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist university.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/1193 (2154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The existence of the first dynasty, the Xia, is still to be archaeologically verified but is accepted as lasting from 2200 to 1700 BC, and is described in legends as having been preceded by a succession of god-like sovereigns and emperors who bestowed the gifts of life, hunting and agricultural knowledge.
		Power was again centralised under the Song dynasty (960-1279), generally divided into the Northern and Southern Song and known for its strong government, renewal of Confucian learning, civilian-dominated bureaucracy and urban and commercial revolutions (it was during the 13th century that Marco Polo commented on the grand scale of China's prosperous cities).
		The Mongol rule of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) was established by Kublai Khan, grandson of Mongol invader Genghis Khan.
	members.lycos.co.uk /xuy/a2z/history.htm (2000 words)

	Chinese History -Western Xia Dynasty (Xixia) è¥¿å¤ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Taiwan R.O.C. An further tribe founding a dynasty after Chinese pattern were the Tanguts (Chinese: Dangxiang é»¨é ), relatives to the Tibetians, who founded a Western Xia Dynasty (Xixia è¥¿å¤) in 1038.
		This people was controlling the routes to Inner Asia and demanding high tributes from the Song å® emperors, after the Song had to sign a peacy treaty with them in 1044.
		The Tangut people of the Western Xia kingdom did not adopt Chinese customs and habits as quick as the Liao-Khitan é¼ ruling class had done; the main part of their ruling class remained to be nomads.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/xixia.html (193 words)

	Xi Xia or Western Xia Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Dangxiang-qiang spread from Lintao [Lintan of Gansu Prov] and Xiping [Xining of Qinghai] in the east to Yehu [Shanshan and Turfan county in New Dominion Prov] in the west.
		Posterior Han Dynasty continued the pacification policy as to the Tanguts, and further seceded Jingzhou (Mizhi county of Shenxi) to Li Yiyin in AD 949 and conferred the title of "zhong shu ling" (minister for central secretariat).
		Since Western Xia had refused to provide troops in the war against the Khwarizm, and more over, signed another alliance treaty with Jurchen Jin, Genghis Khan led a force of 180,000 troops for a new campaign against the Tanguts in AD 1225.
	www.republicanchina.org /XiXia.html (8298 words)

	Chinese Dynasties
		Beginning with the Qin Dynasty, the common characteristic of Chinese rule is that there was one primary leader of China, the head of the Dynasty.
		To help further elucidate the nature of a Dynasty, details of the Qing Dynasty, China's last, are presented in a separate table, showing each of the Emperors, and depicting some events that took place during their reign that influenced the future development of China.
		There were also two Dynasties that overlapped with this period and the Song Dynasty as follows: Liao 916-1125 A.D.; Western Xia 1038 [1032]-1227 A.D. After the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China was founded by Sun Yatsen; the Republic of China continues today on Taiwan.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/dynasties.htm (1544 words)

	Xia, Shang, Yin, Zhou, Qin,
		The Shang dynasty is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last (still legendary) Xia ruler.
		The Zhou dynasty was founded by the Ji family and had its capital at Hao (near the present-day city of Xi'an).
		In Western histories, the Zhou period is often described as feudal because the Zhou's early decentralized rule invites comparison with medieval rule in Europe.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadynasties.html (1203 words)

	Yuan Dynasty
		The Yuan Dynasty (In Mongolian: Yeke Mongghul-un Yuwan Ulus; 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China.
		From the heavily ideological Chinese view, it was overthrown in 1368 when the Mongols were driven away from China proper.
		As a result, Hong Taiji established the new dynasty of Qing as the successor of the Yuan Dynasty in 1636.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/yu/Yu'an_Dynasty.html (791 words)

	tobai dynasty
		In earlier times of Western Jinn Dynasty, Tobas were befriended by a a Chinese border general called Liu Kun whose strategy was to "fight the aliens via the aliens".
		Western history books said the Toba's rise had put pressure on the Ruruans who in turn caused the migration of the Huns towards Europe.
		The Huns, Xianbei, Tiele, and the Chinese all served in the army of the Toba's Wei Dynasty.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/tobai.htm (1267 words)

	Yinchuan : In Depth (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The (Nearly) Lost Dynasty of the Xi Xià--After Genghis Khan died in 1227 near the Xi Xià (Western Xià) capital of Zhongxing Fu (present-day Yínchuan), his corpse was carried in an ox-drawn chariot -- the centerpiece of a grand procession that led back to the Mongolian steppe.
		It was never recognized as a legitimate dynasty by the Chinese, so there is no official history of the empire or its people, the Tangut; and Xi Xià documents -- written in a system fashioned after but different from Chinese -- have been difficult to decipher.
		By the Táng dynasty (618-907), they had a leader and were one of the major players (along with the Khitan and Jurchen) in the ongoing struggle for territory.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=3345&catID=3345010012 (354 words)

	Zhou Dynasty, Chinese History, Ancient China
		Zhou clan's increase threatened the sovereign of the Shang Dynasty (16
		In February of the next year, Jifa's army defeated the army of the Shang Dynasty in Muye (the area to the south of Qi County, Henan Province, and to the north of the Weihe River today).
		Western Zhou was the period from the 11
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/zhou (652 words)

	Chinese Dynasties Chart and Overview - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		What happened was that during the Zhou dynasty, the Tianzi (the Zhou king) granted his relatives (princes) fiefdom to rule a certain territory with a small army.
		Unfortunately Xia Dynasty (夏朝) never admitted by western scholars, according to them, Xia was a Dynasty in Chinese myth and rumer.
		Western scholars tend to base the beginning of a civilization on archaeological proof.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=40 (1640 words)

	Western Xia
		Western Xia (西夏 pinyin Xi Xia), was the kingdom of the Tibetan-speaking Tanguts tribes that was established in the 11th century and flourished through the early 13th century until it was conquered by the Mongols of the Yuan dynasty.
		It was located in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Kansu (Gansu) and Shensi (Shaanxi).
		In actuality, they were defacto independent, and the interaction between the Jin, the Song, and the Western Xia is of interest to historians of diplomacy because they are an example of diplomatic relations between states of defacto equal power but within a diplomatic framework in which one state was formally superior.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/we/Western_Xia.html (192 words)

	Historic Origin of Chinese Surnames - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Tang Dynasty, especially the former part, with vast territory, was powerful and prosperous, and reached its peak in the latter half of the seventh century.
		Shu Yu, the third son of King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, was conferred in Jin.
		In the Zhou Dynasty the aristocrat was conferred the fief Liu and his descendents were thus called Liu.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=7055 (3365 words)

	History of Beijing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Beijing is in the Northeast part, and has a climate of cold and dry winters, and hot summers.
		This temple was built in 1577, when at the time, Wanli was emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		A great quote said by a Tang dynasty poet was, "Without seeing the magnificence ot the royal palace, one can never sence the dignity of the emperor.
	sun.menloschool.org /~sportman/westernstudies/first/old1718/class/c/qing/beijing/history.html (159 words)

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