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	Zhou
		The Zhou began as a semi-nomadic tribe that lived to the west of the Shang kingdom.
		The bronze vessels of the Zhou are nearly identical with those of the Shang.
		The first is the Western Zhou, which occurs from the time of their victory over the Shang until about 771 B.C. when they were forced east by barbarians from the north.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/zhou.html (714 words)

	Encyclopedia: Zhou Dynasty
		In the Chinese historical tradition, the rulers of the Zhou displaced the Yin and legitimized their rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		In Chinese Marxist histories, the Zhou dynasty marks the beginning of the feudal phase of Chinese history, a period which is said to extend to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
		King Qing of Zhou (traditional Chinese: 周頃王;, simplified Chinese: 周顷王;, pinyin Zhōu Qĭngwáng) or King Ching of Chou (wg) was the nineteenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the seventh of Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Zhou-Dynasty (6159 words)

	Chinese history:The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-770 BC)
		The treasures and luxuries found in Zhou Xin's palace were used in rewarding the officers and soldiers of the Zhou army and also distributed among the people.
		The enemies circulated rumors that the Duke of Zhou was not loyal to the Emperor.
		A universal terror reigned, and no one dared to express his opinion to his neighbor and when men walked the streets they could only greet each other with their eyes, for they were afraid, lest their simplest actions might be misinterpreted by spies, and they should be put to death.
	www.chinavoc.com /history/xizhou.htm (612 words)

	China today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Western Zhou Dynasty (C. BC) Lai ding (cooking tripot with two loop handles and three legs), whose 270-word inscription records the awards Lai and his father won during 42 years of barbarian wars.
		Academic circles have inferred from the Records of the Historian and Zuozhuan (Zuo's Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals) that the ancestor of the Shan clan was Zhen, youngest son of King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty.
		During the last years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king faced barbarian aggression, and was obliged to move the capital eastward.
	www.chinatoday.com.cn /English/e20036/p53.htm (1311 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century BC - 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China.
		The Zhou dynasty was founded by the Ji family and had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
		In Chinese Marxist historiography, the Zhou dynasty marks the began of the feudal phase of Chinese history, a period which is said to extend to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Zhou_Dynasty_(1122_BC_-_256_BC) (745 words)

	Teaching Chinese Archaeology, More About The Western Zhou - NGA
		The Western Zhou mandate was seen as a model for future generations to emulate.
		This conflict extended Zhou rule into the northern and eastern regions, where relatives were dispatched to strategic points to defend the Zhou heartland along the Wei River valley.
		Zhou art also borrowed heavily from the Shang, and the Zhou practice of casting inscriptions in bronze vessels, as well as the design of the vessels themselves, suggests a direct Shang influence.
	www.nga.gov /education/chinatp_zho.htm (766 words)

	China Window :: Zhou Dynasty
		When the western Zhou started is uncertain but traditionally 1122 BC and 1027 BC are the dates given to us.
		It was the philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven" (tianming or), the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven" or) governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove he had lost the mandate.
		The end of the Zhou period is in 221 BC when the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified the land on a new imperial basis.
	china-window.com /china_briefing/china_history/chinese-historyzhou-dynas.shtml (467 words)

	Western Zhou Dynasty
		In 256BC, the Zhou was conquered by the Qin.
		According to legend the ancestor of the Zhou tribe was Di Ku.
		Towards the end of the Western Zhou, the intensification of internal contradictions within the ruling class grew sharper and land and power was seized.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22699.htm (279 words)

	Chinese Dynasties
		The Zhou dynasty had its capital at Hao, near the city of Xi'an, or Chang'an, as it was known in its heyday in the imperial period.
		The Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other, from 1027 to 221 B.C.Initially from Shang, there was the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven”) governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate.
		Western traders, missionaries, and soldiers of fortune began to arrive in large numbers even before the Qing, in the sixteenth century.
	chinatravelz.com /china/chinese-history (2064 words)

	China History ---- Western Zhou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some, though not all, scholars believe that the Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou actually were three different cultures that emerged more or less at the same time in different areas of the Yellow River valley.
		However, the Zhou were the most powerful principality and played the role of hegemon in the area.
		The Zhou were able to maintain peace and stability through the hegemon system for a few hundred years; then in 771 BC, the capital was sacked by barbarians from the west.
	www.cgan.com /english/china-art/www/history/wzhou.html (215 words)

	QIANLONG.COM--Beijing Portal--Experts: Zhou tomb a significant find (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The recent discovery of the Western Zhou (1046-771 BC) cemetery has made a stir in Chinese archaeological circles, and is being heralded by top archaeological experts as a find of great significance, according to Tuesday's China Daily.
		The Zhou Gong Temple, located about seven kilometres from Qishan County seat, was built in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) to commemorate Zhou Gong, the regent of the newly established Western Zhou Dynasty.
		Zhou Gong, named Ji Dan who used to assist the King of Zhou Wuwang to overthrow the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC), was a founding father of Western Zhou Dynasty.
	english.qianlong.com /7838/2004/06/08/207@2096737.htm (949 words)

	Western Zhou Dynasty Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A chieftain of a frontier tribe called Zhou, which had settled in the Wei Valley in modern Sha'anxi Province, overthrew the last Shang ruler, a despot according to standard Chinese accounts.
		It was philosophers of this period who first enunciated the doctrine of the "mandate of heaven," the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but his dethronement would mean that he had lost his mandate.
		Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou (1027 to 771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (770 to 221 BC).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-West-Zhou.html (230 words)

	Chinese History - Zhou Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Zhou Dynasty is probably the dynasty that reigned for the longest period not only of all Chinese dynasties, but of the whole world.
		The once venerated kings of Zhou, people like King Cheng æç and Kang åº·ç, lost their central position as the Heaven-approved sacrosanct ruler and were challenged by feudal lords that overtook the leadership of the Chinese world.
		The Zhou kings had to flee from their western capital to the east, forced by "barbarian" tribes that invaded the Zhou territory.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Zhou/zhou.html (535 words)

	QIANLONG.COM--Beijing Portal--Greatest archeological discovery since new China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 78-year-old Zou, dubbed "No.1 archeologist on China's Shang and Zhou dynasties", is the discoverer of the capital ruins of the States of Yan and Jin of the Western Zhou Dynasty and instructor for exploring and excavating Lord Jin's grave of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
		Doctor Zhang Tian'en, director of Shang and Zhou Office of Shaanxi Archeology Institute who devoted for years to seeking tombs for kings of the Western Zhou, held that the title of Duke Zhou is hereditary and lasted for five to six hundred years.
		Although Zhou Gongdan's eldest son was given the State of Lu in the east but Western Zhou practiced the system of returned burial, i.e.
	english.qianlong.com /7838/2004/06/07/1380@2094599.htm (916 words)

	Vacation in China with Asian Vacations, Inc. - Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Zhou conquest of the Shang was given an important meaning by later moralistic interpretations of the event.
		The Zhou kings, whose chief deity was heaven, called themselves "Sons of Heaven," and their success in overcoming the Shang was seen as the "mandate of heaven." From this time on, Chinese rulers were called "Sons of Heaven" and the Chinese Empire, the "Celestial Empire".
		The manner in which the Western Zhou fell followed a pattern that was repeated throughout Chinese history.
	www.vacationsinchina.com /Dynasty_Zhou.html (904 words)

	Zhou Dynasty - China History - China
		The Zhou Dynasty (周朝; Wade-Giles: Chou Dynasty) (late 10th century BC to late 9th century - 256 BC) followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China.
		Because of this shift, historians divide the Zhou era into Western Zhou (西周, pinyin Xî Zhôu) from late 10th century BC to late 9th century up until 771 BC and Eastern Zhou (traditional Chinese character: 東周simplified Chinese character: 东周, pinyin Dông Zhôu) from 770 up to 221 BC.
		Towards the end of Zhou Dynasty, the nobles did not bother to obey the Ji family, even symbolically and declared themselves to be kings.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Zhou_Dynasty (814 words)

	Western Zhou History, China Zhou Dynasty, Chinese History, China Dynasties
		As the Zhou kings were no longer the sole possessors of the land, the ties of kingship and vassalage inevitably weakened.
		Added to this, although Zhou was the most powerful kingdom at the time, it actually didn't rule the whole of China, which then consisted of a number of quasi-independent principalities.
		During the reign of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the central plains had reached the peak of the Bronze Age while the neighboring regions lagged behind.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/zhou/western/index.htm (945 words)

	Western Zhou Group Projects
		Your task is to discern which inscriptions refer to war or to warriors, and to characterize the degree of warfare reflected in the inscriptions for your period.
		The model of "Zhou feudalism" is based on the king ruling directly over only a small portion of land, but "possessing" all territory in the Zhou domains, and parceling off control and management to patrician relatives or allies on an hereditary basis.
		The "master narrative" constructed by Confucians claimed that the rites of the Zhou (li) were basically elaborated by the Zhou founders, and were a model held to throughout the Western Zhou.
	www.indiana.edu /~g380/WZhou-Tops.html (862 words)

	AAS Abstracts: China Session 154 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Western Zhou government administration has long been left untouched in studies of the Western Zhou.
		Thus, the development of Jin during the Western Zhou period has, until recently, remained obscure, restricting our understanding of how and why the state of Jin became one of the most powerful states in the Spring and Autumn period.
		Instead, I assume that the relationship between Jin and Zhou, and, if any, its transition, will be the most important clue to understanding the nature of the state of Jin as well as the impetus for its development into the acknowledged hegemony.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1997abst/china/c154.htm (842 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Early in the Western Zhou Dynasty King Wen built a capital named Feng on the western bank of Fenghe River; King Wu built a capital named Hao on the eastern bank of Fenghe River.
		For a long time, in the discussion on the social features of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was always a dispute among historians about whether the practice of human sacrifice was prevalent at that time.
		Sacrificial objects in the vault showed that slave owners dreamed of continuing the same comfortable life after their death as they had lived when alive, and that they were ruthless enough to bury living slaves with them as sacrifices in hopes of making their dreams come true.
	www.allnet.cn /english/0404-02.htm (714 words)

	“Friendship” in Early China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The concepts you, peng and pengyou appears farther in some inscriptions on ritual bronze vessels of Western Zhou and Springs and Autumns periods, and yet in Shang-Yin oracle bone inscriptions the characters you and peng were used.
		Although in late Western Zhou inscription on the Duo You ding we read a formula “yong peng yong you” (“to use [this vessel] for association-peng and friendship-you” ([Yin Zhou jinwen jilu, Sichuan, 1984-86.
		Yin Zhou jinwen jilu / The corpus of Yin and Zhou bronze inscriptions.
	www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /gpc/khayutina/friendship.html (6465 words)

	“Offices” in Bronze Inscriptions and Western Zhou Government Administration
		In the appointment ceremonies, Western Zhou officials were normally accompanied by superior officials from the same government units, showing that there were three functional divisions in Western Zhou government administration: royal household, civil administration, and military.
		Finally, the article studies the role of the Zhou king in administration, showing that while engaging in the operation of government through his “ritual” role in the appointment ceremony, his visits to various gong seem to have followed a certain routine.
		The evidence in bronze inscriptions strongly suggests that the Western Zhou government was the earliest bureaucratic government in China.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /earlychina/publications/ecjournal/ec2627/li.html (269 words)

	Taphophilia (dot) Com - Cemetery dig yields clues 3000 years ago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The discovered tortoise shells inscribed with pictographs dating to the Western Zhou Dynasty, a large-scale group of tombs with four tunnels and the rammed earth walls around the tombs indicate that the site must have been a high-ranking cemetery for royal families in Western Zhou Dynasty, Wang said.
		The common belief among archaeological and historical circles is that Zhouyuan, one of the two capitals of the Western Zhou Dynasty, was located between present-day Fufeng and Qishan counties in central Shaanxi, covering an area of about 20 square kilometres, and was the birthplace of the Zhou people.
		The new discovery of this Western Zhou cemetery in Qishan County has narrowed down the searching sphere, because royal tombs were usually built near capital cities in ancient times.
	www.taphophilia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=914 (1161 words)

	Chinese history timeline
		Still, it would be centuries before the West was able to cast bronze as well as the Zhou.
		Some, though not all, scholars believe that the Xia, the Shang, and the Zhou actually were three different cultures that emerged more or less at the same time in different areas of the Yellow River valley.
		And the historical record supports this view -- the Shang were conquered from outside by the Zhou, as the Xia had been conquered from the outside by the Shang.
	www.chinavoc.com /history (774 words)

	Zhou Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, ...
		Zhou people were conferred the title of 'Xi Bo' (Count of the West) by Shang Dynasty King Zhouwang as a buffer state against the Western nomads.
		Yiqu was one of the Xirong or Western rong stateles at ancient Qingzhou and Ningzhou.
		Zhou King Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyi in 770 BC under the escort of Qin lord, and promised to Qin the land of Feng and Qishan should Qin defeat Quanrong and recover the territories.
	www.uglychinese.org /zhou.htm (14607 words)

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