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Topic: Wet-bulb temperature

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Virtual Naval Hospital: United States Naval Flight Surgeon Manual: Third Edition 1991: Chapter 20: Thermal Stresses and Injuries The temperature of the wet bulb is depressed compared to the dry bulb reading for the air temperature because of evaporation resulting from the natural motion of the ambient air. The development of a WBGT Meter, which is a compact electronic instrument that independently measures the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and globe temperatures and air velocity, and translates these variables directly into the WBGT Index, has provided the Flight Surgeon with a portable means to assess thermal stress in any space aboard ship. The WBGT Index is computed from readings of (1) a stationary wet bulb thermometer exposed to the sun and to the prevailing wind, (2) a black globe thermometer similarly exposed, and (3) a dry bulb thermometer shielded from the direct rays of the sun. www.vnh.org /FSManual/20/05Indices.html

Penn State News In sports, the military, and industry, they use "wet-bulb globe temperature" or WBGT to measure how much total heat stress there is on a given day. Wet-bulb temperature is a combined measure of temperature and humidity. Globe temperature measures radiation, like sunlight, which adds to the heat stress on the body. www.psu.edu /ur/2000/footballheat.html

Wet Bulb Temperature - RatetheNet.com: The AWIPS calculation of wet bulb temperature is a function of relative humidity, Next, a first guess at the wet bulb temperature is calculated. Wet - bulb Temperature Wet - bulb Temperature Wet - bulb Temperature The Wet - bulb Temperature of air is measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a muslin sleeve which is kept moist with distilled Wet - bulb temperature is measured using a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer, with the thermometer bulb wrapped in muslin, which is kept www.manofstyleawards.com /wet-bulb-temperature.htm

Wet Bulb Global Temperature notes For this reason the Bureau is using an approximation to the WBGT using a formula which is dependent only on relative humidity and temperature. This is dependent on the temperature, relative humidity and wind speed as well as the clothing worn by a person. This version, expressed in degrees Fahrenheit, depends only on temperature and relative humidity. pandora.nla.gov.au /pan/13335/20031127/www.bom.gov.au/olympic/wbgt.htm

ohscanada.com - Welcome to OHS Canada - 6/25/2005 The guidelines are based not on air temperature, but on much more useful measurements from a heat stress monitor that measures the "wet bulb globe temperature" or WBGT, the standard for determining the true level of heat stress on a worker. For outdoor workplaces with direct sunlight, the WBGT is calculated by taking 70 per cent of the wet bulb temperature, adding 20 per cent of the black globe reading, and 10 per cent of the air temperature (.7 web bulb +.2 black globe +.1 air temperature). The temperature on the thermometer (or the temperature we hear reported on the radio weather reports) is a very poor predictor of the heat load that a worker will experience on the job. www.ohscanada.com /SafetyPurchasing/Heatstress.asp

Wet Globe Main Page Wet Bulb (WB) - With moistened wick over the bulb - will read varying temperatures depending on the rate of evaporation. Temperature and humidity are generally monitored to evaluate risk, however the WBGT Index also accounts for the impact that direct sunlight has on the subject. The calculator included with the Wet Globe Kit will convert these three measurements into the WBGT reading. www.wetglobe.com

hpr_371l_lab_4 The Sling Psychromter is composed of two thermometers, one with the ability to measure a wet bulb temperature, and one with the ability to measure a dry bulb temperature. The wet bulb is enclosed in a cloth wick which is constantly kept wet. When used correctly, the spinning motion of the psychromoter will cause air to strike the wet wick enclosed thermometer and measure the cooling of the bulb (due to evaporation) and determine how dry the air is. When measured together, the wet bulb and dry bulb can provide information on the relative humidity. www.usm.edu /athletictraining/hpr_371l_lab-4.htm

Weather Glossary Dependent on the temperature and the humidity of the air, it is the difference between the dry bulb and the wet bulb readings. Generally, with the passage of a warm front, the temperature and humidity increase, the pressure rises, and although the wind shifts (usually from the southwest to the northwest in the Northern Hemisphere), it is not as pronounced as with a cold frontal passage. Generally, with the passage of a cold front, the temperature and humidity decrease, the pressure rises, and the wind shifts (usually from the southwest to the northwest in the Northern Hemisphere). www.weatheressentials.com /index.asp?PageAction=Custom&ID=7

How Hot is Hot, How Safe Is Safe It measures the air temperature in which both are immersed but is not itself heat-producing, does not have to lose heat to maintain its temperature, and thus is unaffected by air movement. Temperature is measured by linking a calibration standard to a heat-related property of a measuring instrument. Temperature is the degree of heat of any substance. www.zunis.org /how_hot_is_hot_how_safe_is_safe.htm

Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature. A Global Climatology - Storming Media WBGT is so-called because two of its input variables are wet-bulb temperature and a 'black-globe' temperature; the third variable is the shielded dry-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb temperature used in computing WBGT is taken from a stationary thermometer exposed to the sun and prevailing wind. Keywords: North America; Atmospheric temperature; Comfort indices, Heat stress physiology; Heat stress index. www.stormingmedia.us /82/8209/A820922.html

MNOSHA heat-stress guide The thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is not the same as the natural wet-bulb temperature obtained with a heat stress monitor, because the swinging of the psychrometer creates a very high rate of air movement. Effective temperature (ET) can be determined from the nomogram in Appendix B. Draw a line from the dry-bulb temperature on the left-hand scale to the wet-bulb temperature on the right-hand scale. This monitor measures dry-bulb temperature, natural wet-bulb temperature, and radiant heat, and is the preferred method for determining heat stress. www.state.mn.us /ebranch/doli/heatstrs.html

Metrosonics Heat Stress Monitor FAQ's It stands for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature — It is a weighted averaged of the three sensors on an area heat stress monitor: the Wet Bulb, Globe, and Dry Bulb. The temperature of the 2-inch globe is correlated to match that of a 6-inch globe. The Globe part of the WBGT measurement calls for a 6-inch (15 cm) diameter hollow copper sphere painted matte black on the outside, or the equivalent. www.metrosonics.com /Support/Faqs/hs_faq.htm

OSH Answers: Humidex Rating and Work Under these conditions the globe temperature equals room temperature and the natural wet bulb temperature (on the WBGT apparatus) is approximately 2°F (1.1°C) higher than the wet bulb temperature measured using a psychrometer. It is an equivalent temperature intended for the general public to express the combined effects of warm temperatures and humidity. However, one can estimate WBGT and humidex for a given ambient air temperature and humidity when radiant heat sources (hot and cold surfaces) are absent and air movement is less than 0.5 m/sec. www.ccohs.ca /oshanswers/phys_agents/humidex.html

Virtual Naval Hospital: Manual of Naval Preventive Medicine: Chapter 9: Preventive Medicine for Ground Forces: Section V. Prevention of Heat Injuries: 9-36. Wet Bulb, Globe Temperature (WBGT) Index. The WBGT Index is a single number derived mathematically from three distinct temperature measurements: wet bulb temperatures, dry bulb temperatures, and globe temperatures. When the WBGT index is between 85 and 87.9, strenuous exercise and activity must be curtailed for new and unacclimatized personnel during the first 3 weeks of heat exposure. The WBGT kits are found in Appendix C. Procedures, recording, and posting requirements are listed in Appendix C. Careful monitoring and adherence of procedures and equipment maintenance is necessary to ensure valid assessment of WBGT conditions. www.vnh.org /PreventiveMedicine/Chapter9/9.36.html

Georgia Weather - Automated Environmental Monitoring WBTG Page The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature is usually used as guidance for environmental heat stress to help prevent heat stroke while at work or during physical exercise. WBGT index of 78 °F (26 °C) Cautions is advised as extreme intense physical exercise could lead to heat stroke or heat exhaustion. WBGT index of 82 °F (28 °C) Heavy exercise for unseasoned personnel is cautioned. www.griffin.peachnet.edu /aemn/wbgt3.html

WBGT-101 Heat Stroke Meter, heat stroke measurement, wbgt index, heat index, heat safety It is specified in ISO 7243 under ‘Hot Environments.’ Estimation of the heat stress on is based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). - Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is commonly used as a guidance for environmental heat stress to prevent heat stroke during physical exercise or while at work. WBGT, Temperature, Humidity, Wet bulb temp.and Glob temp. www.cscscientific.com /html/wbgt101.html

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This page was last modified 02:54, 9 Dec 2004. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heat_stress

Wet-bulb globe temperature index: a predictor of physiological strain in hot environments -- Rastogi et al. 42 (2): 93 -- Occupational Medicine Wet-bulb globe temperature index: a predictor of physiological strain in hot environments -- Rastogi et al. Wet-bulb globe temperature index: a predictor of physiological strain in hot environments The readings of the natural wet-bulb (tnwb) and globe thermometer for occmed.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/2/93

Microtherm Heat Stress The WBGT meter measures simultaneously from three PRTD sensors for Wet Bulb, Dry Bulb and Globe Temperatures. Workers exposed to hot working environments can be susceptible to heat stress, when the core body temperature rises to dangerous or hazardous levels. The Microtherm WBGT has been designed with a simple, easy to use menu structure for the displaying of information, instrument configuration and retrieval of data. www.stantron.com.au /microtherm_heat_stress_wbgt.htm

Dearmon, Anna: Weather Story (How do you double space on this thing?) Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) Index is calculated by using a formula combining the wet bulb temperature, black globe temperature, and shaded dry bulb temperature. A wet bulb thermometer measures the temperature of moisture in the air. bulb thermometer measures the temperature of moisture in the air. demeter29.blogspot.com /2004/06/weather-story-how-do-you-double-space.html

A Modified Heat Stress Algorithm for Partially Enclosed Structures Historical data for wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) were requested by WSRC Systems Engineering as part of an assessment of climate on loading operations to be conducted at the proposed Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) Loading Station in H-Area. A natural wet bulb thermometer consists of a standard mercury thermometer covered with a wetted, white muslin wick and exposed to the atmosphere without ventilation or shielding, fully subject to gains and losses of heat through evaporation, solar radiation, and convection. To estimate of the equilibrium temperature of the outer skin of a flat (or nearly flat) roof, Eq.5 was modified to account for a different geometry and surface emissivity. www.srs.gov /general/pubs/fulltext/rp20011097/rp20011097.html

Herbal Encyclopedia - N The bulbs of the Daffodil, as well as every other part of the plant are powerfully emetic, and the flowers are considered slightly poisonous, and have been known to have produced dangerous effects upon children who have swallowed portions of them. The bulbs of plants belonging to the natural order Amaryllidaceae are in many cases poisonous, though they are widely cultivated for the sake of their flowers. The bulb is used in homoeopathy for the preparation of a tincture. www.fortunecity.com /roswell/chaney/191/id114.htm

Wet Bulb Global Temperature notes The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature is being used as the heat stress index in Olympic Forecasts. WBGT = 0.7 Twb + 0.2 Tg + 0.1 Tdb WBGT = 0.567 Td + 0.393 e + 3.94 www.bom.gov.au /info/wbgt/wbgtform.shtml

The Oxford Handbook of Sports Medicine This is done by the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) which is a single temperature, which is dependent upon air temperature, solar & ground radiation, humidity and wind velocity. The body maintains core temperature between the normal range of 36.1 to 37.8°C by balancing heat production/gain and heat loss. Thermoregulation results from reflex responses from the various temperature receptors in the skin, central vessels, viscera, and (preoptic area) anterior hypothalamus, signalling sympathetic shunting of blood and sweat gland stimulation when temp>37°C (Benzinger reflex). www.worldortho.com /oxsportsmed/chapt4.html

OSH Answers: Extreme Hot or Cold Temperature Conditions At very cold temperatures, the most serious concern is the risk of hypothermia or dangerous overcooling of the body. For a given temperature, the humidex increases as the relative humidity (moisture content) of the air becomes higher. The WBGT unit takes into account environmental factors namely, air temperature, humidity and air movement, which contribute to perception of hotness by people. www.ccohs.ca /oshanswers/phys_agents/hot_cold.html

GEOPHYSICS The difference in wet and dry bulb temperatures is utilised in calculations of the vapour pressure of water in the surrounding air. The bulb of one thermometer is encased by a wick which extends to the end of the corresponding ventilation tube. The temperature of the ether (and hence thimble) at which dew is formed can be measured and compared to the air temperature measured by the other thermometer. www.physics.uq.edu.au /physics_museum/tour/geophysics.html

A single thermometer wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index meter A new instrument is described in which the readings of a single mercury-in-glass thermometer approximate to the wet bulb globe temperature index and therefore serve as a useful measure of the total heat stress imposed on man by his thermal environment. The thermometer bulb is located at the centre of a hollow blackened copper sphere which is covered by a moistened fabric jacket. Of several versions differing in jacket geometry, the most promising agrees with the WBGT index to within 1 degF in the range 70-90 degrees F WBGT for relative humidities ranging from 50 to 90%. stacks.iop.org /0022-3735/4/293

OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL - SECTION III: CHAPTER 4 Natural wet bulb (NWB) temperature is measured by exposing a wet sensor, such as a wet cotton wick fitted over the bulb of a thermometer, to the effects of evaporation and convection. This approach to auxiliary cooling can be quite effective under conditions of high temperature and low humidity, where evaporation from the wetted garment is not restricted. The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat load, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. www.osha.gov /dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_4.html

ESPN.com - Officials will now consult 'Wet Bulb Global Temperature' Organizers said the wet bulb globe temperature inclusion as part of the extreme heat policy is a move away from relying solely on the air temperature which has seen a steady reduction from 100 degrees in 2002 and 104 degrees when the policy was introduced in 1998. Australian Open officials said the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature is a combination of ambient air temperature, humidity, intensity of solar radiation and wind speed ''which together affect the ability of an individual to lose heat whether exercising or sitting still.'' Organizers of the first Grand Slam tennis tournament of 2003 announced Wednesday that the event's ''Extreme Heat Policy'' had been changed to include a combination of air temperature and the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), which they said is acknowledged medically as the best measure of heat stress. sports.espn.go.com /espn/print?id=1460150&type=news

THE DANGERS OF HEAT STRESS - Glacier Tek, Inc. Cooling Products, Concealable Cool Vest and more. The most accurate way to ascertain the heat levels present in the workplace is through the use of periodic Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index readings. Industrial hygienists use a WBGT thermometer to make this measurement, because it provides not only the temperature of the air, but also the amount of humidity present and the degree of radiant heat. Note that a temperature of 90º F combined with a humidity reading of 90 percent can yield a heat index reading of 122º F. That's a dangerous heat index. www.glaciertek.com /dangers_of_heat_stress.htm

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