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Topic: Wetland

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	University of Hull, Department of Geography
		In waterlogged conditions, decay processes occur relatively slowly, and therefore many wetlands are characterised by thick deposits of sediment.
		These sediments consist of the remains of plants, animals and micro-organisms living in and around the wetland, along with other materials brought in by run-off, floods and streams, carried by wind and rain, or left by animals and people, intentionally or accidentally (a lost shoe or fishhook, the remains of a path or platform...).
		WAERC is a highly interdisciplinary regional, national and international centre of research, on the record of past landscapes contained within wetland sedimentary systems, both in using archive to reconstruct past environments, and in advising and studying the threat to and preservation of this often vulnerable resource.
	www.hull.ac.uk /wetlands (238 words)

	River Corridor and Wetland Restoration \| Wetlands \| U.S. EPA
		Wetland restoration is an essential tool in the campaign to protect, improve, and increase wetlands.
		Wetlands that have been filled and drained retain their characteristic soil and hydrology, allowing their natural functions to be reclaimed.
		It involves renewing natural and historical wetlands that have been lost or degraded and reclaiming their functions and values as vital ecosystems.
	www.epa.gov /owow/wetlands/restore (127 words)

	CZM Wetland Assessment Projects
		Wetlands serve as nursery grounds for many economically important fish and shellfish such as crabs, mussels, and clams.
		Wetland assessments are based on the premise that the communities of plants and animals living in a wetland will reflect the health of that wetland.
		When a wetland is degraded, the diversity of animals and plants often decreases and the composition of species changes.
	www.mass.gov /czm/wetlandassessment.htm (284 words)

	Wetland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wetlands are found under a wide range of hydrological conditions, but at least some of the time water saturates the soil.
		Wetlands are often filled in to be used by humans for everything from agriculture to parking lots, in part because the economic value of wetlands has only been recognised recently: the shrimp and fish that breed in salt water marshes are generally harvested in deeper water, for example.
		Wetlands support a wide variety of wildlife (bird, plants, fish, mammals etc) and therefore the conservation of wetlands is of prime importance for the preservation of many species of wildlife.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wetland (1339 words)

	Wetland Primer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wetlands are "those areas that are inundated or saturated at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
		Wetlands may be further described by vegetation or substrate subclasses and by various modifiers including water regime (hydrology), water chemistry (pH and salinity/halinity), soil (organic or mineral), and special modifiers (describe human actions--partly drained, diked/impounded, excavated, and artificial--plus beaver activity).
		The dramatic decline in wetland losses is attributed to wetland regulations (federal and state), to improvements in land use policies (discourage wetland filling), and more recently, to government-sponsored wetland restoration projects (to increase wetland acreage by either bringing hydrology back to formerly drained wetlands or by improving the functions of previously altered wetlands).
	www.fws.gov /northeast/wetlandfest/primer.html (3893 words)

	Landowner's Guide: Wetland Restoration Techniques
		We have come to realize that collectively wetlands are of great benefit to society by providing wildlife habitat, improving water quality, reducing flood damage, and offering recreational opportunities and aesthetic value.
		Wetland restoration techniques provide private landowners with an opportunity to benefit wildlife, themselves, and their community.
		Wetland creation involves impounding water with berms and dikes or by excavating depressions in areas that did not previously contain wetland soils or vegetation.
	www.dnr.state.mi.us /publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/Landowners_Guide/Habitat_Mgmt/Wetland/Wetland_Restoration_Techniques.htm (2108 words)

	TPWD: Wetlands
		Wetlands can be described as the transitional zones between uplands and deep water -- they are areas that are dependent on the presence of water for all or part of the time.
		Now wetlands are recognized for their value to human health and economics and are protected ecosystems regulated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), as outlined in Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
		These wetlands perform a wide array of functions that are invaluable to wildlife and humankind, and with wise use and conservation, we can insure Texas wetlands will be around for the benefit of future generations.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /wetlands (337 words)

	Practical Wetland Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wetlands range from areas which remain permanently flooded or saturated for the entire year (permanently saturated) to areas which are flooded for 5-11 months of the year (seasonally saturated) or saturated at or close to the soil surface for 1-4 months (temporarily saturated) in the year but still long enough to develop anaerobic conditions.
		The pollutant, the wetland soil, flow patterns in the wetland, the size of the wetland, and the climate affecting the wetland, all determine the capacity of the wetland for purifying the wastewater.
		Wetlands are burnt for many reasons: to improve the grazing value for livestock by removing old dead plant material and increase productivity; to assist in alien plant control; to reduce the risk of run away fires; and to improve the habitat for wetland dependant species.
	www.wetland.org.za /pracmanage.htm (12565 words)

	TPWD: Wetland Ecology
		Wetlands, which are fluctuating ecosystems inherently difficult to categorize, are often found at the intersection of terrestrial habitat and aquatic habitat and usually include elements of both systems.
		Many wetlands are unique to a certain degree, as their individual characteristics are determined by a combination of factors such as climate, soils, hydrology, and vegetation.
		Most wetlands experience a fluctuating water level on a seasonal or even yearly basis, so some areas that are difficult to identify as wetlands during the summer may be completely inundated during the winter.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /landwater/water/habitats/wetland/ecology/index.phtml (287 words)

	KATY-CYPRESS WETLANDS MITIGATION BANK
		Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present near the surface of the soil, for varying periods of time during the year.
		Wetlands come in a variety of forms including: mangrove swamps in Florida; bogs and fens in the Northeast; wet meadows and wet prairies in the Midwest; bottomland hardwood swamps in the South; tidal salt marshes along the Coasts; and even tundra wetlands in Alaska.
		Wetlands are vital to the survival of various animals and plants, including threatened and endangered species like the wood stork, Florida panther, and whooping crane.
	www.kcwetlands.com /environment.htm (775 words)

	Home
		Welcome to web site of Wetland Creations Ltd, a specialist earthworks company that has a proven track record in the creation, restoration and rehabilitation of wetland habitats.
		If you have comments or questions about our services, or simply need more information, please do not hesitate to
		Thanks for visiting and we look forward to serving you.
	www.wetland-creations.co.uk (64 words)

	Backyard Wetland
		Wetlands dominated by grasses, cattails, and similar herbaceous vegetation are referred to as marshes, while wooded wetlands, dominated by shrubs and trees, are called swamps.
		Mosquitoes will not survive in wetlands that dry out in less than a week after a summer rain or in wetlands connected to a deeper pond that supports small fish and large aquatic insects that feast on them.
		Establishing a wetland in your yard may be as simple as planting wetland plants in an existing wet area, or it may require the same effort needed to install a backyard pond.
	www.bobvila.com /HowTo_Library/Backyard_Wetland-Water_Features-A1471.html (782 words)

	Oregon Wetland Resources
		Wetlands are lands that are transitional between terrestrial and deepwater habitats where the water table usually is at or near the land surface or the land is covered by shallow water (Cowardin and others, 1979).
		Thus, coastal wetlands are confined mainly to areas of accumulated sediment near the mouths of rivers that have cut through the mountains and to the dune regions that have formed where the Coast Range front is distant from the ocean.
		The wetlands are sustained by ground-water discharge and river flooding; near the coast, marshes in the Columbia River are regularly flooded by saltwater as well.
	or.water.usgs.gov /pubs/Html/WSP2425 (4746 words)

	WDNR - Wisconsin Wetlands: Wetland Functional Values
		Wisconsin wetlands are spawning grounds for northern pike, nurseries for fish and ducklings, critical habitat for shorebirds and songbirds and lifelong habitat for some frogs and turtles.
		Wetlands located in the mid or lower reaches of a watershed contribute most substantially to flood control since they lie in the path of more water than their upstream counterparts.
		Wetlands located within or near urban settings and those frequently visited by the public are especially valuable for the social and educational opportunities they offer.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/fhp/wetlands/function.shtml (1431 words)

	wetland
		Wetland ecosystems are critical features of the landscape because they improve water quality, serve as nursery and feeding areas for fish, birds and other wildlife, and dampen the energy of flood events.
		Wetlands are also important in the global carbon cycle because they hold about 1/3 of the world's soil carbon and release 40% of all methane (a powerful greenhouse gas).
		Applied issues that have been addressed include wetland responses to elevated CO and climate change, the success of created wetlands, and the scientific foundation for wetland delineation methods.
	www.serc.si.edu /labs/biogeochem/wetland.jsp (155 words)

	Wetlands - The SWS Quarterly Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wetlands is an international journal concerned with all aspects of wetlands biology, ecology, hydrology, water chemistry, soil and sediment characteristics, management, and laws and regulations.
		The journal is published quarterly, with the goal of centralizing the publication of pioneering wetlands work that is otherwise spread among a myriad of journals.
		Since wetlands research usually requires an interdisciplinary approach, the journal in not limited to specific disciplines but seeks manuscripts reporting research results from all relevant disciplines.
	www.sws.org /wetlands (851 words)

	History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States
		Wetland conversion in the Central Valley of California began in the mid-1800's, when farmers began diking and draining the flood-plain areas of the valley for cultivation (fig.
		By 1930, nearly all of the prairie wetlands in Iowa, the southern counties of Minnesota, and the Red River Valley in North Dakota and Minnesota were drained (Schrader, 1955).
		This wetland system currently is experiencing mercury contamination and other water-quality problems, water-supply and diversion controversies, declining wildlife populations, increasing pressure from tourism, urban and agricultural expansion, and influx of nuisance plants.
	water.usgs.gov /nwsum/WSP2425/history.html (4709 words)

	AUDUBON: WETLANDS DEFINED
		Wetlands are essential to estuary, river, and watershed health, trapping sediments and cleaning polluted waters, preventing floods, recharging groundwater aquifers, and protecting shorelines.
		The federal Clean Water Act defines wetlands as "areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
		Wetlands are vital to cleansing the nation’s water, trapping sediment and capturing nutrients from waters that flow through them.
	www.audubon.org /campaign/wetland/ecosystem.html (1331 words)

	Wetland Science Institute--Conservation Practice Standard
		A wetland that has been constructed for the primary purpose of water quality improvement, i.e., treatment of wastewater from confined animal operations, sewage, surface runoff, milkhouse wastewater, silage leachate, mine drainage.
		Vegetation selected for the constructed wetland will be hydrophytic plants suitable for local climatic conditions and tolerant of the concentrations of nutrients, pesticides, and other constituents in the stormwater or wastewater stream and selected for their treatment potential.
		Consider the effects on wetlands or water-related resources and wildlife habitats that would be affected by the practice.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /wli/constds/wlicp280.htm (1081 words)

	What is Wetland Delineation? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A wetland is not open water and not solid ground--it's somewhere in between.
		Put simply, this definition states that three wetland criteria must be present for an undisturbed are to be called a wetland: wetland hydrology (the way water enters, is retained and released by a wetland); wetland vegetation; and wetland soils, commonly known as hydric soils.
		Wetland delineators use their skills and experience in field botany, soil science, hydrology and sampling procedures, as well as the federally approved wetland delineation methods, to determine and document where the wetland edge is. Delineators usually are private consultants, but a delineator can be anyone with the necessary skills and equipment.
	www.epa.state.oh.us /pic/facts/wetdelin.html (570 words)

	Environmental Concern
		What you may not know is that they are all classified as wetlands, along with mangrove forests, riparian forests, vernal pools, and most other places where there is lots of water.
		Sometimes one of these factors may be enough to determine the presence of a wetland; but if they exist in combination, there is a much better chance that a wetland environment is present.
		A wetland is any area that is inundated (flooded) or saturated for a certain number of days in a row that add up to 7.5% of the growing season in an area.
	www.wetland.org /educ_wetlandinfo2.htm (675 words)

	Hints on Preparing a Comprehensive Wetland Management Plan
		Wetlands provide environmental and social values: habitats for many plants and animals, including threatened and endangered species; flood storage and stormwater conveyance; groundwater recharge; water pollution filtration and sediment trapping; and soil protection from erosion.
		When wetlands are viewed as part of the public facility system, the flood storage functions of wetlands can be used to enhance the waterway system and save future public investment in flood control structures.
		The comprehensive wetland approach is an excellent way to address wetlands issues in a community or region where a pocket or system of wetlands requires more intensive study than that undertaken through the individual wetland permitting process.
	www.rice.edu /wetlands/Reports/R12_1.html (3718 words)

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