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Topic: Whangaehu River

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Tangiwai disaster

December

December 24

1953

1954

November 23

Common year starting on Thursday

Isorhythm

	Whangaehu River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Whangaehu River is a large river of the central North Island of New Zealand.
		The river flows for 135 kilometres southward to the South Taranaki Bight near the settlement of Whangaehu.
		A lahar - a sudden surge of mud-laden water - swept down the river, significantly weakening the structure of a railway bridge at the small settlement of Tangiwai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Whangaehu_River (179 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Tangiwai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The bridge, which had just minutes earlier been weakened by a lahar from Mount Ruapehu, collapsed, sending the train into the Whangaehu River.
		Of those that died 20 bodies were never recovered; it is believed they were washed the one hundred kilometres down the river and out to sea.
		Evidence given at the commission of enquiry into the disaster revealed that the midstream piers of the railway bridge had been undermined by previous sudden floods, from as early as 1925.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Tangiwai (266 words)

	Wanganui - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Wanganui (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Most of the city lies on the river's northwestern bank, although some subusrbs are located on the opposite side of the river.
		The Whanganui River catchment is seen as a sacred area to Maori, and the Wanganui region is still seen as a focal point for any resentments over land ownership.
		The river's name was reverted to Whanganui in 1991, according with the wishes of local iwi.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Wanganui.html (804 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mount Ruapehu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A lahar on December 24, 1953 caused the Tangiwai disaster, with the loss of 151 lives, when the Tangiwai railway bridge, across the Whangaehu river, collapsed just before an express train crossed the bridge while the lahar was in full flood.
		It was already known that the river had partially undermined one of the bridge piers and it is believed that the lahar finished the job, causing the bridge to collapse.
		Several lahar were observed, both in the Whangaehu river and other areas of the mountain between September 18 and September 25 1995, indicating the Crater lake was being emptied by the eruptions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mount-Ruapehu (2107 words)

	New Zealand Disasters: Tangiwai 1953 - Christchurch City Libraries
		There was nothing to show that the Whangaehu River would be in flood when the Wellington-to-Auckland express was due to cross the rail bridge at Tangiwai.
		Meanwhile passengers from the other carriages in the river struggled from the wreckage and made their way or were helped to the bank.
		On the opposite side of the river, Arthur Bell and his wife had stopped at the flooded road bridge and saw the express crash into the river.
	library.christchurch.org.nz /Childrens/NZDisasters/Tangiwai.asp (973 words)

	Horizons Regional Council
		The study is part of horizons.mw's wider rivers project looking at flooding and erosion issues on rivers which are not covered by existing flood and erosion control schemes.
		The narrowing of the Mangawhero River is of greater concern.
		The greatest hazard in the Whangaehu River valley arises from lahars from Mount Ruapehu.
	www.horizons.govt.nz /?pageid=90&data_article=264 (459 words)

	NZJBA Online - Central Branch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The river information describes all rivers in New Zealand which are likely to be jet boatable.
		Kaiporaro to junction of Makakahi and Mangatainoka rivers.
		Mangamaire to junction of Manawatu and Mangahao rivers.
	www.nzjba.org /central/centrivers.htm (825 words)

	GNS:Volcanoes
		During this period the climate was colder than at present and most river beds were choked with sediment (aggraded) as further lahars spread laterally both to the west and to the east.
		These pumiceous deposits were actively resorted by rivers to the lower slopes of the ring plain and are included in a suite of lahar deposits.
		As lahars descend valleys, sufficient momentum may be attained for a flow to climb up the river banks at bends in valleys and even flow up and over topographic barriers located directly in their path.
	www.gns.cri.nz /what/earthact/volcanoes/nzvolcanoes/ruabookprint.htm (6093 words)

	Radio files relating to the Tangiwai disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The carriages and the unfortunate occupants of the five front carriages were swept down [the river?].
		Farmers and others with property on the banks of this river as far as the sea, are asked to keep a close watch and to send reports to the nearest police station.
		The railway line itself is a long, straight stretch, and on both sides of the railway bridge are elbows in the river - on the east side of the bridge.
	www.nzhistory.net.nz /Gallery/Tangiwai/sound/trans.htm (2075 words)

	NZRCA: The Tongariro Power Development (TPD) Scheme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The rivers mostly affected by the TPD are the Tongariro River (Upper and Lower), the Whakapapa River the Moawhango River, the Whangaehu River and to a lesser extent the Whanganui and the Waihohonu Rivers.
		For example, the best river flow for fish is about the level of the current flow on the lower Tongariro River.
		The rivers in their natural form generally had quite low levels during the summer months.
	www.rivers.org.nz /article/TongariroPowerDevelopmentScheme (836 words)

	[No title]
		The water was damned volcanic ash and this barrier collapsed on December 24, 1953.
		The eruption triggered a lahar and it flooded the Whangaehu River bed.
		The 1995 lahar flow flooding the Whangaehu River at Tirorangi Marae.
	people.colgate.edu /akriegstein/history.htm (443 words)

	Identification of Potential Hydroelectric Resources - 10. Wanganui-Manawatu Region
		The Whangaehu River has its headwaters on Mt Ruapehu and flows to the Tasman Sea south of Wanganui.
		In the upper catchment there is an opportunity to develop a scheme which diverts the Tokiahuru Stream tributary via a 2km long canal and then on to a 10MW power station on the Whangaehu River via a 2km canal/pipeline.
		One scheme involves an intake structure with a 4km concrete pipeline and a 750m penstock to the powerhouse.
	www.med.govt.nz /ers/environment/water-bodies/hydro-resources/hydro-resources-11.html (779 words)

	DOC: Mt Ruapehu Crater Lake Lahar Threat Response: Whangaehu River bund, Crater Rim engineering, World Heritage status (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The bund (stopbank) is located at the end of a ridge on the true left-hand side of the Whangaehu River close to the national park boundary.
		It is constructed in the location most suitable for preventing a lahar spilling over the Whangaehu riverbank into the Waikato Stream and ultimately into the Tongariro River.
		It is projected that flows down the Whangaehu would increase between about zero and seven per cent, or looked at another way, would increase the water level at Tangiwai by about 2.5 cm, or 0.5 %.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Whats-New/Issues/Mt-Ruapehu-Crater-Lake/004~Whangaehu-River-Bund,-Crater-Rim-Engineering,-World-Heritage-Status.asp (349 words)

	Mangamahu.
		The Mangamahu District is a hill-country farming and forestry community in the middle reaches of the Whangaehu River valley, 50km north-east of Wanganui, NZ.
		It is centred on the village of Mangamahu, which is situated on river flats where the Mangamahu stream flows into the Whangaehu river.
		With the decline in the wool and meat trades, many of the farms in the district are being converted to pine plantations.
	folksong.org.nz /manga.html (975 words)

	Danger Ahead! Walouru - 1953
		The train was keeping good time as it passed through Walouru and approached the bridge that carried the line over the Whangaehu river.
		As the massive flow of water left the mountain it gathered volcanic ash and lumps of ice.
		As it proceeded along the river valley it collapsed the valley sides and collected silt and boulders and other debris so that it formed a "lehar".
	danger-ahead.railfan.net /accidents/walouru/home.html (316 words)

	Tangiwai Rail Disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Some were swept down river 120 kms and out to the ocean.
		When the express ploughed into the water the river was at its peak.
		Each Christmas Eve as the express approaches the Whangaehu River it slows to walking pace and the duty driver casts into the water a bunch of flowers.
	www.lairweb.org.nz /zealand/disasters/tangiwai.html (1085 words)

	Taipei Times - archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The engine and first five carriages were picked up by the unstoppable tide of swirling mud and rock and carried four kilometres down the Whangaehu River, killing 151 of the 285 people aboard and indelibly etching Tangiwai (Maori for "weeping waters") into the national consciousness.
		Some want the government to construct a channel to allow the lake to be safely drained into the Whangaehu River and out to sea before it breaks through the top of the rim and creates a lahar.
		But instead, the government has chosen an early warning system that is designed to give 90 minutes' notice of a lahar heading toward the bridges and an hour to stop traffic entering the part of the highway that would lie in its path.
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/feat/archives/2003/12/27/2003085372/print (695 words)

	[No title]
		A smaller eruption during the night of September 19–20 produced another Whangaehu lahar, and nine hours later, the temperature of Crater Lake was 48°C. The Crater Lake was overflowing, which was unexpected, given that a considerable amount of lake water had been ejected into the Whangaehu lahars.
		These events—as well as fluctuations in lake chemistry, an increase in the width of the crater, and the appearance of fresh scoria on the lake shore—all indicated that there was magmatic activity beneath the crater and that lava was being extruded into Crater Lake.
		Later, heavy rainfall and spring snowmelt remobilized the ash and scoria atop the snow- and ice-covered upper slopes of Ruapehu to produce secondary lahars.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/eisnairn.html (1687 words)

	Whangaehu River - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Whangaehu River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whangaehu River - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Whangaehu River.
		Here you will find more informations about Whangaehu River.
		The orginal Whangaehu River article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Whangaehu-River.html (218 words)

	[No title]
		The Whangaehu River is a relatively modest affair: it first tumbles east from Ruapehu.
		The Whangaehu Riven however, was fed not directly from Ruapehu's snow- covered slopes but from a glacier bordering a 74ha crater lake said to be 300m deep.
		An infrequent characteristic of this topography is the partial draining of the crater lake from collapse of the volcanic mud wall between lake and stream, causing a lahar, a sudden torrential outflow of mud and water, Small lahars were common and the Main Trunk's bridges had resisted them for 47 years.
	www.trainweb.org /mystation/flood.txt (3075 words)

	Danger Ahead! Tangiwai, New Zealand, 1953 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The train was keeping good time as it passed through Waiouru and approached the bridge that carried the line over the Whangaehu river at Tangiwai, 10km from Waiouru.
		As it proceeded along the river valley it collapsed the valley sides and collected silt and boulders and other debris forming a massively destructive lahar.
		As a consequence of this disaster and in an attempt to avoid a similar disaster in the future detection equipment was installed some way upstream of the Tangiwai bridge in the bed of the Wangaehu river.
	danger-ahead.railfan.net /accidents/tangiwai/home.html (503 words)

	Rathmoy - Rangitikei Accommodation plus History of Rangitikei Region
		It is bounded by the Kaimanawa Mountains in the north, Ruahine Ranges and Rangitikei River in the East, Tasman Sea in the south and Whangaehu River in the West.
		It may refer to the considerable distance between this river and his last river crossing to the west and the fct that his legs were sorely stretched by the walking.
		Alternatively it may relate to the depth of the river and that he had to walk on tiptoe in order to cross.
	www.rathmoy.co.nz /Rangitikei.htm (308 words)

	Effected areas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Whangaehu River reaches the highest flood levels in living memory.
		The residences at Whangaehu village, SH3, are evacuated.
		Rangitikei River floods and is third highest since records began in 1897.
	www.netguide.co.nz /webchallenge/2004winners/martonschool/effected_areas.htm (254 words)

	Why are there so many volcanoes in New Zealand?
		They filled the whole trough of the stream…As it passed us it appeared to be covered with what we first thought to be pumice but the intense cold which soon made us shiver and turn blue caused us to discover that …[this] was no less than frozen snow.
		Crater Lake waters were gradually displaced into the Whangaehu River (no lahars were recorded) until explosive eruptions began tearing the new dome apart.
		About 1,650,000 m3 of water were rapidly released entraining boulders and sand across the Whangaehu fan to form a substantial lahar.
	www.coursework.info /i/24527.html (598 words)

	Cronin et al.--1995 Ruapehu lahars, Whangaehu River
		1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand
		Abstract Observations of active flows, their deposits, and the effects of lahars generated during the 1995 eruptions of Ruapehu are compared to those of the last 2000 years.
		Future lahar hazard mitigation strategies in the Whangaehu River should begin with improving the detection and early warning of such flows.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjgg/1997/45.php (372 words)

	Coming to a river near you - Green Party
		Green Co-Leader Jeanette Fitzsimons says New Zealanders who care about their local rivers should be alarmed by a new Government report that paves the way for many waterways to be locked up in power generation.
		The report states that rivers inside National Parks are excluded from the 65 proposed projects.
		On the Ashburton River, two Water Conservation Orders would have to be amended to divert waters from two catchments and run canals through unmodified ex-glaciated basin (where scenes of Lord of the Rings were filmed, e.g.
	votegreen.org.nz /searchdocs/PR7695.html (708 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Ruapehu \| Activity Reports
		Rivers and streams around the mountain were swollen and discolored yesterday.
		A ranger said that the trout population was all in the headwaters of the river at this time of year for spawning, and 95 percent of them would have drowned after toxic chemicals in the ash, which spewed into the tributaries, had affected their gills.
		The Whangaehu lahar flooded a hydroscheme tunnel under construction 16 km SE of the crater.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0401-10=&volpage=var (15930 words)

	RNZN Comms Net NZ Recent Arrivals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Search parties were organised and a rope ladder rigged across the gap between the east bank of the Wangaehu River and the collapsed road bridge, and this enabled the searching for victims to be conintued on the other side.
		The first day we did patrols down the river which was mainly a shingle bed I remember and we were looking for bodies, all you could see then was just the bogey wheels sticking up, no carriages, all the rest had been ripped off and some had buried in the silt.
		At the bottom end of the river going into the Tasman, down near the Wanganui bridge, there was a Police contingent with grappling hooks, boats as well, picking up any bodies that drifted down as far as that, they got some before that, so Inspector Brown did a good job there.
	www.rnzncomms.net.nz /HTMLfolder/tangiwai.html (6321 words)

	MTU-VP - Ruapehu GVN
		An eruption at 0805 on 18 September was accompanied by a ML 3.6 earthquake; the eruption produced the largest lahar down the ESE flank since 1975.
		He went closer to the river and saw a 12-18 m deep lahar in the narrow channel.
		Later that day, a flood warning gauge 27 km downstream was triggered at 1123, suggesting the lahar moved at an average speed of roughly 2.3 m/sec (8.3 km/hr).
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/new.zealand/ruapehu/gvn/ruapehu.v20n10.html (1759 words)

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