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	Concept to Reality
		Whitcomb theorized that the most obvious way to achieve this distribution was to remove the equivalent wing cross-sectional area from that of the fuselage cross-sectional area in the region of the wing; thereby the abrupt bump was avoided in area distribution.
		Whitcomb was subsequently awarded the coveted Collier Trophy for his discovery and the development of the area rule, and history has recorded numerous applications to military aircraft beginning with the U.S. Navy’s F11F Tiger, which almost flew faster than speed of sound without an afterburner in August 1954.
		At the time of Whitcomb’s discovery of the area rule, the dominant theme of the user community for both military and civil aircraft was “higher, faster, and farther.” Therefore, having successfully applied the area rule to military aircraft in the 1950s and 1960s, Whitcomb turned his efforts to potential applications for subsonic civil transports.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Concept2Reality/area_rule.html (3016 words)

	Whitcomb area rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Whitcomb area rule (sometimes just called the area rule) is a design technique used to reduce an aircraft's drag at transonic speeds, speeds between about Mach 0.8 and 1.2.
		That meant that the extra cross sectional area of the wings and tail had to be accounted for in the overall shaping, and that the fuselage should actually be narrowed where they meet to more closely match the ideal.
		A Messerschmitt project using the area rule appears to have been designed specifically with drag reduction in mind, but their complex double-boom design was never built even to the extent of a model.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Whitcomb_area_rule (918 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Whitcomb Area Rule & Küchemann Carrots
		Whitcomb had found that maintaining a smooth distribution in the cross-sectional area of an aircraft from nose to tail significantly reduces aerodynamic drag near Mach 1.
		Whitcomb began exploring applications of his area rule to subsonic commercial transports during the late 1950s.
		Whitcomb's antishock body research was so promising that it suggested the economical cruising speed of a standard airliner could be increased from Mach 0.8 to as high as Mach 0.9.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0240.shtml (1134 words)

	George Bush's Convair F-102 Downloadable Delta Dagger Card Model
		The area rule says very simply that the transonic wave drag of an aircraft is essentially the same as the wave drag of an equivalent body of revolution having the same cross-sectional area distribution as the aircraft.
		Whitcomb's first research memorandum on the area rule would not be published for another month, but he had completed his tests on the various wing-body combinations using indented fuselage shapes.
		Whitcomb's area rule was not one of a number of potential solutions; it was the only approach anyone had developed that had proven itself capable of overcoming that barrier.
	www.fiddlersgreen.net /AC/aircraft/Convair-F102/info/arearule.htm (3700 words)

	Aerodynamics - Search View - MSN Encarta
		A major development in aeronautics resulting from wind-tunnel research was the discovery by the American physicist Richard Travis Whitcomb of the area rule, a new principle for the design of supersonic aircraft.
		By pinching in the fuselage where the wings are attached, the reduction in the combined cross-sectional area of the fuselage and the wing produces a decrease in the drag characteristics of the aircraft.
		Whitcomb’s so-called wasp-waist design made possible an increase of 25 percent in the supersonic-speed range without requiring any additional engine power.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557396__1/Aerodynamics.html (1285 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Area Rule and Transonic Flight
		The area rule is an important concept related to the drag on an aircraft or other body in transonic and supersonic flight.
		The area rule tells us that the volume of the body should be reduced in the presence of a wing, tail surface, or other projection so that there are no discontinuities in the cross-sectional area distribution of the vehicle shape.
		Whitcomb's research was a major breakthrough in supersonic aerodynamics and had an immediate effect on the design of the aforementioned F-102 fighter.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0104.shtml (944 words)

	The Man Who Put the Squeeze on Aircraft Design - January 1956
		Whitcomb’s achievement: development of the concept of the “Area Rule,” commonly referred to as the “Coke-Bottle” or “Wasp-Waist” shape, which has added more than 100 mph to the speed of several jet aircraft now flying, and provided the real key to serious drag problems encountered in transonic flight.
		The Area Rule, which really ought to be renamed the “Whitcomb Rule,” is being hailed by aviation leaders as the greatest advancement in aviation since the beginning of the jet age.
		For Whitcomb, discovery of the Area Rule was not an accident.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Jan1956/0156squeeze.html (2597 words)

	ch5-10
		Whitcomb and his team at the 8-foot high- speed tunnel had been studying various aircraft configurations at transonic speeds in their slotted- wall tunnel.
		Aircraft designed according to Whitcomb's Area Rule looked almost grotesque and were dubbed "flying coke bottles." Nevertheless, the wind tunnel data were convincing, and the Convair engineers went back to San Diego to incorporate the suggested changes into their YF-102 model.
		The narrowing of the YF-102A fuselage near the wings was dictated by the Area Rule and enabled the craft to become supersonic.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-440/ch5-10.htm (999 words)

	Whitcomb v. Town of Carroll
		Whitcomb applied for approval as agreed, and in 1994, the ZBA granted Whitcomb a special exception for the excavation.
		Whitcomb appealed the boards' decisions to the superior court and moved for summary judgment, citing the permit exemption in RSA 155-E:2, III for excavations associated with stationary manufacturing plants.
		The town next argues that the superior court erred in ruling that the permitting exemption in RSA 155-E:2, III(a) for excavations associated with stationary manufacturing plants applies to all but one of Whitcomb's thirteen parcels of land.
	www.courts.state.nh.us /supreme/opinions/1996/95-309.htm (2896 words)

	Whitcomb area rule -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		One of the most famous was Whitcomb's personal work on the re-design of the (Click link for more info and facts about F-102 Delta Dagger) F-102 Delta Dagger, which was demonstrating performance considerably worse than expected.
		Although it was not publicized at the time, it was later re-discovered that a German (Click link for more info and facts about WWII) WWII design, the Küchemann Coke Bottle included a fuselage shaping basically identical to the area rule.
		A (Click link for more info and facts about Messerschmitt) Messerschmitt project appears to have been designed specifically with drag reduction in mind, but their complex double-boom design was never built even to the extent of a model.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wh/whitcomb_area_rule.htm (645 words)

	ipedia.com: Wave drag Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		However a number of new techniques developed during and just after World War II were able to dramatically reduce the magnitude of the problem, and by the early 1950s most fighter aircraft could reach supersonic speeds without too much trouble.
		Fuselage shaping was similarly changed with the introduction of the Whitcomb area rule.
		Whitcomb had been working on testing various airframe shapes for transonic drag when, after watching a presentation by a German researcher in 1952, he realized that the Sears-Haack body had to apply to the entire aircraft.
	www.ipedia.com /wave_drag.html (730 words)

	DailyProgress.com \| General, UVa grad tackles Mideast culture, Iraq solution
		Whitcomb, a 1971 graduate of the University of Virginia, spoke Monday at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, and subsequently in an interview.
		Whitcomb said victory in Iraq would involve leaving behind a government that could sustain itself, and that would be an ally for the United States in the Middle East.
		Whitcomb said getting there, not only in Iraq but also in Afghanistan, could be a long time coming, and that the true struggle for the future of the broader region would depend on the ability to successfully defeat extremism.
	www.dailyprogress.com /servlet/Satellite?pagename=CDP/MGArticle/CDP_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1149191314323&path= (563 words)

	The Whitcomb Area Rule: NACA Aerodynamics Research And Innovation
		Whitcomb had developed a reputation as something of a "Wunderkind" at Langley because of his unique combination of knowledge and intuition about airflows; a combination that undoubtedly contributed to his discovery of the area rule.
		Whitcomb's area rule was also, in retrospect, said to be implicit in a doctoral thesis on supersonic flow by Wallace D. Hayes, published in 1947.
		When Whitcomb developed his area rule, there was a manufacturer in each of these situations, and that fact played a significant role in the speed with which his innovation began to impact the design of new aircraft.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4219/Chapter5.html (7432 words)

	The Area Rule (David Lednicer, Mark Drela)
		By carving away at the fuselage, the cross-sectional area distribution more closely represented the optimum, the wave drag was lower and the aircraft was now capable of going supersonic.
		The reason that the _total_ X-sectional area at a given streamwise x location is important is that near M=1 the streamtubes going past the body cannot change in area very much.
		Area ruling IS a consideration in typical M = 0.80 or 0.85 jets, but it's not a major design driver.
	yarchive.net /air/area_rule.html (926 words)

	WPI - Transformations: Winged Victory
		Whitcomb's other gift, just as instrumental to his success, is his tremendous drive, which gave him the desire to find solutions and the will to work hour after hour, year after year, to make them reality.
		Whitcomb arrived at the Langley Research Center at a perfect time for someone with his skills and a desire to "have an impact." NACA was ramping up its work in support of the war effort.
		Later, Whitcomb's design for a "supercritical" wing advanced the state of the art even further, and his winglets--though slow to be adopted by a somewhat intransigent airline industry--greatly improved aerodynamic efficiency.
	www.wpi.edu /News/Transformations/2002Fall/whitcomb.html (2643 words)

	Dictionary : Richard_Whitcomb
		In the 8-foot High-Speed Tunnel in April 1955, Richard Whitcomb examines a model designed in accordance with his transonic area rule.
		In 1952, Whitcomb discovered and experimentally verified a revolutionary aircraft design concept called the area rule.
		Whitcomb is an internationally known aerodynamicist, receiving numerous awards.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/Whitcomb/DI118.htm (250 words)

	[No title]
		The National Inventors Hall of Fame announced today that Richard Whitcomb would be inducted into the Hall of Fame in recognition of his invention of the “area rule,” the supercritical wing and winglets.
		The solution, which subsequently came to be known as the “area rule,” redirected the air over the wings through a more streamlined aircraft fuselage and eventually allowed for a supersonic Air Force.
		Whitcomb was born in Evanston, Illinois, but grew up in Massachusetts and graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1943 with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering.
	www.invent.org /images/images_hof/induction/docs/Whitcomb.doc (527 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein said central body section is of gradually reducing cross-sectional area aft of said combustion chamber to provide an expansion surface for allowing expansion of gases flowing out of said chamber.
		The system as claimed in claim 9, including retractable mounting means for retractably mounting said outer shroud for movement between a fully extended position for flight along the propellant trail and a retracted position flush with the outer surface of the central body section for launch and re-entry.
		Projecting surfaces 70, 72 may be provided on the inner surface of outer shell or shroud 62 and/or on the outer surface of the inner core section 60 to form a compression structure to compress the incoming fuel/air stream.
	www.desertsecrets.com /5,224,663.txt (9992 words)

	December 18, 2002 Rule-Making Notice - State of Maine - USA
		The appropriate legislative committee will review a rule upon receipt of a petition from 100 or more registered voters, or from "...any person who may be directly, substantially and adversely affected by the application of a rule..." (Title 5 Section 11112).
		CONCISE SUMMARY: This rule formerly established the standard interest rate pursuant to 36 MRSA §186 that is charged against unpaid taxes and paid by the State on overpayment of taxes.
		The rule is no longer necessary because of a recent amendment to section 186.
	www.maine.gov /sos/cec/rules/notices/121802.htm (967 words)

	F-102
		First to use the 'area rule' design concept which pushed the speed beyond the sonic barrier, the F-102 was to be superseded by the more advanced F-106, which could exceed 1,000 mph.
		The area rule says that the transonic wave drag of an aircraft is essentially the same as the wave drag of an equivalent body of revolution having the same cross-sectional area distribution as the aircraft.
		When an aircraft is sonic area ruled, the fuselage is shaped to an optimal area distribution.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/aircraft/f-102.htm (560 words)

	December 26, 2001 Rule-Making Notice - State of Maine - USA
		The rules also provide for the requirements as to the manner in which the prescription forms must be filled out, and the circumstances under which oral and faxed prescriptions are allowed to be transmitted to pharmacies.
		CONCISE SUMMARY: The proposed rule would amend the procedures for participating as a certified candidate under the Maine Clean Election Act by clarifying the procedures for qualifying for and using public funds.
		The regulations define the affected area, require mandatory ISAV surveillance, specify the testing procedures to confirm ISAV, stipulate chain of custody, sampling requirements, responsible inspectors, restrict finfish aquaculture vessel and equipment movement, and stipulate remedial action upon detection of ISAV.
	www.maine.gov /sos/cec/rules/notices/122601.htm (1643 words)

	Docket No. 1323 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The landing area at the south side of the Berger Tower is too small for the safe movement, handling, and storage of logs.
		Whitcomb visits each site on occasion, but a superintendent or "hook tender" is in full charge at each site (Tr.
		Whitcomb acknowledged that log landings are hazardous, but he did not consider Smith Ridge site more dangerous than many others in use (Tr.
	www.oshrc.gov /decisions/html_1974/1323.html (6572 words)

	CONVAIR F-102A
		First to use the 'area rule' design concept which pushed the speed beyond the sonic barrier, the F-102 was to be superseded by the more advanced F-106, which could exceed 1,000 mph.
		The area rule says that the transonic wave drag of an aircraft is essentially the same as the wave drag of an equivalent body of revolution having the same cross-sectional area distribution as the aircraft.
		When an aircraft is sonic area ruled, the fuselage is shaped to an optimal area distribution.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/airdef/f-102.htm (479 words)

	area rule
		These photos show the narrowing of the YF-102A fuselage near the wings as dictated by the area rule compared to the fuselage of the YF-102.
		It states that, in order to produce the least amount of drag when approaching supersonic flight, the cross-sectional area of an aircraft body should be consistent throughout the aircraft's length.
		To compensate for the place on an aircraft where the wings are attached to the fuselage, the fuselage needs to be made narrower so that the cross-section remains the same.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/area_rule.html (196 words)

	Creation Matters May/June 1997, Vol.2, No.3
		In brief, Whitcomb and Morris suggest that waters from a vapour canopy, and others linked to the breaking up of the fountains of the deep, led to a worldwide erosive event (marked in places by the Cambrian Unconformity), above which were the flood deposits containing the remains of organisms which perished in the Flood.
		Whitcomb and Morris continued the tradition (going back to Price) of suggesting that overthrusts are actually normally-deposited strata, falsely identified as overthrusts by uniformitarians in order to preserve the Geological Column.
		The geology of the area is unusual in that Superstition Tertiary volcanics overlay Precambrian rocks.
	www.creationresearch.org /creation_matters/97/cm9705.html (4729 words)

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