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Topic: White Australian Policy

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	Australian Capital Territory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, and construction of the capital, Canberra, began in 1913.
		The two main tertiary institutions are the Australian National University (ANU) in Acton and the University of Canberra (UC) in Bruce.
		The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) and the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC) are in the suburb of Campbell in Canberra's inner northeast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory (1843 words)

	White Australia policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The White Australia Policy is the prevailing term used to describe a collection of Australian policies which restricted non-white immigration and promoted white, European immigration from 1830 to 1973 with related policies enduring as late as 1982.
		In modern Australian politics and media, the term White Australia Policy is typically used metaphorically to refer to Australia's racist history or to decry policies with a perceived racist slant, in contrast to more recent policies of actively promoting multiculturalism and diversity.
		The effective end of the White Australia policy is usually dated to 1973, when the Whitlam Labor government implemented a series of amendments preventing the enforcement of racial aspects of the immigration law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_Australia_policy (2371 words)

	Migratory history of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The White Australia Policy, the policy of excluding all non-white people from the Australian continent, was the official policy of all governments and all mainstream political parties in Australia from the 1890s to the 1950s, and elements of the policy survived until the 1970s.
		During that decade, Australia first began to adopt a policy of multiculturalism, with Minister of Immigration Al Grassby introducing the term "multiculturalism", and speaking of the merits of "ethnic pluralism", where "each ethnic group desiring it, is permitted to create its own cultural heritage indefinitely, while taking part in the general life of the nation".
		In the early 1990s Australian immigration legislation was changed dramatically, introducing the concept of mandatory detention of unathorised arrivals, who were popularly referred to as boat people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Australia (1891 words)

	Rethinking the White Australia Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In their view, ethnic homogeneity was one of the great strengths of the Australian nation, one that ought to be preserved and not squandered or thrown away in pursuit of utopian visions of universal harmony in which lions could be re-educated to lie down with lambs [7].
		In retreat from "the rising tide of colour," [65] white Australians may be forced to reinvent themselves as a people comme les autres, shedding their customary civic universalism in favour of a less natural but more powerfully particularistic racial consciousness.
		Unfortunately this is par for the academic course; "educated" white Australians, leftist "idealists" and right-wing "ratbags" alike, remain, at best, resolutely indifferent and, at worst, actively hostile to the survival of their own ethno-nation.
	www.nationalvanguard.org /story.php?id=6215 (6969 words)

	Historical Encyclopedia of WA - Staff
		She has taught Australian and Western Australian history for many years and is the author of a number of books on Western Australian history.
		She is a senior lecturer in History at Murdoch University, and is a former director of the Centre for WA History.
		She is a sixth generation Western Australian and a descendant of the Harper and Drummond families.
	www.encyclopedia.uwapress.uwa.edu.au /staff (393 words)

	Federation- the White Australia Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Unions objected to non whites because most of them were indentured labourers recruited in their home country at wages a fraction of Australian market rates.
		Australia's humanity departments are almost 100 per cent white, and the lack of diversity shows with the poor quality of their work.
		However, the Australian economy at the turn of the century was very different and thus needed to be managed a different way.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/federation.htm (1742 words)

	Bridging Worlds - Australian Labor Party (ALP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This essay deals with the opinions and actions of some public intellectuals and university professors in Australian public life from about 1970 to the 1993, particularly with their reaction to the demise of the ALP in the 1970's and the subsequent resurgence of the ALP in the 1980's.
		Australian "left" intellectuals, then, in particular the sociologists Horne and Encel, are deserving of recognition, as significant intellectuals who have contributed intellectually and ideologically, to ALP consensus.
		Though Encel claims that this had not been translated into Australian politics at the time he was writing Cabinet Government in Australia, he notes that "the personal attributes of the..(Prime Minister) are an indispensable element in their ability to fulfil the expectations generated by the political system at the apex of which they stood"(ibid.,p.166).
	www.momiroski.com /2005/10/entry_51.entry.html (13771 words)

	Mots Pluriels Don McMaster
		Australian hostility towards them has also increased in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, but at a deeper level it can be seen as a response to the perceived threat of the 'borderless world' produced by the processes of globalisation.
		Australian government policy, under the immigration policies of Arthur Calwell, began to expand the catchment area of potential immigrants.
		However, refugee policy is subordinate to immigration policy, in that immigration control overrides the obligations and objectives of refugee protection.
	www.arts.uwa.edu.au /MotsPluriels/MP2102dm.html (5986 words)

	Why bother with Patrick White \| Books \| The Australian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Australian publishers are clearly missing opportunities, but there is nothing new in that because many a literary genius has struggled and fought for recognition.
		Australian classics are largely out of print, unread by the public and absent from university curriculums.
		According to David Marr's biography, White found it hard to admit his delight in his Nobel prize and expressed surprise at the public's response, writing to a friend: "I am amazed at the way Australians have reacted in a way they usually behave only for swimmers and athletes.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20876,19791782-5001986,00.html (1961 words)

	Multiculturalism - freedom from compulsion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Australians have never cared that their compatriots don't put their hands over their hearts and pledge allegiance to the flag.
		For this policy of equality to work, the notion of an 'Australian' identity had to be undermined.
		Rather than stop an Australian identity emerging, Whitlam's policy simply defined the Australian identity as racist, and so encouraged the ethnic identities to feel they were victims of racism.
	www.convictcreations.com /culture/multiculturalism.htm (1297 words)

	The Rise and Fall of the White Australia Policy
		Although there were other racist policies in the earlier years, by the 1950s, this usually meant only restrictions on immigration.
		The White Australia policy was also supported on the grounds of domestic social harmony.
		The White Australia policy was defended as a protection for the British institutions which formed the basic structure of Australian government and society.
	www.angelfire.com /in/roachworld/Aus1.html (1053 words)

	Dreaming Online: Social Justice
		Eventually,'White Australia' was formally ended as government policy in 1972 and the Race Discrimination Act was passed in 1975.
		The Inquiry supported Indigenous Australians' concerns that issues and events involving Aboriginal people were predominantly shown in a negative light - that Aboriginal people were either portrayed as a threat to society, or as victims.
		However, the fundamental finding of the Commission was that racism towards Indigenous Australians is ingrained at all levels of Australian society and was the major contributing factor to deaths in custody.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/social.cfm (2240 words)

	Australian Anti-Terror Laws Target Muslims, Media & Free Speech By Gideon Polya
		Further, the same penalty is incurred if the Judge feels the defendant intended through statements about the Sovereign, Government, their advisers or “a person responsible for the government of another country” to prejudice safety or defence, assist national enemies, cause violence, create public disorder or cause a public disturbance.
		The "annual Australian probability of death" is about 0.0001% (from “Muslim” terrorist attack), 0.001% (from a family member or acquaintance), 0.01% (from a car accident) and 0.1% (from tobacco smoking-related causes).
		More specifically, Australian Universities depend financially on grossly-exploited, fee-paying, Overseas Students (typically from South, South East and East Asia) – but the Australian Anti-Terrorism Laws will soon force professors, lecturers, tutors and indeed ALL teachers to LIE by omission or commission to all their students under threat of 7 YEARS PRISON for Police State-interpreted “sedition”.
	www.countercurrents.org /aus-polya151105.htm (1391 words)

	Indonesia.NL - Public Discourse :Knowledge-base foreign policy necessary for exploiting ties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This somewhat limited number is the consequence of the White Australian Policy which was introduced in 1901 and only completely abolished in 1973.
		Thus, for instance, despite the Dutch and Australian governments' official support for Indonesia's territorial unity, the recently published book by Dutch Professor PJ Drooglever on Papua's 1969 act of free choice (Een Daad van Vrije Keuze) and the granting of visas by Australia to Papuan asylum seekers have sparked controversy.
		Last but not least, there should be a change in the attitude of our policy makers that the use of knowledge, rather than the mere emphasis on "budget-oriented" projects, should be the basis of policy making.
	www.indonesia.nl /statements.php?art_cat_id=64&rank=3 (1019 words)

	Dreaming in Black and White: An Australian Northern Policy
		The ravages of modern Australian land use that has savaged souls and seas and would alone qualify for a total comprehensive rethink of the whole basis of society and its future in the North is not here.
		If national policies are going to be held hostage to states rights, which sometimes seem to be no more that the regional bloody-mindedness of obstructing national proposals, Australia may be unable to progress or someday even withstandinternational scrutiny on such issues as indigenous policy.
		The new generation of engaged Canadian whites who emerged in and for the North in the 1970s may remember only the resource mega-projects and pipeline proposals of the Trudeau era but rapid evolution was underway in all areas of indigenous policy, presided over by Trudeau himself and by senior ministers.
	www.yukoncollege.yk.ca /~agraham/jull/dreaming.htm (3827 words)

	Immigration And nation Building - Institutions
		It was the first major piece of legislation passed by the new Federal Parliament, and allowed the new country to exercise the policy of White Australia.
		The main method prescribed by the legislation for the administration of the White Australia Policy was a dictation test of fifty words in length.
		Such statements served to foster an even greater division between the established white public and immigrants, with the threat of financial penalties and imprisonment.
	www.abc.net.au /federation/fedstory/ep2/ep2_institutions.htm (1345 words)

	Australian Foreign Policy
		As of the 1996 census, 23% of Australians were born overseas, and one-twelfth of the population in total was born in a non-European country.
		In large measure, the earlier policy of dependence was based on a realistic conception of the insufficiency of Australian economic and military power in the face of the wars of the 20th century.
		Certain elements of this shift of policy were slow and hard to establish: in the early 1990s, for example, Australia still had import tariffs averaging approximately 20%, making it a still rather protectionist economy, though the government aimed to reduce this to an overall level of 5% by the year 2000 (Dobbs-Higginson 1993, p209, p213).
	www.international-relations.com /wbip/wblec2.htm (7798 words)

	white Australia policy in early 1900's - Q&A
		white australian policy was a set of rules written by the government.
		The White Australian Policy was inforced near Federation and Arthur Calwell, immigration minister supported this very much, he was known for the 10 pound tourist
		The White Australia policy was a "policy" established in 1901 to keep Australia "race pure".
	www.faqs.org /qa/qa-12712.html (422 words)

	FOREIGN AND TRADE POLICY WHITE PAPER
		Its fundamental message is that in all that it does in foreign and trade policy the Government will apply a basic test of national interest: how does it advance the security of Australia and the jobs and standard of living of the Australian people.
		The White Paper emphasises that the Government's foreign and trade policy objectives will be geared towards exercising leadership on the issues which advance Australia's economic and strategic interests.
		The White Paper will be available from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (6261 3114), AGPS bookshops around Australia and on the Internet via DFAT's home page or directly at http://www.dfat.gov.au/ini/wp.html from midday Thursday 28 August.
	www.dfat.gov.au /media/releases/foreign/1997/fa106_97.html (723 words)

	Book Talk - 29/01/2005: The White Australia Policy, and Getting Away with Genocide?
		In the introduction to The White Australia Policy: Race and Shame in the Australian History Wars, Keith Windschuttle argues that to focus on such statements is to seriously misrepresent the 1901 debate.
		Despite having outlined the efforts by the Chinese to join their European fellow cabinet-makers, Windschuttle proceeds to tell us that it was ‘natural’ for the latter to refuse the hand of comradeship because ‘the Chinese isolated themselves in a separate economic sector’.
		It seems to me remarkable that Hun Sen managed to maintain a non-provocative, balanced and effective foreign policy in the face of such challenges, and that his government has steadily normalised Cambodia’s situation, while others were seeking to destabilise it.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/booktalk/stories/s1291084.htm (2953 words)

	The University of Melbourne 150th Anniversary
		White’s determination in pursuing private collections in Europe and the United Kingdom was legendary, matched only by his skill at securing funding for their acquisition from successive Prime Ministers.
		The long-awaited move into the new building on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin was described by White as the promised land after 40 years in the wilderness.
		White chaired the advisory committee on the Australian Encyclopedia and the Advisory Council on Bibliographical Services and is remembered in the Harold White Fellowships awarded annually for research conducted using the resources he did so much to build.
	www.unimelb.edu.au /150/150people/white.html (261 words)

	Untitled
		Although 'sponsorship' of immigrants was an intergral part of the policy, this did not always mean that Australia was developing a skill base to meet her growing needs.
		For example as a child, I viewed snakes as being as large as telephone poles because they were deadly, and the 'bush' as rather an extensive shrub into which people walked and became lost and died.
		While these Immigration Policies are now severely critised and constantly viewed as Racial, they were in the context of the times, consistent with both prevailing political and social attitudes.
	www.geocities.com /judea_bods/page5.html (912 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Ameer Ali, president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, said that he agreed with Costello that people who do not want to accept Australian values should not live in the country.
		Most Australian Muslims blame Howard for fostering an image of the minority as the enemy within through his hard-line policies.
		Thousands of Australians in Sydney and Newcastle rallied in December against "hidden" racism in the country.
	www.islamonline.net /English/News/2006-02/24/article01.shtml (689 words)

	Chinese Heritage of Australian Federation Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This is followed by an examination of the impact of the Australian Commonwealth Government's approach to work practices and treatment of non-whites through legislation.
		Keeping Australia White' for ideas and material on how to explain the context of this period.
		Look at the reasons for migration to Australia and try to establish whether most Australian arrivals since 1788 were refugees, asylum seekers or migrants.
	www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au /education/lessons/lessonA04.htm (1252 words)

	Violence at Cronulla Beach as 5000 people gather - Wikinews
		NSW Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione says police believed neo-Nazi and white nationalist groups were among the crowd.
		White Nationalist website, Stormfront Downunder, yesterday featured messages from people in the US, Britain and Canada supporting the Cronulla attacks.
		Most bloggers were in agreement that anyone committing acts of violence should be arrested and punished, regardless of race, place of residence, or justification for their actions.
	en.wikinews.org /wiki/Violence_at_Cronulla_Beach_as_5000_people_gather (1644 words)

	131-109 Australian Colonial
		It is recommended that this subject be undertaken in conjunction with 131-190 Australian Modern.
		Attention will be given to the ways in which invocations of versions of Australian history and tradition animate debate on matters as diverse as immigration and refugee policy, foreign policy and health care.
		The subject thus aims to clarify the bases of the so-called 'history wars' of the early 21st century within their historical, cultural and political contexts, and to explore the present uses of the Australian past.
	www.unimelb.edu.au /HB/subjects/131-109.html (394 words)

	"Rabbit Proof Fence" \| Tribes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		During that epoch, the insidious “White Australian Policy” allowed the federal government to intervene in the lives of these ‘half-caste’ children, often forcibly taking them from their Aboriginal mothers and planting them in missionaries or settlements that would effectively dilute their indigenous blood and Anglicize their identity.
		Known as their Great White Father, Neville paternalistically keeps a stern, watchful eye over the Aboriginal communities living along the Rabbit Proof Fence, a line dividing Australia North to South, keeping pasture and farm lands on one side and crop killing bunnies on the other.
		A direct repercussion of constructing the fence was an explosion of births of mixed breed children from “white” workers and Aboriginal mothers.
	www.tribes.org /cgi-bin/form.pl?karticle=119 (786 words)

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