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Topic: White Guard Finland

	White Guard (Finland) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These White Guards constituted the bulk of the victorious White Army during the Civil War in Finland (1918), and also the main forces of the Lapua Movement's failed coup d'état, the Mäntsälä Rebellion (1932).
		In reality, German troops had made a necessary contribution to the Whites' victory, but for the sake of National Pride, it was important to stress the importance of the White Guards, the basis of the White Army, and of the Finnish Jaegers, the Army's elite.
		In Winter War members of the Guard provided the fourth of the manpower of the field army, the contribution made more important as they were the best trained and equipped personnel as they had had to purchase their own rifle and overcoat during their membership of the Guard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_Guard_(Finland) (1209 words)

	Finland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It borders on the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden in the west, on Norway in the north, on Russia in the east, and on the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in the south.
		Lutheranism was established in Finland, and in 1581 the country was raised to the rank of grand duchy.
		Finland was active in the League of Nations, which it joined in 1920, and it was the only European country to continue to honor its World War I debts to the United States after the advent of the economic depression at the start of the 1930s.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fi/Finland.html (2295 words)

	White Guard: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about White Guard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia.
		The first violent clash between Red and White Guards was already in July 1906 in Helsinki, but the renewed Russian oppression ment a common enemy, why serious conflicts would wait until after the February Revolution in Russia 1917.
		Finland's Senate[?] was a broad coalition-cabinet led by Oskari Tokoi[?], Social Democrat and Trade Union leader.
	www.encyclopedian.com /su/Suojeluskunta.html (963 words)

	Finland - The Finnish Civil War
		The approximately 40,000 Russian troops remaining in Finland in January 1918 helped the Finnish Reds to a small extent, especially in such technical areas as artillery, but these troops were withdrawn after the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918, and thus were gone before fighting reached the crucial stage.
		The Red Guards suffered from several major disadvantages: poor leadership, training, and equipment; food shortages; the practice of electing officers democratically, which made discipline lax; and the general unwillingness of the Red troops to go on offensive operations or even to operate outside their local areas.
		The Red Terror confirmed the belief of the Whites that the Reds were criminals and traitors and were therefore not entitled to the protection of the rules of war.
	countrystudies.us /finland/15.htm (2007 words)

	Finnish Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		White Guard (Finland)White Guards/ were organized by leaders of the local societies, usually Conservative academics and industrialists, but the Reds were often collectively invited through their employers or their local labor union.
		The Whites regrouped in the north and centre of the country, under the political leadership of the initially absent president of the Senate Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and the military command of Carl Gustaf Emil MannerheimMannerheim/.
		When Finland, in the mid-1930s, again oriented towards Scandinavia, the reception was less enthusiastic than the Finns had expected, and ultimately Finland had to fight the Winter War on her own.
	www.infothis.com /find/Finnish_Civil_War (2976 words)

	Civil War in Finland - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Reds were alarmed by the government's decision to employ the White-oriented Protection Guards as the nucleus of a national army, and to use them to disarm the 40,000 Russian troops that remained in Finland.
		The Whites regrouped in the north and centre of the country under the political leadership of Senate president Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and the military command of Carl Gustaf Mannerheim.
		The Reds' situation in the south worsened by the arrival of White Jaeger troops on February 25, and the subsequent withdrawal of Russian forces under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918).
	openproxy.ath.cx /fi/Finnish_Civil_War.html (524 words)

	Urho Kekkonen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi in the Savo region of Finland, but he lived his childhood in Kainuu.
		During the Finnish Civil War, he fought for the White Guard and led a firing squad in Hamina.
		This was called in foreign countries "Finlandization." He was authoritarian and embarrassed his opponents in public.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Urho_Kekkonen (1018 words)

	FAST-FIN-1 (TRENPP2C) Finnish Institutions Papers
		Finland had been under Russian rule for more than a century, and the transition to independence was not easy.
		The Whites, whose troops were mostly farmers, controlled the northern part of the country, while the Reds controlled the southern part, for their supporters were mainly urban working class people.
		In addition, from the White perspective, the revolution was a rebellion by the Red forces against the legal government of Finland, and, therefore the Whites had both the responsibility and the entitlement to punish the rebels.
	www.uta.fi /FAST/FIN/HIST/ss-vict.html (3765 words)

	Encyclopedia: Provinces-of-Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland consists of 6 provinces (Finnish: läänit, Swedish: län), following a 1997 redesign that reduced their number from 12.
		The State of Finland is since the late 19th century bilingual.
		1/ Some duties, which in Mainland Finland are handled by the provinces, are on the Åland Islands transferred to the autonomous Government of Åland.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Provinces_of_Finland (208 words)

	Monkeylike - - - Griffon Bruxellois & Petit Brabancon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland’s history has been colourful and violent, but another opportunity is knocking in 1917, when the October Revolution rises in Russia and Finland has a chance for declaring it’s independence from the newly formed Soviet Union.
		Finland is aiming for the neutrality, but the fear of the neighbour’s invasion forces the country closer to Germany.
		Finland’s national epic is Kalevala that was compiled and published by Elias Lönnrot in 1835 and later translated to dozens of languages in the world.
	kotisivu.mtv3.fi /kennel.monkeylike/finbriefly.htm (1851 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Military Heritage \| Finnish Information Resource
		When Finland became the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire in 1809, the Finnish units of the Swedish army were disbanded.
		Soon after Finland gained independence in December 1917, a nationalistic, middle-class militia known as the White Guards, which had been secretly established in 1904 and 1905 and which had remained underground since then disguised as athletic clubs and other groups, was officially proclaimed the army of the Finnish government under General Mannerheim.
		The White forces were swelled by new conscripts, officers of the former Finnish armed forces, Swedish volunteers, and Finnish officers who had served in the Swedish and in the Russian armies, in addition to the jaegers.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland163.html (1607 words)

	Finland -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland's first inhabitants, dating from about 7000 BC, probably followed the melting ice northward, attracted by a good supply of game.
		Finnish nationalism became a powerful movement early in the 19th cent.; it was inspired by such leaders as the poet J. Runeberg ; the statesman and philosopher J. Snellman, whose promotion of the Finnish language helped it to achieve official status in 1863; and the philologist Elias Lönnrot, who compiled the monumental epic Kalevala.
		In the ensuing civil war (Jan.-May, 1918) between the leftist Red Guard (supported by some 40,000 Soviet troops and favoring close ties with the USSR) and the conservative Finnish-nationalist White Guard, led by Marshal Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim and aided by German troops, the White Guard emerged victorious.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/finland_history.asp (1799 words)

	Ammunition for Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After a few months the White Guard or sometimes known as the Civil Guard defeated the Communist Finns in a very bloody battle.
		The newly formed Civil Guard continued as a volunteer organization and acted as the National Guard.
		As the war progressed Finland was looking for other sources of ammunition for its army.
	www.finnishmilitaryguns.com /ammunition_for_finland.htm (1120 words)

	Helsinki, Finland
		Without precedent, Finland was made an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, and in 1812 Czar Alexander I made Helsinki its capital.
		The man who designed the city's original street plan, Johan Albrecht Ehrenström, is today virtually forgotten, although he was the one responsible for the outcome of their city plan, and the only likely place one will run into his name is in the misspelled name of Albertinkatu.
		While the White army under General Carl Gustav Mannerheim desperately fought to gain control of the country, the government eventually sent for help to Imperial Germany, whose army's Baltic Division managed to gain control of Helsinki.
	worldfacts.us /Finland-Helsinki.htm (2634 words)

	White- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		White- (бело-), a prefix used by Bolsheviks to designate their real and alleged enemies of all sorts, by analogy with the White Army.
		White emigrants were perceived as a threat to the Soviet state, a source of espionage and counter-revolutionary plots.
		White-Finn (белофинн): a term introduced during the unsuccessful attempt to initiate a revolution in Finland in 1917-1918, and reintroduced as part of the propaganda related to the preparation of the Winter War against Finland.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/W/White-.htm (317 words)

	Ministry of Defence of Finland
		With the decree issued on 14 June 1918, the War Department was established in the Financial Division of Finland’s Senate.
		It was part of the garrison area of Finland’s Guard and housed the Guard headquarters, the officers’ club and the officers’ living quarters.
		The White Guard of Finland was housed in the building from 1918 to 1939.
	www.defmin.fi /index.phtml/menu_id/34/topmenu_id/34/this_topmenu/29/lang/3 (708 words)

	flag of Coast Guard (Historical Finland) flags, Fahnen, Flaggen, FOTW bei Nationalflaggen.de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A white rectangular swallow-tailed flag with a blue disk containing a white emblem of the Office.
		A white triangular pennant with a blue disk containing a white emblem of the Office.
		A white rectangular swallow-tailed long pennant with a thin blue stripe along the middle and a blue square at hoist containing a white disk with the blue emblem of the Office.
	www.nationalflaggen.de /flags-of-the-world/flags/fi_cg39.html (140 words)

	old finland
		Old Finland (Vanha Suomi in Finnish) is a name used for the areas that Sweden lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and in the Hats' Russian War.
		Old Finland was joined to the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812.
		These areas were later referred to as Old Finland and in 1812 they were incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Finland.
	www.fact-library.com /old_finland.html (175 words)

	White Guard (Finland) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that unfortunately has received many different translations to English, for instance: Security Guard, Civil Guard, National Guard, White Militia, Defence Corps, Protection Guard, Protection Corps and Protection Militia.
		Svinhufvud's "White Senate" had yet noting but the "White Guards" to rely on.
		Soon the Senate asked Carl Gustaf Mannerheim to form a new Finnish army on the basis on the Suojeluskunta militia, which already had begun in small scale to disarm the Russian garrisons - at the same time intending to stop the flow of weapons to the Red Guards.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/white_guard__finland_ (1036 words)

	Urho Kekkonen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This policy allowed Finland to live with both the nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact/.
		Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi in the SavoniaSavo region of Finland, but he lived his childhood in Kainuu.
		During the Finnish Civil War, he fought for the White Guard (Finland)White Guard and led a firing squad in Hamina/.
	www.infothis.com /find/Urho_Kekkonen (968 words)

	White Guard (Finland) Definition / White Guard (Finland) Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		White Guard (Finland) Definition / White Guard (Finland) Research
		The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (pluralPlural is a grammatical number, typically referring to further than one of the referent in the real world.
		Where possible, virtually all students in higher education worldwide are required to learn some English, and knowledge of English is virtually...
	www.elresearch.com /White_Guard_(Finland) (232 words)

	Finland
		During World War II, Finland fought the USSR twice and then the Germans toward the end of the war.
		Per capita income has risen to the West European level; Finland is a member of the European Union and is the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
		Flag description: white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
	www.helsinki.freewebspace.com /c.htm (1265 words)

	Articles - Karelo-Finnish SSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The attack by the Soviet Union on Finland and the ensuing Winter War ended less successfully than the Soviet side had expected.
		In the ensuing Continuation War, the territory was occupied by Finland more or less from July 1941 until July 1944, and in the following peace Finland was able to defend its independence.
		In Finland, which had suffered hard from the civil war in 1918 between the White Guard and Red (socialist) "Worker Protection Guards", Kuusinen came to be hated even by the socialist side.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Karelo-Finnish_SSR?mySession=b86a20cd6a2dd3384000120da153c003 (433 words)

	~~~ Adela Schwarzer ~~~
		Soon, in November 1939, the Krakow Jews – under a death sentence – were demanded to wear a white band with a blue star of David on their arm.
		We were guarded by volksdeutschers, a Polish man and a Ukrainian.
		When she got better, she was sent from the transit centre in Lubeck, Germany, to Sweden by the Swedish Red Cross (Folke Bernadotte's “white buses”) on the ship SS “Ronnkaer”, on July 16th, 1945.
	www.adelaschwarzer.com /index.htm (3000 words)

	The Polish Front And Our Tasks: The Military Writings and Speeches of L. Trotsky: Volume 3
		Uncertainty and contradiction reign in the camp of the imperialists themselves, where all questions are concerned, and especially the question of which policy to choose in order the more surely to smother workers’ and peasants’ Russia.
		We have therefore proclaimed from the very outset, and in the future we shall confirm in action, that defeat of the Polish White Guards, who have attacked us will not change in the slightest our attitude concerning the independence of Poland.
		Owing to the exaggerated economic demands made by the Letts, the negotiations dragged on very slowly, and the peace treaty was not signed until August l 1.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1920-mil/ch20.htm (1130 words)

	Cheese, Specialty Food, Gourmet Gift Baskets, Cheese Gifts: igourmet
		The picnic basket is a roller cooler with a collapsable handle and contains a setting for four (plates, knives, forks, spoons, cloth napkins, and wine glasses), cheese board, cheese knife, corkscrew and packed with reusable moisture guard freeze packs.
		To top it off, there is a holder that will also keep your wine cool on the side.
		And the "icing on the cake" is an English dessert cheese, White Stilton with Fruit.
	www.igourmet.com /shoppe/shoppe.asp?cat=10 (1861 words)

	Finland
		Finland, Discover the nature of Finland, Hotels in Finland,, Appartments, Studios, Travel Agents, Finland,, skiing, Finland, mountains, sport, Enterntainment,
		This intriguing article by Turgay Kurum, which explores the shared origin of the Scandinavian Runic alphabet and the Gokturk alphabet used in ancient Turkish inscriptions, is also available in Turkish.
		Welcome to The European Ethnohistory Database.This is a rather unique look at Europe that traces the history of ethnic groups, their affinities, and languages.
	www.helsinki.freewebspace.com /a.htm (2711 words)

	Ground Zero Books Ltd. Title Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Appreciation of Art: To be Used with EM 630 and EM 631 as a Self-Teaching Course.
		The White Peril in the Far East: An Interpretation of the Significance of the Russo-Japanese War
		A Rendezvous With Destiny: The Roosevelts of the White House
	www.groundzerobooksltd.com /store/index.htm (10016 words)

	Governor-General of Finland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Governor-General of Finland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The Governor-General of Finland was the head of the (Click link for more info and facts about Senate of Finland) Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous (Click link for more info and facts about Grand Duchy of Finland) Grand Duchy of Finland, between 1808 and 1917.
		The Governor-General was the highest representative of the (A federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state) Russian (A male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)) Tsar and received his instructions directly from the Tsar.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Go/Governor-General_of_Finland1.htm (434 words)

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