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Topic: White Ruthenia

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	Ruthenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past.
		By the end of the 12th century, the word Ruthenia was used, among the alternative spelling Ruscia and Russia, in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev.
		In the early 20th century, the name "Ukraine" was widely accepted in Galicia/Halychyna and the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to the area south of the Carpathian mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ruthenia (1101 words)

	Wikipedia: Ruthenia
		Ruthenia or (ancient) Russia is a name that has been applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were the populated by Eastern Slavonic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in old times.
		After the feudal consolidation of Ruthenia into several duchies, most of them were subjugated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later in personal union with the Kingdom of Poland to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Commonwealth of the Two Nations).
		Ruthenia'\, Carpato-Ruthenia, Carpathian Ruthenia, or Carpatho-Ukraine' is the name of a region in Central Europe comprising the southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/r/ru/ruthenia.html (1071 words)

	Ruthenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ruthenia or Rus is an old name applied to parts of the Eastern Europe which were the populated by Eastern Slavonic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in old times.
		After the feudal fragmentation of Ruthenia into several duchies, most of them were subjugated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later in personal union with the Kingdom of Poland to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Commonwealth of the Two Nations).
		Ruthenia or Carpato-Ruthenia or Carpatho-Ukraine is the name of a region in Central Europe comprising the southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/r/ru/ruthenia.html (432 words)

	Ruthenia
		Ruthenia is a name that has been applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were the populated by Eastern Slavonic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in old times.
		Essentially the term Ruthenia, originally a translation of Rus' into the language of European learning, Latin, over the past millenium, was used to apply to the ethnos' or political state to which the small territory surrounding Kiev, (Kievan Rus') belonged.
		Rus' thus becomes narrowed to the nations of Ukraine and Belarus' (Old Ruthenia) as the new language and nation of Muscovy is born.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/r/ru/ruthenia.html (1532 words)

	Ruthenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past.
		By the end of the 12th century, the word Ruthenia was used, among the alternative spelling Ruscia and Russia, in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev.
		In the 1880s and 1900s, due to the spread of the name "Ukraine" as a substitute for "Ruthenia" among the Ruthenian/Ukrainian population of the Russian Empire, the name, "Ruthenian" was often restricted to mean western Ukraine, an area then part of the Austro-Hungarian state.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Ruthenia (1092 words)

	Ruthenia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and continued the use of the word, "Rus'," to cover the expanded state.
		The territories of Halych-Volynia in the south fell under Catholic Lithuanian and Polish influence, and therefore were usually denoted by the Latin Ruthenia, because the Pope preferred this spelling.
		Ruś; Biała — White Ruthenia, White Russia or Belarus
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ruthenia (1108 words)

	Belaruss encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Belaruss politics and officials, Belaruss History. Travel to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		White Russia is a name that was historically applied to different regions in Eastern Europe, most often to the region that roughly corresponds to the present-day Belarus.
		Ruthenia is the latinized version of Kievan Rus’, a 9th to 12th-century state that existed in the territories of modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, and part of western Russia, eastern Poland and Slovakia.
		The Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein explains that the Muscovite rulers wore white robes to distinguish themselves from the purple of the Roman rulers and the red of the Byzantines.
	www.belarusiworld.com /wiki-White_Russia (714 words)

	Belarus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically, the country was referred to in English as "White Russia" (translating the Latin Ruthenia Alba); the practice continues to this day in other languages.
		The first known use of "White Russia" to refer to Belarus was in the late 16th century by Englishman Jerome Horsey.
		During the 17th century the Russian tsars used "White Rus", asserting that they were trying to recapture their heritage from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belarus (3978 words)

	Wikipedia: Belarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The explanation may be found in Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein First Muscovian tsars wore white robes -- to distinguish themselves from Byzantine emperors that wore purple and Persian rulers that wore red -- in accordance with the Third Rome doctrine of Russian tsars.
		This appellation, together with the solemn wording "White Tsardom", was in use till the very end of the Russian Empire.
		The root "balt-" means "white" in languages and dialects of Baltic group, e.g., in Lithuanian and Latvian.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/b/be/belarus.html (686 words)

	Ruthenia
		The word Ruthenia is the Latin name for an old Slavic territory which didn't have proper name but was called by its inhabitants "Руськая Земля" ("ruskaya zemlya") which could be translated as "Rusian Land" or "Land of Rus".
		By the 10th century, the term Ruthenia was used, among other spellings, in Latin Papal documents in the sense of Rus' the people or medieval state of Rus (Kievan Rus), and later became a dominant name for Rus in Latin.
		During the period of 1880s — early 1900s, "Ruthenia" was often used in reference to western Ukraine.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/r/ru/ruthenia.html (593 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Ruthenia
		There is a 12th-century Latin geography from France which says that "Russia is also called Ruthenia, as you may see from the following phrase of Lucanâ¦"?title=The original Latin text: Polonia in uno sui capite contingit Russiam, quae et Ruthenia, de qua Lucanus: Solvuntur flavi longa statione Rutheni.
		Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality (or Muscovy) took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and continued the use of the word, "Rus',"?title=to cover the expanded state.
		Therefore, to avoid confusion with the term "Russian"?title=and hence "repatriation"?title=to the Soviet Union (which finalized the annexation of Kresy after the war), the terms White Ruthenian, Whiteruthenian, and Krivian were used.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Ruthenia (1078 words)

	Communication from the Commissar for White Ruthenia, Kube, to Rosenberg, Concerning Appropriation of Cultural Objects ...
		Communication from the Commissar for White Ruthenia, Kube, to Rosenberg, Concerning Appropriation of Cultural Objects by the SS and the Wehrmacht, 29 September 1941
		I beg to have these valuable collections, insofar as they are not needed in the Reich, again placed at the disposal of the general district of White Ruthenia, in any case, however, to have the money value secured for the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
		White Ruthenia, already rather poor, has suffered a heavy loss through these actions.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/Rosenberg22.htm (529 words)

	White Ruthenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		White Ruthenia is a name that was historically applied to different regions in Eastern Europe, most often to the region that roughly corresponds to the present-day Belarus.
		Military history of Belarus during World War II
		Communication from the Commissar for White Ruthenia, Kube, to Rosenberg, Concerning Appropriation of Cultural Objects by the SS and the Wehrmacht
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_Ruthenia (99 words)

	Pravapis.org - Belarusian language - White Russia
		The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name.
		The white Sarmatia was all that part that lieth towards the north and on the side of Livonia – as the provinces now called Dvina, Vaga, Ustiug, Vologda, Kargopol, Novgorod, etc. – whereof Novgorod Velikii was the metropolis or chief city.
		When the Muscovites conquered Great Novgorod in 1471-1478, its Western name was spread to the whole newly born empire of the Ivan III – yet again, this Western scholarly name was hardly known to anybody in the East.
	www.pravapis.org /art_white_russia.asp (671 words)

	Jewish Population in the East, Situation Report PS-3943
		Although the great majority of the White Ruthenian Jews were impecunious, they still had exercised for a long time a great influence in all spheres of life, in the former Polish area as well as in the originally Soviet Russian area.
		While in the Soviet Russian part of White Ruthenia they had their powerful positions in the state apparatus, and above all in the Communist party, especially in its real centers of power, the Central Committee and the Politbureaus.
		In order to bring the Jews under an effective control, independent of the measures to be taken later, Jewish Councils of Elders were formed, who were responsible to the Security Police and the SD for the behavior of their racial comrades.
	www.codoh.com /incon/incondocPS3943.html (577 words)

	Ruthenia Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is believed that the first attempt to consolidate Eastern Slavic tribes was made by the Viking named Rurik.
		The fragmentation of Kievan Rus'and its subjugation to external empires was the basis for the split of Ruthenians into three separate nations.
		After World War II it was ceded to the Soviet Union.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/r/ru/ruthenia.html (378 words)

	Belarus - Historical Flag (1918,1991-1995)
		The white in the flag is an allusion to the name of the country - 'White Russia' (or 'White Ruthenia').
		The origins of the traditional white - red - white Belarusian flag are lost in the mists of ancient history.
		The old Bielorussian colours have always been the white and red and in fact the flag of the first independent government of a "Byelorussian People's Republic" (in exile in Vilnius from 1919-1925) was a white flag with a red horizontal band of red, the central red stripe being bordered by a thin fl stripe.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/by_1991.html (573 words)

	ipedia.com: Belarus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In English, Belarus and Belarusian are the common terms: they refer to the historical connection with the people known as Rus' that predated Russians, Ukrainians or Belarusians.
		However there is much confusion as to the location of this territory: in addition to the approximate territory of modern Belarus quite a few ancient maps put "Ruthenia Alba" over the territory of Muscovy.
		Ultimately, this colour was transferred onto the name of White Army, that fought against the Red Army.
	www.ipedia.com /belarus.html (727 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/nca/nca-06/nca-06-3428-ps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In consequence, the treatment of Jewry in White Ruthenia, in view of the endangering of the entire economics, is a matter of political prominence, which should in consequence not be solved only according to an economic, but also according to a political viewpoint.
		Besides the fact of this unequivocal attitude toward the Jewry, the SD in White Ruthenia has in addition the grave task to transfer continually new contingents of Jews from the Reich to their destiny.
		I fully agree with the commander of the SD in White Ruthenia, that we shall liquidate every shipment of Jews, which is not ordered or announced by our superior offices, to prevent further disturbances in White Ruthenia.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.cgi/ftp.py?imt/nca/nca-06/nca-06-3428-ps (790 words)

	Ruthenia
		Preface: The history of "Ruthenia" is interesting, as well as a bit confusing. This lens will muddle through this confusion, hoping to shed some light on the facts.
		Referring to the yellow highlighted areas in the picture, you see that Ruthenia's territory spanned the trail of the Carpathian Mountains.
		The term was applied to Ukraine in the Middle Ages when the princes of Halych briefly assumed the title kings of Ruthenia.
	www.squidoo.com /ruthenia (795 words)

	Right Ways. » Blog Archive » Polish, Russian, Lithuanian? Or maybe White Ruthenian?
		White Russians are mostly of Lithuanian stock, Russianized in earlier centuries.
		“White Ruthenia covers approximately the south and east of Lithuania, which was originally inhabited by peoples of the Sarmatian stock, who were divided into two branches, Lithuanian and Slavonian.
		The White Ruthenians occupy the present governments of Vitepsk, West Polock, Minsk, Mohylev, Grodno, and Vilno….where they are energetically carrying out a nationalist revival, in order to differentiate themselves from Poles and Lithuanians on the one hand, and from Russians on the other, — a policy which no doubt the Russian government has encouraged.”
	www.wrongways.com /polish-russian-lithuanian-or-maybe-white-ruthenia (1268 words)

	Correspondence and Report Concerning the Aktion of Police Battalion 11 in Sluzk, 27 October 1941
		Furthermore, I pointed out that White Ruthenian tradesmen are so to say non-existent, that therefore all vital plants had to be shut down all at once, if all Jews would be liquidated.
		It seems to be very doubtful whether under these circumstances the remaining tradesmen will show any interest in their work and produce accordingly, particularly as even today they are running around with bloody and bruised faces due to the brutality.
		Though they are intimidated and don't dare to utter their free opinion, one has already heard that they take the viewpoint that this day does not add to the glory of Germany and that it will not be forgotten.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/annihil1.htm (2269 words)

	The Mazal Library
		The SS Commissioner General for White Ruthenia objected to the executions in his district — not on the grounds of humanity, but because he believed the unbridled murder program was lowering the prestige of Germany.
		To bury seriously wounded people alive, who worked their way out of their graves again, is such a base and filthy act that this incident as such should be reported to the Fuehrer and Reich Marshal.
		The civil administration of White Ruthenia makes very strenuous efforts to win the population over to Germany in accordance with the instructions of the Fuehrer.
	www.mazal.org /archive/nmt/04/NMT04-T0451.htm (422 words)

	Ruthenia
		Ruthenia is the old name for the Eastern Slavonic countries known today as: Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.
		Red Ruthenia, now divided between Poland and Ukraine
		There were serious attempts to change this union into the Commonwealth of the Three Nations: Poland, Lithuania (including Belarus) and Ruthenia Ukraine.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/r/ru/ruthenia.html (256 words)

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