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Topic: White Sheep Turkmen

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Kara Koyunlu

Black Sheep Turkmen

Sheep

Uzun Hasan

Turkmen

Persian Empire

History of Iraq

Islamic conquest of Iran

History of Azerbaijan

History of Iran

Baghdad

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Erbil

Battle of Manzikert

Emanuel Swedenborg

	White Sheep Turkmen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, White Sheep Turkmen were present in Anatolia since at least 1340, and most White Sheep Turkmen leaders, including the dynasty 's founder, Kara Osman, married Byzantine princesses.
		For a long time, the White Sheep Turkmen were unable to expand their territory, as the rival Black Sheep Turkmen kept them at bay.
		The Safavids and the White Sheep Turkmen met in battle at Nakhichevan in 1501, and the Safavid leader Esma'il I forced the White Sheep Turkmen to withdraw.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Ak_Koyunlu (423 words)

	Ak Koyunlu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans ( Azeri-Turkish : AÄqoyunlular / Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508.
		According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, White Sheep Turkomans were present in Anatolia since at least 1340, and most White Sheep Turkoman leaders, including the dynasty 's founder, Kara Osman, married Byzantine princesses.
		The Safavids and the White Sheep Turkomans met in battle at Nakhichevan in 1501, and the Safavid leader Ismail I forced the White Sheep Turkomans to withdraw.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_Sheep_Turkmen (436 words)

	Turkmen people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmen people (of which the Turkic plural is properly Turkmenler) form an ethnic group, part of the Turkic peoples.
		Estimates of their numbers vary dramatically, from 300 000 Turkmen and Turkish speakers according to the Ethnologue [1] to 3 million according to the Iraqi Turkmen Front.
		Since the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraqi Turkmen have emerged as a key political force in the controversy over the future status of northern Iraq and the Kurdish Autonomous Region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmen_people (438 words)

	Black Sheep Turkmen - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Black Sheep Turkmen were vassals of the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over Mosul.
		However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Black Sheep Turkmen, and Kara Yusuf fled to Egypt and sought refuge with the Mamelukes.
		In 1466, Jihan Shah attempted to take Diyar Bakr from the White Sheep Turkmen, however, this was a catastrophic failure resulting on Jihan Shah's death and the collapse of the Black Sheep Turkmen's control in the Middle East.
	en.freepedia.org /Black_Sheep_Turkmen.html (309 words)

	Encyclopedia: Black Sheep Turkmen
		The Black Sheep Turkomans were vassals of the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over Mosul.
		However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Black Sheep Turkomans, and Kara Yusuf fled to Egypt and sought refuge with the Mamelukes.
		In 1466, Jihan Shah attempted to take Diyar Bakr from the White Sheep Turkomans, however, this was a catastrophic failure resulting on Jihan Shah's death and the collapse of the Black Sheep Turkoman's control in the Middle East.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Black-Sheep-Turkmen (353 words)

	Kazakh Carpets
		In general the fleecyless carpets are decorated with the rows of the cross-pieces and the ringlets in the form of sheep horns.
		Common motives of Kazakh and Turkmen carpets obviously appeared in Syrdarya in the period of the ascendancy of the Oguz and Kypchak tribes.
		A cross-piece with the pattern of a sheep horn is inscribed in wide or oblong octagons, squares and rhombs.
	expat.nursat.kz /pic.php?2661 (1826 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Turkmen hand-knotted carpets are well-known all over the world and are exhibited in many famous museums of the world; Turkmen carpets have borrowed theirs coloures from nature.
		White colour is adopted from the moon's light, fl colour- from dark night, yellow colour- from sunny rays (beams), green colour- from spring meadows and red colour is looked like blossoming poppied field.
		Turkmen carpets are made from pure national wool and according to theirs decorations, patterns, density and height of a pile they are devided into the follawing grups: akhalteke, teke, pendi, youmud, choudour, gyzylayak, beshir, kerki.
	turkmen.persianblog.com /1382_6_turkmen_archive.html (3725 words)

	Empire of Trebizond - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trebizond was in continual conflict with the Sultanate of Iconium and later with the Ottoman Turks, as well as Byzantium, the Italian republics, and especially the Genoese.
		His son Alexius IV married two of his daughters to Jihan Shah, khan of the Black Sheep Turkmen, and to Ali Beg, khan of the White Sheep Turkmen ; while his eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus.
		He gave his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, khan of the White Sheep Turkmen, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_of_Trebizond (1007 words)

	Jozan: Turkmen Saryja wool
		The average live weight of the adult female sheep reaches 55 — 58 kg, with a clip of wool 3.0 — 3.5 kg and that of the rams 70 — 80 kg and 3.5 — 4.5 kg respectively.
		The spring Saryja wool is classified according to the quality as Class I and Class II before arriving to the plants for initial treatment and according to the condition as normal, weedy, bur and weedy-bur-defective.
		It must include: the clipping period, location where the wool is clipped, the number of sheep by gender and age, calendar plan for preparing flock for clipping, the number of clipping workers and additional personnel for taking care of sheep and classifying, gathering and packing wool.
	www.jozan.net /2004/Turkmen-Saryja-wool.htm (1129 words)

	Turmenistan history3
		Of these tribes, the Turkmen Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) and Karakoyunlu (Black Sheep) dynasties who established their states in western and northern Iran and in eastern Anatolia founded a great civilisation between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries.
		In this period, many of the Turkmen living around the Lake Aral left their homelands because of pressures from both the Khanate of Khiva and the Kalmuks and migrated to around Astrakhan and Stavropol in northern Caucasus.
		The Turkmen and the Russian who had commercial relations in previous centuries started to develop these relations in the nineteenth century, particularly between 1819 and 1836, the Russian made frequent visits to Turkmenistan to establish trade links, to find new markets and develop a military strategy.
	www.asia-travel.uz /turkmenistan/history3.html (1408 words)

	Trabzon
		His son Alexios IV[?] married two of his daughters to Cihanshah[?], khan of the Black Sheep Turkmen, and to Ali Beg[?], khan of the White Sheep Turkmen; while his eldest daughter Maria became the third wife of the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaeologus.
		He gave his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Husan[?] khan of the White Sheep Turkmen, in return for his promise to defend Trebizond.
		He also secured promises of help from the Turkish emirs of Sinope and Karamania[?], and from the king and princes of Georgia.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tr/Trabzon.html (674 words)

	Livestock Gurading Dogs: Man's Partners
		While the sheep are away from the village, the fields are planted, crops raised, and after harvest, as the mountain temperatures have become cooler, the sheep, shepherds, and guarding dogs return to the village fields.
		Where sheep are still a part the local economy, these dogs may accompany the flock to the yaylas, and there they serve as guard dogs under the watchful eye of the shepherd.
		Although the herds in the Eskishehir region are often mixed herds with both sheep and goats, the goats are white Angoras and the sheep, while not as large as the Kangal-Karaman, are predominantly white.
	people.unt.edu /~tlt0002/UKClgd_man_s_partners.htm (2990 words)

	Kara_Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Karakoyunlu or the '''Black Sheep Turkomans''' ( Azeri-Turkish : '''Qaraqoyunlular'''/'''Karakoyunlular''') were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled what is today Azerbaijan, including present-day northwestern Iran and Iraq from 1375 to 1468.
		The Black Sheep Turkomans were vassal s of the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over Mosul.
		However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlane defeated the Black Sheep Turkomans, and Kara Yusuf fled to Egypt and sought refuge with the Mameluke s.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Black_Sheep_Turkmen (325 words)

	M2M Sculptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The background of the design is expressed by the form of water and ornament of Turkmen “ keche” (a carpet, made of wool of sheep, but in comparing with Turkmen carpet it has white and fl colour).
		Turkmen hang up a (horse) shoe on their doors, like something saint, which saves their home from all bad things.
		Below this there is turkmen's "Ruhyet" Palace, one of the biggest palaces of the state.
	willmaster.com /aviator/amandurdyj.html (521 words)

	[No title]
		According to Kashgari, who lived in the 11th century, the word Turkmen means Turkish similar people, which was used by Zulkarneyn (Iskander the great) when he named the powerful Turkic army under the leadership of Shu whom he met after the congruence of Samarqand as Turkmen.
		The term Turkmen for the Iraqi Turks seems to have been created during the discussion of Mosul issue in the third decade of the last century, to isolate the Iraqi Turks from the Turkey.
		The Turkmen of Syria appears in the history as an important factor in the Crusade wars during the reign of Seljuk Empire.
	members.lycos.nl /Kerkuk/ITP.html (3696 words)

	Handmade Turkmen and Bukhara Rugs from Turkmenistan (Oriental Rugs) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The highly-nutritional vegetation of Turkmenistani pastures provides the sheep's wool with valuable properties such as high hygroscopy (the ability to easily absorb moisture from air and retrieve it back), effective protection from cold, high solidity of fibers, and flexibility.
		Turkmen handmade carpets are made only from ecologically-pure wool, creating the most comfortable and aesthetic conditions.
		Imitation "Turkmen" or "Bukhara" carpets are woven in many of our neighboring countries but they are not pure wool products and they have less quality than Turkmenistani rugs.
	www.khazaria.com /turkic/turkmenrugs.html (759 words)

	Ak_Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The '''Akkoyunlu''' or the '''White Sheep Turkomans''' ( Azeri-Turkish : '''Ağqoyunlular'''/'''Akkoyunlular''') were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508.
		According to chronicle s from the Byzantine Empire, White Sheep Turkomans were present in Anatolia since at least 1340, and most White Sheep Turkoman leaders, including the dynasty 's founder, Kara Osman, married Byzantine princess es.
		The Safavid s, who were Shi'ite s, began to undermine the allegiance of many White Sheep Turkomans, particularly Sunni s.
	q-basic.xodox.de /White_Sheep_Turkmen (425 words)

	COCOON - Textile Lexicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		(Turkmen), literal translation - white chuval, a type of chuval with horizontal bands of pattern in pile and flat woven bands of plain weave, the elems are usually woven in pile with a white background colour, hence the term "ak chvual."
		This synthetic dye often turns white or gray, rather than simply fading, the reason why it was banned in Persia and its use discontinued elsewhere at nearly the same time.
		A tribe of Turkmen, weavings are distinguished by a knot that is open left and often there is cotton in the wefting.
	www.cocoontr.com /dictionary.php (491 words)

	Armenians in Iran (ca. 1500-1994)
		Tamerlane's invasion at the end of the fourteenth century and the wars between the Black and White Sheep Turkmen dynasties in the fifteenth century had a devastating effect on the population of historic Armenia.
		The latter part of the fifteenth century witnessed the weakening of the White Sheep and the attempts of the Ottoman sultan, Bayazid 11 (1481-1512), to take advantage of the situation and to extend his domains eastward into Armenia and northwestern Iran.
		By 1501 the Safavid leader Isma'il seized Transaraxia from the White Sheep and declared himself shah.
	www.parstimes.com /history/armenians.html (4984 words)

	JTW News - The Identity of Kirkuk -1-
		Today, the White Sheep (Akkoyunlu) and the Black Sheep (Karakoyunlu) are the surnames of two well-known Turkmen families who live in Kirkuk and Erbil.
		The settlers of Kirkuk refused the kingship of Prince Faysal in the referendum that was held in July 1921.
		Though Kirkuk continued to be a Turkmen city until the beginning of the 1960’s in terms of population, there had been considerable political interferences in the ethnic structure of the city.
	www.turkishweekly.net /news.php?id=14497 (3090 words)

	Ani - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the tenth century the town of Ani was expanded into a major city by Ashot III, who made it the capital of Armenia under the Bagratid dynasty ( 961).
		When it was handed over to the Byzantines in 1045, it was a populous city, known traditionally as the "city with the 1001 churches." It was then occupied by the Seljuk Turks in 1064, getting under White Sheep Turkmen, Black Sheep Turkmen sovereignty later.
		It was taken five times by the Georgians between 1125 and 1209, in 1239 by the Mongols, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake in 1319.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /ani.htm (425 words)

	Free Turkmenistan
		Sheep, or bull-calf especially well-fed for this occasion are killed; different viands are offered to the visitors.
		Therefore, among the sacrificial animals there should be one white sheep.
		The white color symbolizes the righteousness, moral purity and honesty.
	www.erkin.net /chronicle2/news382.html (305 words)

	TurkoTek Discussion Forums - Colours
		Because in Russia the breeding was focused on white.
		This same phenomenon may be at play with the Russian Turkmen rugs compared to the Afghan or Persian Turkmen rugs, as well as with many of the "so called Baluch" rugs.
		At this moment the Karakul sheep in Afghanistan is allmost extinct.
	www.turkotek.com /salon_00098/s98t4.htm (686 words)

	Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The eastern regions were conquered by the White Huns in the late 400s.
		Toward the end of the 1400s Persia was taken over by the Emirate of the White Sheep Turkmen ( Ak Koyunlu).
		The Safavid Shah Ismail I overthrew the White Sheep Turkish rulers of Persia to found a new Persian empire.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Persia (3604 words)

	AllRefer.com - Timurids (Middle Eastern History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		The so-called Black Sheep Turkmen horde brought it to an end when they took (1410) Baghdad.
		He fought the Black Sheep and succeeded in recapturing Tabriz and much of W Persia.
		After his succession (ruled 1447–49) to the throne the Timurid empire fell into anarchy; the Turkmen horde known as the White Sheep conquered much territory, while the Uzbeks looted Samarkand.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Timurids.html (392 words)

	Iraq History \| Lonely Planet World Guide
		The area now known as Iraq was dominated in the late 1300s and early 1400s by the Black Sheep Turkmen, until the rival White Sheep Turkmen took over in 1466.
		Though its people continued to suffer, Iraq dropped out of the Western media's gaze until the terrorist attacks in the US on September 11, 2001.
		The US-led war on terror initially focused on Afghanistan, but it wasn't long before Iraq was once more enemy number one on the White House hit-list.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /destinations/middle_east/iraq/history.htm (1094 words)

	WHITE SHEEP TURKMEN :: FactAgent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Search for White sheep turkmen in other articles.
		Look for White sheep turkmen in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for White sheep turkmen in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
	www.factagent.com /?req=white_sheep_turkmen (125 words)

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