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Topic: Whiteflies

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Jumping plant lice

Mealybug

Homoptera

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Aphid

	Biology and Management of Silverleaf Whitefly
		Adult whiteflies have the ability to both walk and fly, and females lay eggs either singly in a haphazard manner or in spirals or circles on the undersides of leaves.
		Whitefly eggs are ovoid and have a peg-like pedicel that is inserted into a slit made by the female’s ovipositor in the leaf surface.
		Whitefly lifestages are vertically stratified in a plant with respect to leaf age.
	www.biocontrol.ucr.edu /bemisia.html (4860 words)

	Whiteflies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Whiteflies are closely related to other serious plant pests such as mealybugs and scale.
		Whiteflies are often brought into the home and the yard on infested bedding plants or other nursery material.
		Whiteflies begin life as minute, virtually invisible eggs arranged in a semicircle on the undersides of leaves.
	www.yardener.com /Whiteflies.html (305 words)

	Texas Citrus - Mealybug and Whiteflies
		Whitefly adults are small insects averaging 1 to 3 mm in length with two pairs of mealy-white wings held in a roof-like position over the body.
		Whiteflies differ from scales in that both sexes are winged and motile as adults and they restrict their feeding to foliage.
		Adult cloudy-winged whiteflies differ from other whiteflies by the darkened area in the middle of each wing, which gives the wings a cloudy appearance, and by the fact that the wings are held in a flatter position than those of the citrus whitefly.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /citrus/l2311.htm (665 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Whiteflies on Strawberry
		Whiteflies do not have a true pupal stage, but the last part of the fourth instar, when the red eyes of the adult whitefly begin to appear, is often referred to as the "pupa." Only adults and the newly hatched nymphs (i.e., crawlers) are mobile.
		Whiteflies are easy to distinguish from other insect pests: adults of all species are about 0.01 inch in size with four membranous wings that are coated with white powdery wax.
		In summer, in certain areas on the Central Coast and in Ventura County, 30 to 40% of greenhouse whiteflies are parasitized by native parasites.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r734301011.html (1746 words)

	whitflybulletin
		Whiteflies are not true flies, but are closely related to scales, mealy bugs and aphids (order Homoptera).
		Whitefly adults are very easy to see, they are usually found on the undersides of the leaf.
		Both adult and larval beetles avoid feeding on whitefly nymphs parasitized by wasps such as Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus when the wasps are in later stages of development.
	ipmofalaska.homestead.com /files/whitflybulletin.html (2550 words)

	FAQs about whiteflies
		If the whitefly nymph was attacked and killed by a parasite, a round hole will be found on the top of the exuvia rather than a T shaped slit.
		Whiteflies are attacked by a number of predators and parasitoids.
		Whitefly nymphs are eaten by green lacewings, lady bugs, minute pirate bugs, big eyed bugs, and damsel bugs.
	www.uckac.edu /whitefly/faqs_about_whiteflies.htm (1681 words)

	Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Whitefly Control
		Whiteflies began showing resistance to synthetic insecticides early on, and by the 1980s they were a very serious greenhouse pest.
		A generally acceptable threshold for whiteflies is 0.5 per card per day when the crop is young, and 2 per card per day as the crop reaches maturity (2).
		Encarsia wasps kill whitefly nymphs in one of two ways: they either lay an egg inside the nymph, providing food for their young, or they kill the nymph right away and feed on the fluids inside of it (2).
	attra.ncat.org /attra-pub/gh-whitefly.html (2131 words)

	Urban IPM: Insects: Whiteflies
		The type of whitefly that has become a serious pest is known as the sweet potato whitefly or more recently, silverleaf whitefly.
		Other types of whiteflies found in Arizona include the greenhouse whitefly, which thrives in greenhouses, and the ash whitefly, which is found mainly on ash and citrus trees.
		When whiteflies are numerous, they may be found resting on virtually every plant in your yard, but they are not necessarily causing damage.
	ag.arizona.edu /urbanipm/insects/whiteflies.html (803 words)

	Whiteflies
		Whiteflies in general, are attacked by several species of predators and parasitoids.
		Carefully examine plants susceptible to whitefly infestations with the aid of a hand lens for evidence of the parasitoids.
		Parasitized whitefly nymphs will contain the larva or pupa of the parasitoid, or the parasitoid emergence hole can be seen in the whitefly nymph.
	woodypest.ifas.ufl.edu /whitefly.htm (678 words)

	Fungus on Tap to Fight Whiteflies, Other Pests / August 5, 2003 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Microbiologist Mark Jackson developed the deep-tank liquid culture fermentation procedure based on his fungal nutrition studies at ARS' National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill. There, he combined the procedure with a commercial collaborator's method of formulating the fungus' spores into an air-dried powder that can be wetted and sprayed onto plants.
		Whiteflies are a prime target because the sap-sucking insects are pests of some 600 different kinds of plants, including cotton, tomato and poinsettia.
		Whiteflies can also cause harm by infecting plants with disease-causing viruses and excreting honeydew, a sticky waste product that can gum up farm equipment.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2003/030805.htm (332 words)

	Cultural Control of Whiteflies and Host Plant Resistance
		Cultural control options for sweetpotato whitefly include using physical barriers or other barriers that prevent the pest from reaching the crop, adjusting planting dates to avoid the pest, planting in low infestation areas, destroying crop residue and selecting resistant crops or cultivars.
		These include reflective mulches that tend to repel whiteflies, oil-coated yellow mulches that act as a trap for whiteflies, floating row covers (generally made out of a light fiber mesh and placed over newly planted crops) that exclude whiteflies during the vegetative growth of the crop, and trap crops.
		Examples of this are (1) the use of smooth-leaf (glabrous) cotton rather than hairy-leaf cotton to reduce the impact of whiteflies on yield, and (2) resistance to cotton leaf crumple virus in the 'Cedix' cotton variety.
	whiteflies.ifas.ufl.edu /wfly0039.htm (818 words)

	Whiteflies on Landscape Ornamentals
		A generalized life cycle of the whitefly is as follows: The eggs are laid on the undersides of the leaves and hatch in 4 to 12 days into active, six legged nymphs (crawlers).
		Whiteflies as well as soft scales, mealybugs, and aphids excrete large amounts of honeydew which provides an excellent medium for the growth of a fl fungus called sooty mold.
		Parasitized whitefly nymphs will contain the larva or pupa of the parasite or a parasite emergence hole may be visible on a nymph.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /MG254 (941 words)

	Whiteflies In Commercial Greenhouse Poinsettia Production
		Whiteflies land on the top surface of plant leaves and immediately walk around to the shaded lower side to feed and lay eggs (van Lenteren and Noldus 1990).
		Whiteflies damage poinsettias in two ways; by direct feeding (chewing on the leaves) and by indirect feeding (tapping into the phloem to extract sugars).
		Sanderson recommends that “each shipment and cultivar should be inspected individually, because whitefly levels can differ by cultivar and propagator.” Focus the inspection on the undersides of the three oldest (that is, lowest) leaves of the cuttings because lower leaves are more likely to harbor the immature life stages.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/horticulture/DG7373.html (2906 words)

	Whiteflies on the Rise in Central Texas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		They're silverleaf whiteflies, and this year there is a sizeable increase in their Central Texas population.
		Whiteflies can also transmit viruses to plants and are carriers for broad mites, which can have an adverse effect on tomato and pepper quality, he added.
		Bográn said several insecticides are registered and available for silverleaf whitefly control in commercial crops and home landscapes and vegetable gardens, but the decision to treat also depends on a various factors.
	agnews.tamu.edu /dailynews/stories/ENTO/Sep0605a.htm (635 words)

	Sampling Sweetpotato Whiteflies in Cotton (WCRL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Because a predictable relationship exists between numbers of adult whiteflies per leaf and the percentage of leaves infested with just three or more whitefly adults, no more than three whiteflies need to be counted on a given leaf.
		The bandedwinged whitefly is often found in cotton, wild sunflower, weeds, or melons in the early spring and summer.
		The body of the adult bandedwinged whitefly is ashen-gray in color while the sweetpotato whitefly is a creamy-yellow color.
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /programs/naranjo/pubs/wfsampl.html (752 words)

	UCONN IPM:Greenhouse:Insects:Whiteflies
		Whiteflies are sucking insects that feed on plant sap.
		Of these species, the recently introduced silverleaf whitefly is most difficult to control due to its higher reproductive rate and resistance to insecticides.
		However, the bandedwinged whitefly pupae have a dark band down the center of their pupal case.
	www.hort.uconn.edu /ipm/homegrnd/htms/48ghwfl.htm (1496 words)

	Monitoring Whiteflies with Sticky Traps
		For monitoring whiteflies, traps should be suspended from the roof of a greenhouse, or fixed to poles so that they hang within the youngest leaves of the plants.
		This is the area where whiteflies land to feed and oviposit and where they will also fly onto the sticky surface of the traps in the same way that they would land on a plant.
		A large number of whiteflies within a specific location of a crop could also indicate an area of the greenhouse where air bourne whiteflies are easily entering, such as a damaged section close to an outside weed reservoir.
	www.whitefly.org /StickyTraps.htm (625 words)

	Whiteflies
		Whiteflies are white insects with pale yellow bodies that are approximately 2 mm long.
		Typically, whitefly infestations are most serious in greenhouse environments, but there are some whitefly species that can be pests in the landscape.
		Whiteflies that infest rhododendrons are a different species and commonly named rhododendron whitefly.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/entomology/444-280/444-280.html (1134 words)

	Pest Diagnostic Clinic, Factsheet on Whiteflies on Houseplants
		Whiteflies are sucking insects feeding on the sap of their various host plants.
		Whiteflies are vectors of some viral diseases and also secrete honeydew, which serves as a substrate for sooty moulds.
		Whiteflies cannot overwinter outdoors in Ontario; they survive the winter in greenhouses and on houseplants.
	www.uoguelph.ca /pdc/Factsheets/Insect/WhitefliesHouseplants.htm (479 words)

	Whiteflies Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insects that are frequently abundant in vegetable and ornamental plantings.
		With the notable exception of the citrus whitefly, whiteflies are not normally a problem in fruit trees, but several whiteflies can be problems on ornamental trees (see Table 1).
		Whitefly nymphs can sometimes be checked for parasitization before emergence by noting a darkening in their color.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7401.html (1854 words)

	white fly control, White fly Control, WHITE FLY CONTROL, white fly treatment, White Fly Treatment, WHITE FLY TREATMENT, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Greenhouse whiteflies are more prevalent in greenhouses though plants which move to homes and gardens carrying active populations will surely enable them to still live.
		Whiteflies have an insatiable hunger for plant sap and will suck as much of it as they can from the host plant.
		Orthene is very active on whiteflies and will serve as a contact kill, a residual kill to get young as they emerge and because it's an aerosol, there will be no where for the whiteflies to hide.
	www.bugspray.com /article/whiteflies.html (2851 words)

	Whiteflies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Whiteflies differ from most insects in the way they mate (side by side) and that their eggs absorb water from the host leaf after the eggs are inserted into the lower surface.
		This whitefly spread throughout the greenhouse industry in the United States in the next few years and is now the most frequently encountered whitefly pest of poinsettia and gerbera daisy.
		The silverleaf whitefly causes the leaves of melons and stems of poinsettias to blanch noticeably when these whiteflies are abundant.
	ipm.ncsu.edu /AG136/whitfly.html (252 words)

	Whiteflies: description, elimination of whiteflies
		Whiteflies are tiny, snow-white insect pests that (when viewed under a magnifying glass) resemble moths.
		Three common species of whiteflies, the greenhouse, sweet potato and banded wing, are potential pests on a wide variety of crops.
		In heavy whitefly populations of mixed life stages, two to three applications per week may be necessary to bring the population under control with a contact insecticide.
	www.pestproducts.com /whiteflies.htm (734 words)

	Pf's Whiteflies! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Whiteflies are worldwide pests of ornamentals and vegetables.
		Whiteflies reproduce slowly (a generation every 30 to 45 days), but each female may lay up to 400 eggs and live as long as 2 months.
		Fruit and leaves may be covered with a shiny, sticky honeydew secreted by the whiteflies, and a fl fungus that is encouraged by this honeydew can develop.
	pages.prodigy.com /gardenshop/green35.htm (925 words)

	Whiteflies
		Whiteflies normally are seen in large numbers toward the end of summer and into fall, about the time summer crops begin to decline.
		One type of whitefly that recently has become a serious pest is the sweet potato whitefly or a close relative of that species.
		Whiteflies are attracted to lantana, hibiscus, annual flowers, herbs and vegetables.
	www.wranglernews.com /whiteflies.htm (514 words)

	G7275 Managing Whiteflies on Indoor and Outdoor Plants, MU Extension
		Whiteflies are closely related to aphids, mealybugs and scale, all of which feed by sucking sap from plants.
		Whiteflies can be found on the undersides of leaves and are active during the daytime when it is warm.
		Consequently, eradication of a whitefly population usually requires four to five applications of a registered insecticide at five- to seven-day intervals.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/pests/g07275.htm (1310 words)

	An inventory of whiteflies in Belize
		In contrast to the two species discussed above an unknown whitefly species, newly appearing as an agricultural pest, is entirely likely to require considerable investigation to determine its geographical origin.
		This is because of the rudimentary knowledge we have of the tropical and subtropical whitefly faunas from around the world.
		Looking to the future, the NHM has hopes of establishing a research team with a major remit to study whiteflies, their parasitoids and other natural enemies, including the use of DNA techniques to elucidate generic relations and refine species definition.
	www.whitefly.org /WhitefliesInBelize.htm (810 words)

	Protecting Poinsettias
		DeGrandi-Hoffman's whitefly program fits easily on a single floppy disk and runs on any personal computer that is equipped with Windows 98 or later.
		To build the program, she put information about whitefly and wasp biology—gleaned from years of experiments by Sanderson and others—into mathematical form for the computer to analyze.
		For example, they need to indicate the average number of whiteflies that are lurking on or under the leaves of their poinsettias.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/dec01/poin1201.htm (819 words)

	Whiteflies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Adult whiteflies resemble tiny white moths; however, they are not closely related to moths but are more related to scale insects.
		Carefully examine plants susceptible to whitefly infestations with the aid of a hand lens for evidence of the parasite.
		Parasitized whitefly nymphs will contain the larva or pupa of the parasite or the parasite emergency hole can be seen in the whitefly nymph.
	www.treedoc.com /whiteflies.htm (407 words)

	Dealing with Whiteflies
		Whiteflies are not true flies as they are relatives of mealybugs, scales and aphids.
		Whiteflies produce honeydew (like aphids) that drips onto the plant encouraging the growth of sooty mold.
		Whiteflies cam be an indicator of phsophorous and magnesium deficiencies.
	www.ghorganics.com /whiteflies.html (867 words)

	Whiteflies in Gardens
		Whiteflies are small, 1/16 inch long, white, winged insects that suck sap from leaves of various plants including house plants, garden flowers, vegetables and weeds.
		Whiteflies cannot overwinter outdoors at our latitude, but can continue from year to year in greenhouses, and in the far south.
		Because insecticides are not effective against immature stages of whiteflies, applications need to be made every four days to kill adults before they begin to lay eggs for the next generation.
	www.uky.edu /Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/veg/ef303.htm (535 words)

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