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Topic: Whole life tariff

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	Tariff - LoveToKnow 1911
		The tariff history of France in the 19th century divides itself into three periods: one of complete prohibition, lasting till 1860; second, of liberal legislation, from 1860 to 1881; third, of reversion to protection after 1881.
		The tariff history of Germany, up to the foundation of the German Empire, is the history of the Zollverein or German customs union; and this in turn is closely connected with the tariff history of Prussia.
		Efforts were made also to reduce the tariff duties, but these naturally came last: they met with strong opposition, and in the end they were almost completely frustrated, thus leaving as the basis of the tariff the rates which had been levied in the course of the war.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tariff (6316 words)

	iCorrection.com -- Life imprisonment
		Life imprisonment is a term used for a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment.
		In the Netherlands, life imprisonment means in principle that the prisoner is to spend the rest of his life in prison.
		Those serving life sentences for non-violent crimes can apply for parole after ten years; however this does not apply to those serving life sentences for violent crimes such as murder, rape, robbery and kidnapping, who are to remain imprisoned until their deaths.
	www.icorrection.com /life.html (1286 words)

	Whole life tariff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The whole life tariff is a mechanism in British law whereby a prisoner is sentenced to remain in prison until their death.
		The intention of a whole life tariff was for a prisoner to spend the whole of his or her life behind bars without ever being released, although the prisoner could appeal to the High Court or even the European Court of Human Rights to have the tariff reduced.
		A whole life tariff was imposed on all four members of the IRA's Balcombe Street gang in 1977, but they were all freed in 1999 as part of the Good Friday Agreement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Whole_life_tariff (5491 words)

	Henry George and the Tariff Question - Mises Institute
		A tariff slants the playing field in favor of those who are a party to the tariff's benefits, while other industries become hampered by higher costs or perhaps higher barriers to entry, thus prohibiting products, businesses, or entire industries from developing.
		Tariffs and other devices are often used to redistribute income within the economy precisely because no such consensus exists in the body politic, and that redistribution by the tariff is less obvious than other means the government can employ.
		Hence we arrive at the condemnation of protective tariffs as a means to an end, with the end being a politically motivated redistribution of income, the securing of favors for industry participants through opportunities for improved revenues, or the boosting of union wages at the behest of collective bargaining groups.
	www.lewrockwell.com /decoster/henry-george-tariff.html (3139 words)

	Guardian \| End of 'whole life' murder tariff signalled
		The end of the "whole life" tariff for prisoners convicted of the most heinous murders was signalled by the lord chief justice yesterday.
		The panel argued that "whole life" could not be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime, since the offender's life span was unknown.
		A House of Lords case due to be heard later this year is expected to deprive the home secretary of the power to fix tariffs for murderers.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4425623-103690,00.html (611 words)

	STAFFORD v. THE UNITED KINGDOM - 46295/99 [2002] ECHR 470 (28 May 2002)
		The decision of the Secretary of State to apply a whole life tariff in her case was found in the circumstances to be lawful.
		This is in contrast to the position for other life prisoners, where the Parole Board now has the power of decision – pursuant to the provisions of the 1991 Act for discretionary life prisoners and pursuant to the 1997 Act for detainees during Her Majesty's pleasure.
		This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that a whole life tariff may, in exceptional cases, be imposed where justified by the gravity of the particular offence.
	www.worldlii.org /eu/cases/ECHR/2002/470.html (10479 words)

	CNN.com - Life means life for UK 'Dr Death' - July 4, 2002
		Shipman, 55, received 15 life sentences in 2000 and the trial judge said in his case a life sentence should mean life.
		Blunkett has acknowledged that a recent ruling by the European Court of Human Rights could encourage 'whole life' murderers in their legal attempts to strip home secretaries of the power to decide how long serious criminals remain in jail.
		Blunkett vowed after the Strasbourg ruling to fight any attempts by murderers sentenced to 'whole life' prison tariffs to win their freedom by exploiting the judgment.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/07/04/uk.shipman/index.html?related (372 words)

	Tariff Wall
		The allies got so pitifully poor that many of the tariffs were dropped as they were nowhere near being a competitor of the USA.
		Tariffs were THE most argued item in Comgress from 1787 (or before if you count the British taxes) until the 1940s.
		A whole new generation had grown up without them and they never heard the arguments as to why they had existed.
	members.tripod.com /~tariffs/tariffwall.html (818 words)

	Taussig, Essay on Tariffs from the Encyclopedia Britannica: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Where tariff duties are imposed solely for revenue, an equivalent excise tax is imposed within the country, so as to put the domestic producer precisely on the footing of his foreign competitor; and tariffs so maintained are in complete conformity with the principle of free trade.
		The tariff of 1828 was affected by some political manipulation, which caused it to contain objectionable provisions, and to be dubbed "the tariff of abominations." But the so-called abominations were removed in 1832, when the protective system was deliberately and carefully rearranged.
		The Democratic party now was in control of legislation, and in the Tariff Act of 1846 established a system of moderate and purely ad valorem duties, in which the protected articles were subjected, as a rule, to a rate of 30 per cent., in some cases to rates of 25 and 20 per cent.
	www.econlib.org /library/Taussig/tsgEnc1.html (6146 words)

	The Scotsman - UK - Human Rights court rules government must not interfere in life sentences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Stafford, now 69, received a life sentence for a gangland murder in 1967 and was released on licence 12 years later, but was jailed again in 1994 for a major cheque fraud.
		The government’s defeat opens the way for 1,300 convicted murderers whose tariffs have expired, including John Straffen, 70, Britain’s longest-serving lifer who was reprieved from the gallows in 1952 for strangling girls aged nine, six and five.
		He was sentenced to life with a recommendation that he serve a minimum of 25 years, later increased to a whole-life tariff.
	thescotsman.scotsman.com /uk.cfm?id=579902002 (726 words)

	OUP Companion web site: December 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A whole life order should be imposed where the seriousness of the offending is so exceptionally high that just punishment requires the offender to be kept in prison for the rest of his or her life.
		The facts of the case, considered as a whole, will leave the judge in no doubt that the offender must be kept in prison for the rest of his or her life.
		However, in cases involving guilty pleas and whole life orders, the court should consider the fact that the defendant has pleaded guilty to murder when deciding whether it is appropriate to order a whole life term.
	www.oup.com /uk/booksites/content/0199275297/Updates06/dec_05 (7039 words)

	Teenager admits to schoolboy murder - Conservativeunderground
		When in fact, as both God and I know, some of my "complications" in life are caused by not-easily-identifiable characteristics, such as greed or impatience or jealousy or insecurity, nothing having to do with deafness.
		I am opposed to the death penalty, but in return, I should expect that a life sentence means life, and a twenty year sentence should not mean ten.
		He was fighting against a debillitating illness and succeeding in life, and this older kid killed him, targeting him because he was weaker.
	www.conservativeunderground.com /forum/showthread.php?t=85152 (1824 words)

	USA-Presidents.Info - Teddy Roosevelt Second State of the Union Address (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The only relation of the tariff to big corporations as a whole is that the tariff makes manufactures profitable, and the tariff remedy proposed would be in effect simply to make manufactures unprofitable.
		Moreover, if the tariff laws as a whole work well, and if business has prospered under them and is prospering, it is better to endure for a time slight inconveniences and inequalities in some schedules than to upset business by too quick and too radical changes.
		Wherever the tariff conditions are such that a needed change can not with advantage be made by the application of the reciprocity idea, then it can be made outright by a lowering of duties on a given product.
	www.usa-presidents.info /union/roosevelt-2.html (8082 words)

	Stories28
		She is trying to overturn a ruling that life imprisonment means she should die in prison, and win the right to a parole hearing.
		She was jailed for life in 1966 for the murders of Edward Evans and Lesley Ann Downey.
		The Nazareth resident was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison in the death of 5-month-old Marissa Bermea.
	www.sonic.net /~msnyder/angels/Stories28.htm (3332 words)

	Attracta Harron
		When the multiple aggravating factors are taken into account, particularly that you murdered her so soon after your release from prison from such serious offences, I conclude that only one punishment is appropriate especially as you have been given a second chance in the past but it had no effect on your behaviour.
		The Life Sentences (Northern Ireland) Order 2001 requires the judge in a case such as this to fix a term of imprisonment, known as the tariff, which is intended to serve as retribution and deterrence given the seriousness of the offence.
		On 4th August 2006, Hamilton was given a 'whole life' sentence for the brutal murder of Attracta.
	www.martinharran.com (990 words)

	The Law, by Frederic Bastiat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Life, faculties, production — in other words, individuality, liberty, property — this is man. And in spite of the cunning of artful political leaders, these three gifts from God precede all human legislation, and are superior to it.
		These are the three basic requirements of life, and the preservation of any one of them is completely dependent upon the preservation of the other two.
		Sometimes the law places the whole apparatus of judges, police, prisons, and gendarmes at the service of the plunderers, and treats the victim — when he defends himself — as a criminal.
	bastiat.org /en/the_law.html (15843 words)

	T. v. THE UNITED KINGDOM - 24724/94 [1999] ECHR 170 (16 December 1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The tariff determined both the maximum period of detention to be served for the purposes of punishment and deterrence and the minimum period to be served irrespective of dangerousness.
		However, until the tariff period had been served, Article 5 § 4 did not confer any right to periodic review because the tariff period primarily depended on the circumstances of the offence and the consequential requirements of retribution and deterrence, factors which were not subject to change over time.
		In considering whether the length of the original tariff, and the length of time already served by the applicant, are compatible with Article 3, it is appropriate to have regard to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is accepted by all of the member States, including the United Kingdom.
	www.worldlii.org /eu/cases/ECHR/1999/170.html (17081 words)

	The New York Review of Books: CRIME & PUNISHMENT
		Each year in England and Wales some two hundred lifers are released after the tariff or punishment period of their sentence, set by a judge, has expired.
		At the end of the tariff period, their cases are reviewed every two years by a parole board, consisting of a judge, a psychiatrist, and an independent member, at an oral hearing to test whether they can be safely transferred from secure to open prison and from open to the community under license.
		By contrast, in the United States, one in four of the 130,000 lifers in state prisons or federal institutions are serving life without the prospect of parole.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/18455 (920 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Politics \| Killer challenges 'whole life' tariff
		A man serving a life sentence for murder is attempting to strip Home Secretary David Blunkett of the power to set minimum jail terms for killers.
		Mr Fitzgerald also challenged the principle of a mandatory life sentence for murder, introduced with the abolition of the death penalty in 1969.
		Prisoners given life sentence can be locked up for life, at the home secretary's discretion, or be recalled to prison.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk_politics/2345049.stm (745 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I was found guilty and given a life sentence even though there was no attempt by the trial judge to follow the normal procedures for imposing such a sentence.
		I was told that I had a whole life tariff and was made a category A prisoner.
		My 'tariff' or prison sentence was fixed at twelve and a half years.
	flag.blackened.net /blackflag/219/219east.htm (627 words)

	Light of Life, India - Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Light of Life was started by The Evangelical Alliance Mission (TEAM) missionaries as a newsletter for those who graduated from Light of Life Bible Correspondence Courses.
		Light of Life caters to the whole Christian family.
		Light of Life exists to help the evangelical, urban segment to be responsible church members, caring spouses and effective citizens through its inspirational articles, written mainly by nationals.
	lightoflife-india.com /Profile.asp (158 words)

	American jailed for life for killing British policeman North County Times - Nation / World - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		LONDON -- An American man was sentenced to spend the rest of his life in prison Thursday for murdering a wounded British policeman who was pleading for his life.
		Judge Alan Moses handed Bieber a life sentence and set a whole life tariff, meaning Bieber will never be released, a spokeswoman for the Crown Prosecution Service said.
		The fact that Bieber stood over his victim before fatally shooting him was an aggravating feature, warranting the whole life sentence, she said.
	www.nctimes.com /articles/2004/12/03/news/nation/20_10_5612_2_04.txt (735 words)

	Peter Sutcliffe Summary
		His trial lasted just two weeks; he was found guilty of thirteen counts of murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommendation that he serve a minimum of thirty years.
		Despite being given a whole life tariff by successive Home Secretaries, Sutcliffe could still be released from custody if the parole board decides that he is no longer a danger to the public.
		Sutcliffe was also depicted in parodic TV programme Brass Eye (episode regard entitled 'Decline') as being allowed out of prison to write and star in a musical about his life, in which he declares he "really is so very truly sorry" for the murders.
	www.bookrags.com /Peter_Sutcliffe (3442 words)

	John Childs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The remains of Childs's victims were never found: he dismembered the bodies and burned them in the fireplace of his London home.
		Childs was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1980 and remains in prison.
		It is suspected that he is on a whole life tariff, and it has been rumoured that he is one of several prisoners recommended for this term whose tariffs have not been made public.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_Childs (240 words)

	Sapiens - Sapiens INSIGHT™ for Life&Pensions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Life Insurance, Pension and Savings Administration - Total integration between Life Insurance, Pension Funds, Health Insurance and Savings Funds.
		The module manages the activities and the process flow of the whole system and facilitates the creation and maintenance of business processes within the Insurance Company.
		A plan can be a flat plan with one tariff such as term or endowment, or complex interaction of tariffs such as variable premium Universal Life with different schemes.
	www.sapiens.com /en/solutions/insurance/lifeandpension.php (932 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Judge Sir Stephen Mitchell imposed a “whole life” tariff on Regan and Horncy and said this meant they had “no prospect of release”.
		Since the men were convicted last week, they faced mandatory life sentences anyway.
		They will have to be isolated in prison if they are to escape retaliation by fellow prisoners who will be out to “get them” for breaking the code by which the underworld lives.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1050706/asp/foreign/story_4955916.asp (666 words)

	Jack the Ripper : A New Terror - Live for Speed
		The point is, in the past, hooker killings have not made much of a splash in the press.
		He was convicted on fifteen sample charges in 2000 and sentenced to 15 consecutive life sentences.
		Life from memory is 20-25 years (I forget which), and you usually get the chance of parole after about half your time.
	www.lfsforum.net /showthread.php?p=286259 (1651 words)

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