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Topic: Widal test

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	Widal test - Tests - DoctorNDTV
		Widal Test is a serological test widely used for diagnosis of enteric fever.
		While using widal test for the diagnosis of enteric fever, several factors need to be considered for interpretation.
		Modified widal test is a commercially available slide agglutination test in which IgM antibodies can be detected.
	www.doctorndtv.com /faq/detailfaq.asp?id=523 (317 words)

	Widal’s test
		This test measures the level of warm or cold agglutinins in blood.
		In infants or young children, the area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet.
		The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container.
	www.health.am /encyclopedia/more/widals_test (575 words)

	Widal test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium) in this species that induce cross-reactivity; many people have antibodies against this enteric pathogens, which also react with the antigens in the Widal test, causing a false-positive result.
		Typhidot is the other test used to ascertain the presence of typhoid fever
		Other means of diagnosing Salmonella typhi (and paratyphi) include cultures of blood, urine and feces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Widal_test (144 words)

	Agglutination (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French physician Fernand Widal (1862-1929) put Gruber and Durham's discovery to practical use later in 1896, using the reaction as the basis for a test for typhoid fever.
		Widal found that blood serum from a typhoid carrier caused a culture of typhoid bacteria to clump, whereas serum from a typhoid-free person did not.
		Landsteiner's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which had made transfusion possible and safe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agglutination_(biology) (509 words)

	Georges Fernand Isidore Widal (www.whonamedit.com) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A modification of the Donath-Landsteiner test for paroxysmal haemoglobinuria.
		Georges Fernand Isidore Widal was born in Dellys, Algeria, the son of an army surgeon.
		In 1896 Widal developed a procedure for diagnosing typhoid fever based on the fact that antibodies in the blood of an infected individual cause the bacteria to bind together into clumps (the Widal reaction).
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/1004.html (694 words)

	TYPHOID
		Latex agglutination test (LAT) for the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
		Over 100 years since its introduction as a serologic means of detecting the presence of typhoid fever, the Widal test continues to be plagued with controversies involving the quality of the antigens used and interpretation of the result, particularly in endemic areas.
		Salmonella typhi VI antigen co-agglutination test for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever.
	www.jbtdrc.org /Sevamed_2001/Abs/Abs_Typhoid.htm (3923 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Immunology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The speed, accuracy and simplicity of such tests has led to the development of rapid techniques for the diagnosis of disease, microbes and even illegal drugs in vivo (of course tests conducted in a closed environment have a higher degree of accuracy).
		Hemagglutination is the use of this property to test for blood types; anti-A Ab anti-B Ab, and a mixture of anti-A and anti-B Ab are added to aliquots of a blood sample, and the clumping (agglutination) indicates the blood type.
		The Coombs Test is used to detect the presence of agglutinated red blood cells in a patient's blood.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Immunology (8955 words)

	Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Turkey -- Willke et al. 9 (4): 938 -- Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
		Widal Test in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Turkey
		Interpretation of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in Bangladeshi children.
		Reassessment of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/9/4/938 (2367 words)

	Typhidot test to detect IgG & IgM antibodies in typhoid fever Indian Journal of Medical Research - Find Articles
		The Widal test is the mainstay in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in most laboratories but it has drawbacks1.
		Tests for both IgM and IgG were positive in 39 sera whereas IgM alone was positive in 24 and IgG alone in 2.
		The lower specificity was because the test was positive in 6 patients whose blood cultures grew enterobacter (2), non fermenting GNB (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1) and Salmonella group D (1).
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_200208/ai_n9119034 (787 words)

	Typhidot test to detect IgG & IgM antibodies in typhoid fever Indian Journal of Medical Research - Find Articles
		The Widal test is the mainstay in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in most laboratories but it has drawbacks1.
		Tests for both IgM and IgG were positive in 39 sera whereas IgM alone was positive in 24 and IgG alone in 2.
		The lower specificity was because the test was positive in 6 patients whose blood cultures grew enterobacter (2), non fermenting GNB (2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1) and Salmonella group D (1).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_200208/ai_n9119034 (787 words)

	EARLY DETECTION OF TYPHOID BY POLYMERASE
		Widal test and blood culture remain the only universally practiced diagnostic procedures, because other methods are either invasive, have failed to prove their utility, or are expensive.
		Widal test was positive in 28% of the general population.
		Widal test is not a candidate for early detection of the disease because specific antibodies take at least one week to reach detectable levels.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/194/98-322R.html (2575 words)

	executives: Health Testing for typhoid
		The Widal test carried out for typhoid is based on the measure of the quantity of antibodies produced in recognition of the ‘O’ and ‘H’ antigens produced by the typhoid germ.
		For the Widal test to make sense, it has to have two properties: One, it must be significantly raised in respect to the endemicity of the disease, and two, its titres must be raised over a given period.
		So if a Widal test is stagnant in so far as the titre is concerned and a patient is not on anti-typhoid treatment, then the likelihood is that such a patient is not suffering from the disease.
	www.eastandard.net /archives/cl/mags/executives/articles.php?articleid=20636&date=18/05/2005 (1243 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Febrile/cold agglutinins (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This test measures the level of warm or cold agglutinins in blood.
		In infants or young children, the area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet.
		The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003549.html (562 words)

	CDC - Serologic Evidence of Dengue Infection before Onset of Epidemic, Bangladesh
		Widal test results were positive (1:80 dilution) in 52 (23.1%) serum samples from febrile patients.
		Widal test results did not correlate (negatively or positively) with dengue test results; 15 (28.8%) of 52 Widal-positive serum samples had evidence of dengue antibodies compared with 40 (23.1%) of 173 Widal-negative serum samples.
		The Widal test is an imperfect test for typhoid, though specificity improves somewhat with rising titers (14).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol9no11/03-0117.htm (2060 words)

	Classic methods revisited: Widal agglutination test - 100 years later: still plagued by controversy -- Olopoenia and ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		significance of this sero-diagnostic test for typhoid fever in
		of Widal test for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in endemic
		A rapid slide test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/76/892/80 (3138 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The utility of Widal test, in endemic areas is stil1 controversial(3).
		Since the specificity of the test in true negative cases was high, we believe that the patients with LAT positive test butnegative cultures represent true cases of typhoid fever.
		Latex agglutination test for rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /jan1999/jan-65-68.htm (1647 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Patients directed to the laboratory for the Widal and malaria parasite tests by the attending physician in four hospitals in Zaria were sampled for this study.
		Twenty-two of the 60 malaria patient samples were positive for typhoid by the Widal test considering a positive Widal test for any sample showing antibody titre of greater or equal to 1 in 160 against the somatic (O) antigen of S. typhi.
		The high rate of typhoid and malaria co-infection associated with the Widal test (10.1%) may be responsible for the frequent treatment of mixed infections in Zaria.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?am03014 (1759 words)

	Pakistan Pediatric Association - Jornal Section - Full (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the entire cohort of 103 cases (clinical and culture proven typhoid) n=103, TUBEX test was positive in 89 (86.41%), Typhidot test in 77 (74.76%) and Widal test in 72 (69.90%) patients respectively.
		In the non-typhoid group TUBEX test was positive in 4(15.38%), Typhidot in one (3.85%) and Widal test in 7(26.92%) patients respectively.
		It is a useful rapid test for serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in children.
	www.ppa.org.pk /journal/main/full.asp?article_NO=V29N1P27-33 (443 words)

	Correspondence
		The Widal test using in-house S. typhi antigenswas considered positive in a single serum sample whenthe S. typhi H antibody titre was = 320 and O antibodytiter was =160.
		The Widal testin single serum sample was positive in 30 (60%) bloodculture positive patients and was negative in all 50 casesin the control group.
		Widal test wasfound to be 60% sensitive and 100% specific whereasTyphidot was 96% sensitive and 86% specific whencompared to blood culture.
	www.japi.org /february2006/Corr1.htm (355 words)

	Widal's test - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Widal test is used to demonstrate rising titres of antibodies to flagellar (H), somatic (O) antigens in typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
		Widal's test is of limited use because H and O antibody levels may rise non-specifically due to cross reactions with other enterobacteriacea.
		The interpretation of the serology thus requires consideration of factors such as previous immunization, the stage of the illness and the effect of any antibiotic treatment, etc. Widal's test and particularly its interpretation requires an expert.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1798307819.htm (169 words)

	Daily Nation On the Web (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The widal test is the cheapest and simplest to perform.
		Banning this test would mean that patients in dispensaries and health centres have to be referred to these hospitals for stool and blood culture.
		This will surely defeat the purpose for which these health facilities were meant, for thousand of patients have been, and still are, treated for typhoid on the basis of the widal test and have been cured.
	www.nationaudio.com /News/DailyNation/18052001/Letters/Letters13.html (232 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To evaluate the diagnostic value of Diazo test in typhoid fever, we studied 100 children with Widal or blood culture positive typhoid (study group) and 30 children with fever due to other diseases such as measles, dysentery, malaria and tuberculosis (control group) admitted at Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, Jaipur.
		The test was done on morning sample of urine in all cases daily from the time of inclusion in the study till the patients were discharged.
		We believe that this is a simple bedside test which can be used to diagnose typhoid fever where facilities for blood culture and Widal test are not available.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /mar2003/mar-270-271.htm (530 words)

	Widal test and blood cultures
		As i live in HK and the widal tests are very common test to be ordered.
		You are correct the widal test is less sensitive than blood culture so most look for Salmonella in the blood.
		In some countries with less resources the widal test is still used for diagnosing typhoid fever because it is less expensive than doing cultures or because the clinic the tests are being performed in do not have the ability to culture for the organisms in the blood.
	www.suite101.com /discussion.cfm/microbiology/81581 (966 words)

	Blood Tests and Interpreting Blood Test Results
		Symptoms generally lead to blood tests and radiographs, depending on the situation.
		Blood tests interpretation should be done by a medical professional.
		Sometimes blood tests need to be confirmed if there is a question about the reliability of the result.
	www.flash-med.com /Lab1.asp (206 words)

	Immunological Tests and Microbiology
		Home Discussion Forum My Account login Register Password Assistant Guide Introduction to Microbiology Microscopy Bacterial Cytology Effect on Bacteria Cultivation of Bacteria Test of Identification Indentify Unknown Bacteria Parasitology Animal Experiments Immunological Tests Microbiology and Its Branches Medical Microbiology Clinical Microbiology Cell Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Demystified Microbiology Food Microbiology Microbiology and Career
		Page Teaser : In microbiology test Immunology is part of test to result with demonsation of agglutinations of RBC, with basis of widal test, bacterial agglutination by slide test.
		DIRECT AGGLUTINATION TEST Wash the hands with soap and water and dry it.
	www.microbiologyguide.com /Immunological_Tests.asp (245 words)

	Prozen effect in widal test, Pediaindia.net Discussions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Should in a clinically suspected case of Typhoid fever, if the widal test come to be -Ve, should we go for further dilution beyond 1/640.
		It may explain few false -ve widal results in strong circumstantial evidences but can't be entertained in workup of prolonged fever as a routine/reliable possibility.
		Widal was negative.Blood C/S was done as I was of the opinion that it must be TYOHOID.
	pediaindia.net /news/openhouse/067_prozen_effect_widal_test.php (1303 words)

	Serology of Typhoid Fever in an Area of Endemicity and Its Relevance to Diagnosis -- House et al. 39 (3): 1002 -- ...
		Serological tests (i.e., the Widal test) are often used to differentiate between patients with typhoid fever and those with
		Significance and value of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area.
		A critical assessment of the conventional Widal test in the diagnosis of tyhoid and paratyphoid fevers.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/39/3/1002 (3668 words)

	Typhidot is the only serological test to diagnose (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Typhidot is the only serological test being used these days to diagnose typhoid fever since culture as well as Widal has certain problems.
		Widal test will give accurate result if it is ordered after five days.
		She further remarked that since this test is very demanding for the technicians, the company must organize courses to train the laboratory technicians.
	www.telmedpak.com /doctorsarticles.asp?a=3949 (1372 words)

	Frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and the ...
		Frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and the relative importance of the tests used for diagnosis -- Fendler et al.
		Figure 2 Percentage of symptoms or tests which were positive in patients with arthritis induced by chlamydia, yersinia, or salmonella (as defined in table 2).
		MIF = microimmunofluorescence test for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies; IPA = immunoperoxidase assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies; ND = not done.
	ard.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/60/4/337 (4180 words)

	Febrile/cold agglutinins (Test)... Fort Lauderdale, Florida
		Agglutinins are antibodies that cause the red blood cells to gather together at low (cold) or high (febrile) temperatures.
		The area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet.
		A positive test for cold agglutinins can indicate atypical pneumonia or viral infections.
	www.browardhealth.org /16738.cfm (559 words)

	software for pathology, x-ray,ultrasound , ecg reporting lab master - complete laboratory software
		There are two ways to accept new test booking for a patient.
		When you want to move through test heads just hold Ctrl and than press up and down arrow and when you want to move through tests just press up and down arrows.
		After selecting the tests press OK button of press F9 key to save the tests.
	www.acsonnet.com /lmaccept.htm (671 words)

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