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	Wilfred Bigelow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wilfred Gordon ("Bill") Bigelow, OC, MD, LL.D, FRSC (June 18, 1913 – March 27, 2005) was a Canadian heart surgeon famous for his role in developing the artificial pacemaker.
		Born in Brandon, Manitoba, the son of Dr. Wilfred Abram Bigelow, founder of the first private medical clinic in Canada, and Grace Ann Gordon, nurse and midwife, he gained his MD from the University of Toronto in 1938.
		He was appointed to the surgical staff of Toronto General Hospital in 1947 and to the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto in 1948.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wilfred_Bigelow (274 words)

	EDGE Magazine : Wilfred G. Bigelow - Great Discoverers, Spring 2001
		Bigelow was appointed to the surgical staff of Toronto General Hospital (TGH) in 1947 and to the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto in 1948.
		Bigelow may have inherited his innovative spirit from his father, who was no simple country doctor: he met the challenge of rural Manitoba's medical needs by establishing the first private medical clinic in Canada.
		Bigelow did not forget the future of the specialty either, for he was a teacher as well as a researcher and surgeon.
	www.research.utoronto.ca /edge/spring2001/greatDiscoverers.html (1354 words)

	CBC News - Viewpoint: Martin O'Malley
		Bigelow's father was a dedicated and curious doctor whose practice included visits to many small towns and backwoods camps in southern Manitoba at the turn of the last century.
		Bigelow chose the groundhog for his experiment, the groundhog being a true hibernating animal (a poikilotherm, as opposed to a warm-blooded homeotherm, which is what humans are).
		Bigelow immediately set out to patent the extract, which he named "hibernin." Just before his team was to announce the fabulous discovery to the world and join a short list for the Nobel Prize a letter arrived from Washington, D.C., saying that 1-butyl, 2-butoxy-carbonyl-menthyl-phthalate had already been patented – as a plasticizer.
	www.cbc.ca /news/viewpoint/vp_omalley/20050401.html (1077 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It was 1941 when "Bill" Bigelow, a resident surgeon at the Toronto General Hospital, expressed concern at the lack of research on frostbite and was challenged by his professor to do something about it.
		This prompted Dr. Bigelow, as a result of his studies in local hypothermia, to investigate whether it might be possible to cool "the whole body, reduce the oxygen requirements, interrupt the circulation, and open the heart."
		Bigelow recalls: “Out of interest and in desperation, I gave the left ventricle a good poke with a probe I was holding.” All four chambers of the heart responded.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /heirloom_series/volume4/234-237.htm (1418 words)

	HHILSCAN: Contact Us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Wilfred Gordon Bigelow was born June 18, 1913 in Brandon, Manitoba, the son of Grace Ann Carnegie Gordon Bigelow and Dr. Wilfred Abram Bigelow.
		W.A. Bigelow (1879-1966) was a general practitioner and surgeon, a charter member of the American College of Surgeons (1913), and the founder of the first private medical clinic in Canada, in Brandon, 1913.
		Following the war, and the completion of his research fellowship at Johns Hopkins, Dr. Bigelow returned to Toronto and was appointed to the surgical staff at TGH in 1947, and as Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto in 1948.
	www.fis.utoronto.ca /hilscan/directory/bigelow.htm (995 words)

	Canadian Medical Hall of Fame: Laureates
		Wilfred Gordon Bigelow was born in 1913 in Brandon, Manitoba.
		After the war, Dr. Bigelow studied at Johns Hopkins University, and then at TGH and the University of Toronto, investigating the physiological effects of hypothermia.
		Bigelow, is the author of 120 publications, including important historical works on hypothermia and the pacemaker, and on the development of heparin in Toronto.
	www.cdnmedhall.org /laureates?laur_id=27 (391 words)

	Bigelow, Wilfred
		Bigelow, Wilfred Gordon, surgeon (b at Brandon, Man 18 June 1913).
		Dr Bigelow's special contribution to surgery of the heart has been the use of hypothermia to slow tissue metabolism and thus protect the heart and brain from damage (see COLD WEATHER INJURIES).
		Bigelow's account of these studies in the book Cold Hearts is interwoven with the story of his own development as a surgeon-scientist.
	thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000735 (181 words)

	Notable Figures : ep-history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A direct result of the hypothermia studies conducted by Bigelow and his co-workers was the observation that poking the stopped heart with a metal probe resulted in the heart responding with an effective contraction.
		Bigelow and colleagues used the technique for cardiac rate control during open heart surgery and for management of patients with complete heart block.
		Bigelow continued to become a prominent member of the founding generation of cardiac surgeons, directed the training program at the University of Toronto and educated a generation of Canadian cardiac surgeons, spreading his research and teaching influence world wide.
	www.hrsonline.org /ep-history/notable_figures/bios/wilfred_bigelow (539 words)

	Medi-Centre - Dr. Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
		When he returned to the Toronto General Hospital, he carried out physiological studies of this phenomenon, which proved its applicability in cardiac surgery: as the body's core temperature is lowered, metabolism slows down to the point that open-heart surgery becomes feasible.
		Bigelow also worked extensively to maximize the effectiveness and safety of the cardiac pacemaker, an important therapeutic tool in cases of irregular heartbeat.
		Bigelow and his team spent most of the 1950s studying hybernation, but, after a full ten years finally admitted that the groundhogs would retain their secret.
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Medicentre/en/bige_print.htm (271 words)

	Dr. Wilfred Gordon (9) Bigelow page 2 = bill9_2.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Bigelow, who was to become an eminent cardiovascular surgeon, pioneered research on the physiological effects of lowering body temperature and developed the techniques which were later to make possible the first open-heart surgery in humans.
		Bigelow realized, as others had, that heart conditions would never be cured until the circulation of blood through the heart could be stopped during an operation.
		Bigelow and his team reported their findings for the first time in a paper presented at the meeting of the American Surgical Association in Colorado Springs in 1950.
	bigelowsociety.com /rod/bill9_2.htm (1216 words)

	CBC News: Innovative heart surgeon Wilfred Bigelow dies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Bigelow, co-inventor of the pacemaker, died on Sunday at age 91.
		Bigelow, who was born in Brandon, Man., in 1913, first became interested in hypothermia in 1941.
		Bigelow also authored 120 publications on his hypothermia and pacemaker research, as well as the use of heparin.
	www.cbc.ca /story/science/national/2005/03/29/Bigelow-obit050329.html?ref=rss (316 words)

	Cardiac Surgery > History
		The heart-lung pump was introduced in the late 1950's in Toronto by Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow at TGH and Dr. William T. Mustard at the Hospital for Sick Children (HSC).
		Bigelow is internationally recognized for the introduction of the technique of general body hypothermia in 1953 and Dr. Mustard for his operation for Transposition of the Great Vessels in 1963.
		The University of Toronto Residency Division of Cardiac Surgery was Chaired by Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow form 1960 to 1977, Dr. Ronald J. Baird from 1977 to 1987, and Dr. Tomas Salerno from 1987 to 1992.
	brodel.med.utoronto.ca /CARD/history.html (479 words)

	Dr. Wilfred G Bigelow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		He had developed an interest in hypothermia as a resident surgeon after having to amputate the frost-bitten fingers of a young man. During the time he served with the Canadian Army in World War H, he again thought of hypothermia as a way to save limbs in which the main artery had been severed.
		It was a landmark discovery that left the profession speechless when Bigelow presented his findings before the American Surgical Association in Colorado in 1950.
		Considered the father of cardiovascular surgery in Canada, Dr. Bigelow has received many awards for his contribution to medicine, including the Order of Canada in 1981 and now his induction into the Medical Hall of Fame.
	bigelowsociety.com /dr_wilfred_Gordon.html (526 words)

	Canadian Medicine: Leading Canadian Doctors
		Toronto surgeon Wilfred Bigelow made two medical discoveries in the field of heart surgery: the use of hypothermia and the development of the pacemaker.
		Bigelow was a cardiac surgeon who began experimenting with hypothermia as a method of cooling the body and the heart, making open-heart surgery possible.
		In later years, open-heart surgeons combined the techniques of hypothermia and the new heart-lung pump (a machine which allowed the blood to bypass the patient's heart and lungs for the duration of the operation).
	www.mta.ca /faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/doctors/heart_matters_answer.html (500 words)

	Le co-inventeur du stimulateur cardiaque s'éteint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Le docteur Wilfred Bigelow, co-inventeur du stimulateur cardiaque et père des opérations à coeur ouvert au pays, est mort en fin de semaine à Toronto à l'âge de 91 ans.
		Wilfred Bigelow est celui qui a mis au point la fameuse technique d'hypothermie pour une opération à coeur ouvert.
		Né à Brandon, au Manitoba, M. Bigelow a étudié la médecine à l'Université de Toronto et il a obtenu son diplôme en 1938.
	www.radio-canada.ca /regions/manitoba/nouvelles/200503/29/005-bigelow_deces.shtml (131 words)

	Badania nad duszą (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Bigelow był członkiem zespołu dyskutantów, który przed Essex Medical-Legal Society omawiał problemy towarzyszące próbom zdefiniowania dokładnego momentu śmierci.
		Bigelow, dokładnie wyjaśniając punkty, które poruszył podczas dyskusji, powiedział w późniejszym wywiadzie, że jego trzydzieści dwa lata praktyki w zawodzie chirurga nie pozostawiają mu żadnych wątpliwości co do tego, że dusza istnieje.
		Bigelow, który zyskał światową sławę dzięki pionierskiej pracy nad "głębokim zamrażaniem", chirurgicznej technice znanej jako hipotermia, oraz dzięki swoim osiągnięciom w chirurgii zastawek sercowych, powiedział, że zarówno teologia, jak i pokrewne nauki uniwersyteckie, powinny podjąć badania nad duszą.
	www.iskcon.net /poland/filozofia/podstawy/dusza.html (1189 words)

	Bigelow, Almon Woodruff (7) = almon7a.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		There is also a grave stone in Saranac, Clinton co, NY that has Abram Bigelow (1836-1896) and wife Elsie (1837-1905), and son Willie A. son of Abram and Elsie; died June 30, 1873; aged 5 yrs.
		There is also an A. Bigelow notated on a map of Dannemora, NY dated 1869.
		My Wife, Patricia Bigelow, is originally from Lake Placid and her ancestors resided in various Northern New York Counties in the area for years.
	www.bigelowsociety.com /rod/almon7a.htm (1829 words)

	University of Toronto -- News@UofT -- In memoriam: Professor Emeritus Wilfred Gordon Bigelow (Apr 5/05)
		He co-developed the first electronic heart pacemaker in 1950, and he introduced the concept and technique of hypothermia (cooling of the body’s temperature) to make possible the first open heart surgery in humans; he is also credited with developing the first formal cardiac surgery training program in Canada.
		Born in Brandon, Man., in 1913, Bigelow received his BA in 1935 and MD in 1938, both from the University of Toronto.
		Bigelow has been without question the most outstanding academic surgeon in Canada in his time,” Salter said.
	www.news.utoronto.ca /bin6/050405-1210.asp (795 words)

	Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Awards
		Dr. W.A. Bigelow (1879-1966) was a general practitioner and surgeon, a charter member of the American College of Surgeons (1913), and the founder of the first private medical clinic in Canada, in Brandon, 1913.
		Dr. Bigelow's post-retirement appointments include positions as Professor Emeritus of Surgery at the University of Toronto, and as Consulting Surgeon at TGH.
		Dr. Bigelow has also served on several important medical-scientific boards and committees.
	www.cscp.utoronto.ca /wilfred-bigelow-bio.html (885 words)

	Dr. Wilfred Bigelow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		We are in Toronto, this is Gerald Rainer and I have the distinct privilege of interviewing Dr. Bill Bigelow.
		I'm going to ask Dr. Bigelow to start off by going back to the very beginning and recounting the things that prompted him to get in to the experimentation of the effects of hypothermia on the body, and especially the heart, and to take it from there, Dr. Bigelow.
		But the historic experiment when we had the pacemaker and cooled the animal to the point of standstill turned on the pacemaker and it only cooled another 2 degrees was a little disappointing.
	www.ctsnet.org /sections/residents/pioneerinterviews/article-2.html (2832 words)

	LM Media Marketing-Distributor of educational audio-visuals. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Following graduation in 1924, he pursued physiological research in Great Britain and in 1929 was appointed Chair of the Department of Physiology at the University of Toronto, a position he retained until his retirement in 1965.
		Ongoing research led Dr. Bigelow to the development of the first implantable cardiac pacemaker, which was an equally important breakthrough in cardiac surgery.
		W.G. BIgelow, an eminent surgeon, describes his pioneering work in the development of hypothermia in cardiovascular surgery.
	www.lm-media.com /perm19.html (3202 words)

	march 2005 > final credits > last link on the left
		Building upon pioneering work developed by Canadian surgeon Wilfred Bigelow, Cleland kept patients supplied with oxygenated blood while the heart was stopped, allowing for what is routinely referred to today as 'open heart surgery.' Cleland demonstrated his techniques before over 200 physicians in Moscow in May of 1959.
		Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Wilfred Bigelow was the surgeon who invented the technique of inducing hypothermia for open-heart surgery, first performing the procedure on a dog at Toronto's Banting Institute in 1949.
		Bigelow had noticed after having to amputate a man's frostbitten fingers that lowering the temperature of an extremity reduced its metabolism or oxygen requirements.
	lastlinkontheleft.com /fc0503.html (16529 words)

	Encyclopedia: Canadian Medical Hall of Fame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Dr. Wilfred Gordon Bigelow (born June 18, 1913 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a heart surgeon famous for his role in developing the artificial pacemaker.
		Breault, Dr. Henri J. Sir Wilfred Grenfell Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell (February 28, 1865-October 9, 1940) was a medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador.
		He was born at Parkgate, Wales and married Anne Elizabeth Caldwell MacClanahan of Chicago, Illinois in 1909.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Canadian-Medical-Hall-of-Fame (1034 words)

	Wilfred Bigelow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Biographical Sketch of Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow (http://www.cscp.utoronto.ca/wilfred-bigelow-bio.html) at website of the Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto (http://www.cscp.utoronto.ca/)
		Wilfred G. Bigelow: From Cooling Hearts to Pacing Them (http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/234-237.htm)
		This page was last modified 07:05, 26 Jun 2004.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Wilfred_Bigelow (129 words)

	Blue Steel (1990)
		Bigelow shoots with the dense visual texture and moody lighting schemes of a Ridley Scott or an Adrian Lyne.
		Bigelow doesn’t pull her punches either - Silver’s maniac comes with considerable impact, conducting conversations with God, blowing people away with a wild-eyed fascination.
		But unfortunately Bigelow’s accomplished shocks and atmosphere fail to raise the film above the increasing improbabilities of its script where Silver’s ability to escape on legal technicalities and turn up in the most implausible of places reaches a point of frank disbelief.
	www.moria.co.nz /horror/bluesteel.htm (465 words)

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