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Topic: Wilhelm Johannsen

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	Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Johannsen never attained a formal university degree, but was awarded several honorary degrees, became a professor of botany and plant physiology at the University of Copenhagen, served as rector of the university, and became a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences.
		Johannsen recognized the importance of the genetic structure of populations to evolutionary biology, and the concepts of heredity that he developed at this time both preceded the discovery of DNA and survived all subsequent technical advances made since then.
		Johannsen's text and his subsequent role as a science historian and critic served to both establish the modern sciences of genetics and evolutionary biology and to remove outdated concepts and ideas that did not stand up to the rigors of objective scientific inquiry.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/wilhelm-ludvig-johannsen-scit-0612 (673 words)

	Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen Biography / Biography of Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen World of Biology Biography
		Wilhelm Johannsen, whose family did not have the financial means to provide him a college education, served as an apprentice to a pharmacist in 1872 and taught himself chemistry and botany.
		Johannsen knew that the offspring of a pure line were genetically identical and his pure line theory suggested that any differences among them must be due to chance and environment--not natural selection.
		Johannsen clarified the terminology by coining the term gene to describe a unit of inheritance.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-wilhelm-ludwig-johannsen-wob (394 words)

	[No title]
		Johannsen studied in Copenhagen, Germany, and Finland and was a professor first at the Institute of Agriculture in Denmark and then at the University of Copenhagen.
		He concluded that although the plants differed in external characteristics, or in their "phenotype," they nevertheless carried identical hereditary units or, in other words, preserved a common "genotype"; his terms phenotype and genotype are now a part of the language of genetics.
		Johannsen supported de Vries' discovery that variation in genotype can occur by mutation; that is, as a sudden, spontaneous appearance of a new species character.
	www.cenargen.embrapa.br /~felipes/CEUB/biotec/02-Genetica_longa_jornada_files/v3_slide0016_notes_pane.htm (267 words)

	Johannsen, Wilhelm Ludvig -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Johannsen's Elements of Heredity (1909) became an influential text, and his terms phenotype and genotype are now a part of the language of genetics.
		Perhaps the major German Romantic conductor of the 20th century, Wilhelm Furtwängler is remembered primarily for his long association with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which lasted, except for two brief interludes, from 1922 until his death.
		The founder of experimental psychology was the German philosopher, physiologist, and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9368593 (658 words)

	d'Zitig
		In 1909, Wilhelm Johannsen coined the term 'gene' and introduced the distinction between the genotype (that which is physically transmitted from one generation to the next) and the phenotype (that ensemble of characteristics which comes to appear in the mature organism).
		Johannsen introduced the term gene, and the genotype-phenotype distinction, precisely to lead the new science of genetics away from the temptations of preformationism.
		Genes, Johannsen asserted, are not pieces of morphology, but chemicals whose influence on the phenotype are determined by their 'norms of reaction', in other words, by the complex range of developmental patterns which are realised in different environmental contexts.
	www.zitig.de /archiv/gene-for.html (365 words)

	genome.gov \| ONLINE Education Kit - 1909
		Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity.
		Four years earlier, William Bateson, an early geneticist and a proponent of Mendel’s ideas, had used the word genetics in a letter; he felt the need for a new term to describe the study of heredity and inherited variations.
		But the term didn’t start spreading until Wilhelm Johannsen suggested that the Mendelian factors of inheritance be called genes.
	www.genome.gov /Pages/Education/Kit/main.cfm?pageid=24 (102 words)

	Christina Brandt
		Whereas the gene concept referred to an abstract or even ideal unit (according to Wilhelm Johannsen’s use of the term) the concept of the clone, on the other hand, from the beginning referred to a concrete material object.
		Thus, the clone concept was used synonymously with the concept of a pure line“, which was introduced originally by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1903.
		These “pure lines” were the experimental material that led Johannsen to differentiate between phenotype and genotype, and hence to the introduction of the gene concept.
	www.ishpssb.org /ocs/viewabstract.php?id=132 (513 words)

	Wilhelm Johannsen Centre
		He concluded that the variations in bean weight were due to environmental factors and he introduced the terms genotype (for the genetic constitution of an organism) and phenotype (for the characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment).
		Johannsen favoured the view of de Vries that inheritance was determined by discrete particulate elements and abbreviated de Vries's term 'pangenes' to 'genes'.
		Johannsen's Arvelighedslaerens elementer (1905; 'The Elements of Heredity') was later (1909) rewritten, enlarged, and translated into German to become one of the founding texts of genetics.
	www.wjc.ku.dk /wilhelm (373 words)

	The Century of the Gene
		Johannsen himself wanted a new word so that it might be free of the taint of preformationism associated with such precursor terms as Darwin's gemmules (his units of "pangenesis"), Weismann's determinants, or de Vries' pangens.
		Two years later, Johannsen added, "The `gene' is nothing but a very applicable little word, easily combined with others, and hence it may be useful as an expression for the `unit factors,' `elements' or `allelomorphs' in the gametes, demonstrated by modern Mendelian researches...
		Not surprisingly, Johannsen's strictures against hypotheses about the material nature of the gene were rather less influential.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/k/keller-gene.html (2412 words)

	Gene
		Johannsen's codification, which was based on breeders' practices of separating ‘pure lines’ and Richard Woltereck's notion of an innate ‘norm of reaction’, has profoundly marked all of twentieth century genetics (Allen 2002).
		Johannsen himself stressed that the genotype had to be treated as independent of any life history and thus, at least within the bounds of time in which research operated, as an “ahistoric” entity amenable to scientific scrutiny like the objects of physics and chemistry (see Churchill 1974, Roll-Hansen 1978).
		As Moss put it: “What Johannsen called for in distinguishing between the genotype and the phenotype was a separation of the inheritance of Mendelian units from development, thereby constituting the study of genetics as an independent discipline.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/gene (9187 words)

	Munich Re - Gene and genome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Even before the discovery of DNA, genes were known to contain the information for certain traits (such as blue eyes in human beings or the rugose nature of peas), lined up on the chromosomes like pearls on a string.
		The word gene was first coined by the Danish scientist Wilhelm L. Johannsen in 1909 to describe the hypothetical "hereditary factors" discovered by Gregor Mendel.
		In this way, he sought to describe the process by which parental traits are transferred from parents to their offspring and recombined in successive generations.
	www.munichre.com /Pages/03/biosciences/bio_basics/gene_and_genome_en.aspx (288 words)

	Chapter Eight - 209 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1909, Wilhelm Johannsen concluded that this distinction is similar to the difference which exists between a project and its physical implementation, and represents therefore a dichotomy of the living world which is as deep as the Cartesian dichotomy between mind and body.
		In order to distinguish the two types of molecules Johannsen called them genotype and phenotype, but such a dualism was almost universally rejected.
		At that time it was thought that proteins were responsible for both the visible structures and the hereditary characters, and all features seemed therefore reducible to a single type of molecules.
	www.biologiateorica.it /organiccodes/cap8/p209.htm (281 words)

	JOHANNSEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Search the JOHANNSEN Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the JOHANNSEN Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named JOHANNSEN at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/J/JOHANNSEN.htm (73 words)

	thePeerage.com - Person Page 3289
		Elizabeth Wharton Drexel was the daughter of Joseph Wilhelm Drexel.
		Max Wilhelm Johannsen, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Claus Johannsen, in 1946.
		Max Wilhelm Johannsen is the son of Friedrich Wilhelm Claus Johannsen.
	www.thepeerage.com /p3289.htm (703 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The word was suggested in 1909 by the Danish geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen as an abbreviation of the term pangene (Greek, 'source of everything'), which was originally used by Hugo de Vries in 1889.
		Johannsen thought of the genes as the characteristics specified in the gametes, but he deliberately avoided the temptation to hypothesize as to their nature.
		Gregor Mendel's work, in the 19th century, showed how characteristics were inherited as discrete 'factors', without blending.
	www.bloomsburymagazine.com /ARC/detail.asp?EntryID=102128&bid=2 (312 words)

	The 16th International Mouse Genome Conference (2002)
		Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Dept. of Medical Genetics, IMBG, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen
		1) Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Genetics, IMBG, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen (Denmark) 2) Experimental Molecular Genetics Laboratory, IMBG, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen (Denmark)
		ZNF genes comprise one of the largest famillies of genes, several of which are associated with malignant disorder.
	www.imgs.org /abstracts/2002abstracts/file130.shtml (408 words)

	History of Delevopmental Genetics II
		For Goldschmidt, the "static genetics" of T. Morgan, centered on individual particulate genes, was to be replaced by "physiological genetics" wherein the gene did not exist as an individual unit, and its activity, not its location, was the focus of research.
		Johannsen had argued that heredity should only be considered as the transmission of genetic traits from one generation to another.
		Sapp and Allen have shown that Johannsen's distinctions allowed Morgan to shift his attention from the cytoplasmic realm of the phenotype to that of the nuclear genotype.
	zygote.swarthmore.edu /gene2.html (13662 words)

	gene - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about gene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Genes undergo mutation and recombination to produce the variation on which natural selection operates.
		The term ‘gene’ was coined in 1909 by the Danish Geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927).
		It was worth while undergoing the gene of it to know that one was perfectly fit.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /gene (625 words)

	KLI Theory Lab - Authors - Nils Roll-Hansen
		Roll-Hansen, N. Croisement de lignées pures: de Johannsen á Nilsson-Ehle.
		Roll-Hansen, N. The crucial experiment of Wilhelm Johannsen.
		Roll-Hansen, N. The genotype theory of Wilhelm Johannsen and its relation to plant breeding and the study of evolution.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/AuthPage/R/Roll_HansenN.html (382 words)

	Gene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mendel was also the first to hypothesize independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the difference between what would later be described as genotype and phenotype.
		Mendel's concept was finally named when Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene in 1909.
		In the early 1900s, Mendel's work received renewed attention from scientists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene (2260 words)

	Site Contents at the free Online Encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		You are here: Online Encyclopedia > Site Map pg 7 > Wilhelm II of German...
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		In a household, clothes hangers are the single one item that you own the most of, yet no one can name even one brand?
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /index_343.html (108 words)

	Wilhelm Johannsen Centre
		Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research was established in 2001 by a grant from the Danish National Research Foundation and support from the University of Copenhagen.
		The center is hosted by the Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics at the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen.
		If you should encounter any problems during your visit, please notify the webmaster.
	www.wjc.ku.dk (167 words)

	Karger Publishers
		Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Denmark)
		The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for functional Genome Research is established by the Danish National Research Foundation.
		TLH is supported by The Danish Research Council (9902161).
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=66599&Typ=pdfdirect (71 words)

	thePeerage.com - Person Page 3290
		Christian John de la Poer Johannsen (M) b.
		Christian John de la Poer Johannsen is the son of Dr.
		Max Wilhelm Johannsen and Catherine Moya de la Poer Beresford.
	www.thepeerage.com /p3290.htm (348 words)

	Chronology of Biotechnology, 1900-1937
		Walter S. Sutton reports after studying grasshopper sperm that each chromosome pairs with another physically similar one and that they separate during meiosis, one member of each pair goes to a different cell.
		Danish botanist Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen coins the word "genes" for still misunderstood elements of heredity.
		Thomas Hunt Morgan identifies XY male and XX female chromosomes and suggests that some traits and sex-linked.
	www.library.ucsf.edu /collres/archives/bio/chron3.html (195 words)

	NsGene Academic Partners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research and headed by Professor Niels Tommerup.
		The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, established by the Danish National Research Foundation, collect data on disease associated balanced chromosomal rearrangements from >300 participating laboratories into a central database Mendelian Cytogenetics Database (MCNdb) with the aim to identify and characterize novel disease genes.
		NsGene and its academic partners have applied GeneChip® technology to generate a gene expression database of genes expressed during human central nervous system development.
	www.nsgene.dk /academ_partner.htm (446 words)

	Nils Roll-Hansen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"The Genotype Theory of Wilhelm Johannsen and its Relation to Plant Breeding and the Study of Evolution", Centaurus, 22 (1978), 201-235.
		"The Crucial Experiment of Wilhelm Johannsen", Biology and Philosophy, 3 (1989), 303-329.
		"Croisement de lignées pures: de Johannsen á Nilsson-Ehle", In J.-L. Fischer and W. Schneider (eds.), Historie de la génetique.
	www.hf.uio.no /filosofi/organisasjon/ansatte/roll-hansen.html (575 words)

	Science in Context: A Comparative Timeline
		The concepts of PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, and SELECTION were introduced and clearly defined by Wilhelm Ludwig Johannsen.
		Orville and Wilbur Wright succeed with the first controlled flight in a heavier-than-air machine.
		W. Johannsen's studies of the inheritance of seed size in self-fertilized lines of beans leads him to realize the necessity of distinguishing between the appearance of an organism and its genetic constitution.
	www.esp.org /timeline/decades/1900.html (558 words)

	Etymology/usage/grammar of chromosomes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1888 German anatomist Wilhelm von Waldeyer noticed that the cell's nucleus sometimes contained threadlike bodies that absorbed dye well; what did he call them: chromosomes or genes?
		To join our mailing list and get free brain-twisting MooT questions sent to you irregularly, enter your email address and then press submit.
		In 1909 Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen coined the name gene for discrete particles of hereditary material.
	www.mootgame.com /ballast/bal331.html (107 words)

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