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Topic: Wilkins Ice Shelf

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	Antarctic Ice Shelves Breaking Up
		Ice shelves are floating plates of ice that are still attached to continents and which form when large glaciers flow toward the ocean in polar areas.
		The Wilkins ice shelf is nearly twice that large, Scambos said.
		Both groups concur that ice shelf breakup is a direct result of local climate warming.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/ant-99a.html (575 words)

	Planet Ark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		They published satellite images showing the Larsen B and Wilkins ice shelves in "full retreat", having lost nearly 1,100 square miles (3,000 square km) of their total area in the last year.
		The Larsen Ice Shelf is on the eastern half of the peninsula, which is the part of the Antarctic that sticks up toward Argentina.
		Ice shelves are floating on the ocean, so they do not cause sea levels to rise when they break up and melt.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=294 (561 words)

	[No title]
		Ice blisters are usually 5-20 m across and 1 to 3 m high, although Echelmeyer and others (1991) estimated that some of the examples they observed on Jakobshavns Isbrae, West Greenland, were up to 8 m high.
		Drainage via hydraulic connection to the sea is possible either by direct penetration of meltwater through the ice shelf, or by brine flowing to the doline laterally through the permeable firn of the ice shelf from rifts or the ice edge.
		Unlike ice blisters which usually drain through cracking of the roof of the blister forming icings, dolines probably drain through fractures in their base to the sea beneath the ice shelf.
	www.ulapland.fi /home/hkunta/jmoore/letblist.htm (1101 words)

	ScienceDaily: Antarctic Ice Shelves Breaking Up Due To Decades Of Higher Temperatures
		Antarctic Ice Shelf Retreats Happened Before (February 28, 2005) -- The retreat of Antarctic ice shelves is not new according to research published this week (24 Feb) in the journal Geology by scientists from Universities of Durham, Edinburgh and British Antarctic...
		Larsen Ice Shelf -- The Larsen Ice Shelf (67Â°30â²S 062Â°30â²W) is a long, fringing ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea, extending along the east coast of Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to the...
		Ice shelf -- An ice shelf is a thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface, typically in Antarctica or Greenland.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/04/990409073216.htm (1269 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Antarctica growing unstable
		The relationship between glaciers (essentially frozen rivers) and ice shelves (thick plates of ice protruding from the land and floating on the ocean) is complicated and not fully understood.
		In 1995, for instance, the Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated, followed in 1998 by the collapse of the nearby Wilkins ice shelf.
		"Ice is thinning at the rate of tens of meters per year" on the peninsula, with glacier elevations in some places having dropped by as much as 124 feet in six months, it found.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,600107045,00.html (1521 words)

	printarticle.
		Vast ice blocks are slowly collapsing into the sea off Antarctica, increasing the threat from the rising level of the world's oceans.
		The discovery by British scientists that the West Antarctic ice sheet is unstable overturns the previous international consensus that it would take 1000 years for the floating ice to respond to rising temperatures.
		Floating ice does not raise sea levels, but scientists began to look into whether warm water from the sea might be causing the suspended ice to slide faster into the sea.
	www.theage.com.au /cgi-bin/common/printArticle.pl?path=/articles/2005/02/02/1107228767150.html (549 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Ice shelves
		Ice shelves therefore are areas of floating, fresh water ice (formed from snow accumulation), attached to the major ice sheets which make up the ice cover of Antarctica, Greenland and some smaller ice sheets.
		Some of the larger ice shelves in Antarctica include the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ronne / Filchner Ice Shelf, the Amery Ice Shelf, the Shackelton Ice Shelf, The George VI Ice Shelf, the Wilkins Ice Shelf, the Larsen Ice Shelf, and the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf.
		Ice shelves typically range in thickness from 300m near the edge where they break off, to 1,000m at the floating ice / grounded ice boundary.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=1708 (425 words)

	Publications since 1990 for Ice Sheet Dynamics
		Rapid disintegration of Wordie Ice Shelf in response to atmospheric warming.
		Jenkins, A. The melting of continental ice in the ocean and its impact on surface and bottom waters.
		Modelling the effects of frazil ice crystals on the dynamics and thermodynamics of ice shelf water plumes.
	www.nerc-bas.ac.uk /icd/pub.isd.html (977 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		On the West Coast, the Wordie Ice Shelf, Müller Ice Shelf, George VI Ice Shelf, and Wilkins Ice Shelf have retreated (Ward, 1995; Vaughan and Doake, 1996; Luchitta and Rosanova, 1998).
		On the east coast, the ice shelves that occupied Prince Gustav Channel and Larsen Inlet and Larsen Ice Shelf A have retreated (Rott et al., 1996; Vaughan and Doake, 1996; Skvarca et al., 1998).
		The ice shelves were floating, so their melting does not directly add to sea level, and they usually are replaced by sea-ice cover, so overall albedo changes very little.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/601.htm (710 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		Larsen B and Wilkins are the most northern of Antarctica's ice shelves, on oppoite sides of the Antarctic penisula.
		According to Scambos, it's evidence that the ice shelf is being fractured by the presence of small puddles of water (called melt ponds) that accumulate on the surface -- puddles that spell trouble for the ice shelf as a whole.
		Scambos is concerned that the thaw of smallish Larsen B and Wilkins shelves may be the tip of the iceberg.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1999/04/08/54.asp (738 words)

	23/9/2004 -- Antarctic Glaciers Melting Faster This Year
		University of Colorado at Boulder researcher Ted Scambos said Landsat 7 satellite images taken before, during and after the breakup of the Larsen B ice shelf in March 2002 show that several of the glaciers are now moving at up to five times their previous speed.
		That study used radar images and airborne measurements to profile ice thickness in the same region of the Antarctic and showed further glacier acceleration in late 2003 and early 2004, with some glaciers reaching eight times their original speeds.
		The Ross ice shelf, for example, is the main outlet for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which harbors several large glaciers that contain the equivalent of about 16 feet of global sea level rise.
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=35201 (837 words)

	Wilkins Ice Shelf Breakup (Image)
		The shelf appearance changed from solid white to mottled in images of reflectance, from a uniformly cold temperature to a mixture of warm and cold surfaces in thermal imagery.
		Ordinarily, ice shelves calve relativly large bergs from their fronts; i.e., the majority of the area lost to maintain equilibrium is lost in a few major calving events.
		In the Larsen B, and as vividly illustrated here for the Wilkins, the retreating Peninsula ice shelves are calving thousands of bergs at once, suggesting that they are shattered in place before being dispersed by storms, currents, or wave action.
	nsidc.org /iceshelves/larsenb1999/wilkins.html (338 words)

	The Dangers of Climate Change, Chris Rapley (Part 2 of 6), TUC Radio (transcript) - Global Public Media
		The second thing is, it is all interconnected, the atmosphere, the ocean, the ice, the land, the biology, the human societies; all interconnected, and it is the most complicated and complex object in the universe that we know of.
		The first thing to understand is that snowfall accumulates ice on the continent, and it's like porridge I suppose: it slowly flows under its own weight towards the coast guided into streams of flow by the mountains that it's flowing over, sometimes very deep under the ice.
		Ice and snow is white, so when it's sunny the sun light gets reflected away.
	www.globalpublicmedia.com /transcripts/457 (3267 words)

	DAAC Study: Fragment of its Former Shelf
		An ice shelf is a floating platform of ice, usually fed by mountain glaciers or ice sheets.
		The Larsen C Ice Shelf flows from the central portion of the peninsula and represents the southern section of the Larsen shelf complex.
		The researchers theorized that melt water collecting on the ice shelf surface during unseasonably warm summers might be a primary mechanism in ice shelf breakup.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/LarsenIceShelf (1978 words)

	AquaNews - The Vancouver Aquarium's Aquatic Environmental News Network
		Satellite images taken before, during and after the break-up of the Larsen B ice shelf in March 2002 show that several of the glaciers are now moving at up to five times their previous speed, said researcher Ted Scambos, author of a University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder) study.
		Almost immediately after the 2002 Larsen B ice shelf collapse, researchers observed nearby glaciers flowing up to eight times faster than prior to the breakup.
		They include the Larsen A Ice Shelf in 1995 (1600 square kilometres, or 618 square miles), the Wilkins Ice Shelf in 1998 (1100 square kilometers, or 425 square miles) and the Larsen B Ice Shelf in 2002 (3200 square kilometres, or 1,235 square miles).
	www.vanaqua.org /aquanew/fullnews.php?id=1639 (842 words)

	Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability Workshop - Vaughan Abstract
		RRR warming appears to have driven the limit of viability further south resulting in the loss of marginal ice shelves since the 1950s; ice shelves not close to the limit of viability have generally maintained their size.
		Most recently, Wilkins Ice Shelf, and Larsen Ice Shelf - B have begun to retreat and are now close to a configuration that is probably unstable and may well lead to collapse.
		While the geographic juxtaposition of retreating ice shelves and climatic warming is strong evidence of a causal connection, we are as yet uncertain of which physical process makes ice shelves so vulnerable to summer melting.
	academics.hamilton.edu /workshops/antarctica/abstracts/vaughan.html (279 words)

	Antarctic ice shelf disintegrating
		He and his colleagues say the abrupt breakup of the huge ice shelf known as Larsen B on the eastern side of the Antarctic Peninsula surprised them with its speed.
		The next year, parts of the Larsen B ice shelf and the Wilkins shelf lost a total of more than 1,100 square miles, and Scambos warned that the two shelves were "in full retreat" that year.
		The Ross Ice Shelf itself is the main outlet for the huge West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which encompasses several large glaciers, Scambos noted -- and if those those glaciers were ever to melt into the ocean, they would add the equivalent of 15 feet of sea level to the world's waters.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/03/20/MN53407.DTL (712 words)

	Scientific American: Going, Going--Gone? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		So far, these ice sheets have seemed to be stable and firmly anchored to islands and the nearby coasts, but new data indicate that they, too, are crumbling in the face of the thermal onslaught.
		In early April, investigators from the Colorado group and the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) reported that radar images of two ice shelves in Antarctica known as the Larsen B and Wilkins showed they are in "full retreat" and have lost nearly 3,000 square kilometers of their total area in the past year.
		Some researchers believe that the melting of midlatitude glaciers may have a more significant impact on sea levels than the ice sheets because their water is added directly to the oceans, whereas much of the polar ice is floating and has displaced its mass.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0002028F-1BE7-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 (1088 words)

	Ronne ice shelf
		The National Ice Center is a tri-agency operational center represented by the U.S. Navy (Department of Defense); the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Department of Commerce); and the U.S. Coast Guard (Department of Transportation).
		The National Ice Center's mission is to provide world-wide operational ice analyses for the armed forces of the United States and allied nations, U.S. government agencies, and the private sector.
		Ice shelves are massive, floating sheets of snow and frozen water that encircle the Antarctic mainland.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/ronne.html (1113 words)

	Global warming cleared on ice shelf collapse rap \| The Register
		The data, measuring changes in ice thickness across the Antarctic ice sheet using the polar orbiting satellite, show areas of growth from snowfall are as common as areas of decline.
		Change is undoubtedly occurring: in the collapse of the northerly Peninsula ice shelves, and elsewhere in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, where the circumpolar current appears to reached the ice edge and is eating away drastically at the ice shelves.
		Although the melt and collapse of the ice shelves does not raise sea levels initially, there is fear these shelves act as corks whose disappearance could lead to an outflow from landbased glaciers - which would increase sea levels.
	www.theregister.co.uk /2005/02/24/ice_shelf_collapse (875 words)

	SeaLab: Antarctica @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ice melts where it is in contact with the ocean, mainly.
		Ice tends to break off the shelves and move northward where it melts in the warmer water (after a few years).
		The sun and the ice are a welcome contrast to the stormy open seas we experienced during the first part of the cruise.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /sealab/antarctica/week_5.html (2148 words)

	SierraActivist.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		But glaciers are different because they rest on land, and if that vast volume of ice slides into the sea at a high rate, this adds mass to the ocean, which in turn can raise the global sea level.
		Thus far, all of the ice shelves that have collapsed are located on the Antarctic peninsula.
		"Ice is thinning at the rate of tens of meters per year" on the peninsula, with glacier elevations in some places having dropped by as much as 124 feet in six months, the study found.
	sierraactivist.org /print.php?sid=46669 (1669 words)

	Carillon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Researchers at the University of Colorado at Boulder's National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and the British Antarctic Survey attribute the retreats to a regional warming trend.
		The Larsen B ice shelf is currently about 7,000 square kilometers--about the size of Delaware.
		Images of the Larsen B and Wilkins ice sheets are available at http://www-nsidc.
	www.colorado.edu /Carillon/volume25/stories/4_iceshelves.html (661 words)

	Antarctic Glaciers Accelerating In Response To 2002 Ice Sheet Collapse \| News Center \| University of Colorado at Boulder
		Landsat 7 satellite images taken before, during and after the break-up of the Larsen B ice shelf in March 2002 show that several of the glaciers are now moving at up to five times their previous speed, said University of Colorado at Boulder researcher Ted Scambos.
		Headed by Eric Rignot, the JPL study used radar images and airborne measurements to profile ice thickness in the same region of the Antarctic and showed further glacier acceleration in late 2003 and early 2004, with some glaciers reaching eight times their original speeds.
		Profiles from ICESat showed that the surfaces of the glaciers had dropped by up to 115 feet at their lower ends, confirming that the acceleration was leading to a large loss of ice from the ice sheet.
	www.colorado.edu /news/releases/2004/278.html (1003 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Antarctic's ice 'melting faster'
		The other region in the continent affected by the changes is West Antarctica, where warmer sea water is thought to be eroding the ice from underneath.
		Over the past five years, studies have found that melting Antarctic ice caps contribute at least 15% to the current global sea level rise of 2mm (0.08in) a year.
		The 1,100 sq km Wilkins ice shelf fell off in 1998 and the 13,500 sq km Larsen B dropped away in 2002.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/4228411.stm (371 words)

	Dispatch Online - Your premier Eastern Cape news site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		VAST ICE blocks are slowly collapsing into the sea off Antarctica, increasing the threat from the rising level of the world's oceans, British scientists said earlier this week.
		Their discovery that the West Antarctic ice sheet is unstable overturns the previous international consensus that it would take 1000 years for the floating ice to respond to rising temperatures.
		Using satellite radar monitoring and a team presently on the shelf, one of the most inaccessible places in the world, they found that the ice was indeed discharging into the ocean at exactly the point that computer models had predicted.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2005/02/05/Leader/lp1.html (745 words)

	vol9is1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ice shelf breakup has been evident in recent years with both the Larsen B and Wilkins Ice shelf retreating alarmingly in 1998, while the Larsen A ice shelf began disintegrating quite suddenly in 1995.
		Both sheets are composed of many ice streams, responsible for moving ice from the interior of the continent toward the coastal sea.
		It has been estimated that if the ice sheet were to slip into the sea, global sea levels would rise by roughly 17 feet, thus inundating coastal regions everywhere, with enormous consequences for the planet, including Antarctica.
	www.asoc.org /general/newslet/vol9is1.htm (4180 words)

	Whitley Strieber's Unknown Country
		An area of ice the size of Rhode Island disappeared from ice shelves surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula in 1998.
		This ice holds back the many glaciers that feed into the area, and its loss threatens to destabilize the continental ice sheets that cover the Antarctic continent.
		The melting of shelf ice that is already floating will not cause sea levels to rise, but if the glaciers now being held back by the Larsen ice slide into the sea, world sea levels will rise anywhere from a few inches to twenty feet, depending on how much new ice enters the ocean.
	www.unknowncountry.com /news?id=29 (174 words)

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