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Topic: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

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	WMAP - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a NASA satellite whose mission is to survey the sky to measure the temperature of the radiant heat left over from the Big Bang.
		The specific goal of WMAP is to map the relative CMB temperature over the full sky with an angular resolution of at least 0.3°, a sensitivity of 20 µK per 0.3° square pixel, with systematic artifacts limited to 5 µK per pixel.
		WMAP scans the sky in such a way as to cover ~30% of the sky each day and as the L2 point follows the Earth around the Sun WMAP observes the full sky every six months.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe (762 words)

	First year results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
		WMAP was created with the aim of extending on previous observations in two main ways: to make a map of the full sky, and to measure the CMB with much improved precision by minimizing systematic errors.
		WMAP observes the sky convolved with the beam pattern (the ``window function") of the detectors.
		WMAP continues to collect data and its planned operation is for at least 4 years.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /mog/mog22/node8.html (1328 words)

	WMAP -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The specific goal of WMAP is to map the relative CMB temperature over the full sky with an angular resolution of at least 0.3°, a sensitivity of 20 µK per 0.3° square pixel, with systematic artifacts limited to 5 µK per pixel.
		WMAP observes the sky from an orbit about the L2 Sun-Earth (Click link for more info and facts about Lagrangian point) Lagrangian point, 1.5 million km from Earth.
		The ((cosmology) the ratio of the speed of recession of a galaxy (due to the expansion of the universe) to its distance from the observer; the reciprocal of the Hubble constant is the age of the universe) Hubble constant is 71 ± 4 km/s/Mpc
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wm/wmap3.htm (810 words)

	WMAP Observatory- Overview
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is named after Dr.
		WMAP observes the sky from an orbit about the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange point, 1.5 million km from Earth.
		The most prominent feature is a pair of back-to-back telescopes that focus the microwave radiation from two spots on the sky roughly 140° apart and feed it to 10 separate differential receievers that sit in an assembly directly underneath the optics.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_mm/ob_tech1.html (489 words)

	Microwave Picture. NASA document concerning microwave pictures and other information
		The image captured by WMAP is from when the temperature of the universe became low enough for atoms to form, allowing light to travel great distances (to us).
		Microwaves are the same as the light we see with our eyes, but stretched out to a longer wavelength.
		The microwave light captured in this picture is from 379,000 years after the Big Bang, over 13 billion years ago: the equivalent of taking a picture of an 80-year-old person on the day of their birth.
	www.microwavecooking.com /Microwave_Picture.htm (443 words)

	WMAP : Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was launched on June 30, 2001 at 3:46 p.
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was launched on June 30, 2001 at 3:46 p.m.
		The goal of WMAP was to map out minute differences in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation which would help test theories of the nature of the universe.
	www.termsdefined.net /wi/wilkinson-microwave-anisotropy-probe.html (305 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background
		The cosmological value of the anisotropies in the CMBR is not it how large they are in temperature units, but how large they are (or how small they are) in angular size on the sky, and how anisotropies of one angular size correlate statistically with anisotropies of other angular sizes.
		Formerly known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), this COBE follow on mission was renamed the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), in honor of David Wilkinson, cosmologist & MAP team member, who died in September 2002.
		So the significant result from WMAP is that, unlike COBE, it can contribute to the developments of such parameters as the Hubble constant, the age of the universe, the presence of dark matter, and the presence of a cosmological constant.
	www.tim-thompson.com /cmb.html (3325 words)

	Cosmic Revelations: Satellite homes in on the infant universe: Science News Online, Feb. 15, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		What's more, the data recorded by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a NASA satellite, reveal that the universe had already made an abundance of stars when it was only 200 million years old.
		WMAP measured the age of the universe by detecting the size of the hot and cold spots as seen from Earth.
		Although the microwave background was generated during the Big Bang, telescopes see the radiation as it appeared when it first streamed freely into space a few hundred thousand years later.
	www.sciencenews.org /20030215/fob1.asp (905 words)

	WMAP Analysis of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) is a satellite carrying a twin radio telescope for measuring the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) (Fig.1).
		This is achieved by not measuring the intensity (temperature) of the microwave background for each telescope A and B separately, but only the difference signal I(A)-I(B).
		It is therefore possible that the angular power spectrum (Fig.3), allegedly proving certain features of the Big-Bang Theory, is in fact an artefact of the data analysis but has nothing to do with the CMB at all (whatever the physical interpretation of the latter may be).
	www.physicsmyths.org.uk /wmap.htm (659 words)

	MAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe is NASA's current mission designed to study the variations in the primordial background radiation (the Three Degree Background Radiation, or Cosmic Micowave Background) discovered by Penzias and Wilson in 1965.
		WMAP was launched in the spring of 2001 and its results were announced in 2003.
		WMAP was originally called MAP, but was renamed after the death of one of its team leaders, David Wilkinson of Princeton University.
	astrosun.tn.cornell.edu /academics/courses/astro201/MAP.htm (118 words)

	The Latest Info on the Universe
		Launched on June 30, 2001, WMAP is an instrument designed to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation to unprecedented precision.
		Another result of WMAP is that a cosmological constant is favored over quintessence as the source of dark energy although the latter is still not ruled out.
		MAP was renamed WMAP in honor of David Wilkinson, who was one of the founders of the microwave anisotropy probe and who died on September 5, 2002.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/ncupdate.html (1004 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Universe is shaped like a football, says scientist
		He used data from the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) to conclude that the universe probably does not go on forever.
		WMAP was launched by Nasa two years ago to produce a map of the temperature fluctuations in the universe.
		Mr Weeks says the WMAP data shows that the shape of space may be based on a dodecahedron: a solid composed of 12 pentagons.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,1058868,00.html (262 words)

	Princeton University - Satellite produces dramatically sharp 'baby picture' of the universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The space agency also announced that it has named the satellite that collected the data in honor of Princeton physicist David Wilkinson, who was a founding member of the project team and who died in September 2002.
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measures slight ripples -- or anisotropies -- in the big-bang afterglow that suffuses the universe.
		The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe produced a map of the afterglow of the big bang with far greater resolution than ever before.
	www.princeton.edu /pr/home/03/0211_universe/hmcap.html (548 words)

	The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The WMAP mission has provided the first detailed full-sky map of the microwave background radiation in the universe.
		The wavelengths of radiation detected by WMAP were in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum as depicted in the NASA graphic below.
		The positioning of the WMAP satellite made use of the Lagrange point L2 which permitted it to be kept in place with a minimum expenditure of fuel and always keep its sensors pointed away from both the Earth and the Sun.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/wmap.html (340 words)

	NASA - Top Story - NEW IMAGE OF INFANT UNIVERSE REVEALS ERA OF FIRST STARS, AGE OF COSMOS, AND MORE - Feb. 11, 2003
		WMAP observers the first light of the universe- the afterglow of the Big Bang.
		WMAP is named in honor of David Wilkinson of Princeton University, a world-renown cosmologist and WMAP team member who died in September 2002.
		WMAP is the result of a partnership between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Princeton University.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0206mapresults.html (1179 words)

	IEEEVM: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)
		WMAP is more sensitive than COBE and, therefore, will map the CMB with greater sensitivity and higher resolution.
		A major goal of the science of cosmology (the study of the nature of the universe) is to determine the statistical properties of the universe.
		The most prominent feature of WMAP is a pair of back-to-back telescopes that focus the microwave radiation from two spots on the sky roughly 140° apart and feed it to 10 separate differential receivers that sit in an assembly directly underneath the optics.
	www.ieee-virtual-museum.org /collection/event.php?taid=&id=3456992&lid=1 (557 words)

	CfA Colloquium: 19 February 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These measurements probe both the physics of the very early universe and the basic properties of the universe today.
		The WMAP measurements rigorously test our standard cosmological model and provide an accurate determination of basic comological parameters (the curvature of the universe, its matter density and composition).
		The observations also directly probe the physics of inflation: the current data imply that the primordial fluctuations were primarily adiabatic and nearly scale invariant.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /cfa/colloquia/spring04/spergel.html (210 words)

	SPACE.com -- 'Astounding' Findings Pin Down Age of Universe, Birth of First Stars
		The cosmic microwave background (CMB) was unleashed about 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the universe had first expanded enough to cool and allow atoms to form.
		The cosmic microwave background was detected by accident in 1965, by Bell Labs researchers who heard extra noise in a radio receiver they were testing.
		Steinhardt said the WMAP data are not yet sensitive enough to address this unresolved issue, but further observations by the satellite or other projects might yield an answer.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/map_discovery_030211.html (1636 words)

	TCS: Tech Central Station - Living in a Finite Universe? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Yet the case for a finite universe persists, and has gained some support from data that space probes have collected about the cosmic microwave background, a pervasive low-level radiation believed to be a residue of the Big Bang.
		The fluctuations would reflect the universe's shape, and their intensity would be limited by the universe's size (much as your bathtub is too small for huge tides to form in it).
		NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), launched in 2001, now collects higher-resolution data on the microwave background while orbiting the sun at a point about 1 million miles from Earth.
	www.techcentralstation.com /102203B.html (664 words)

	Prof. Edward L. (Ned) Wright
		Wright has studied fractal dust grains which are able to absorb and emit efficiently at millimeter wavelengths, and thus may be an important factor in studies of the cosmic microwave background.
		WMAP is a mission to follow-up the COBE discovery of fluctuations in the early Universe.
		Legend: Temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation after the dipole pattern (due to the Solar System's motion relative to the rest of the Universe) and the strong emission from the Milky Way galaxy have been removed.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/intro.html (548 words)

	Imagine the Universe! MAP Special Exhibit
		In summer 2001, NASA plans to launch the Wilkenson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) to survey this ancient radiation in unprecedented detail.
		WMAP will be looking at a cosmic glow far older than anything that the Hubble Space Telescope or Chandra X-ray Observatory can see.
		So WMAP is a cosmologist's dream come true, supplying the long-sought data needed to test the crazy theories we have of how it all began and how we got from there to here.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/features/exhibit/map_exhibit.html (775 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| coolscience "Baby pic" reveals cosmic secrets
		NASA on Tuesday published sharp pictures of the first moments of the cosmos taken by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, confirming the universe is 13.7 billion years old and is made up of just four percent atoms.
		The probe's goal was to establish a map of the universe, making precision measurements to one millionth of a Kelvin degree of infinitesimal fluctuations of temperature, known as anisotropy, observed in the universe about 400 000 years after the Big Bang.
		The ensuing light is visible to us as microwave radio rays known as the cosmic microwave background, and which has taken more than 13 billion years to reach us, now captured by the WMAP over the past 12 months.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /science/208847.htm (379 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Tantalising evidence hints Universe is finite
		At the centre of the debate are observations by NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which was launched in 2001.
		The probe measures temperature ripples in the "cosmic microwave background", the afterglow radiation from the big bang fireball.
		Computers at two universities and at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center are scanning the WMAP results for all the possible patterns of circles that might exist on the microwave background.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4250 (1119 words)

	Repulsive Astronomy: Strengthening the case for dark energy: Science News Online, Aug. 2, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The wrenching findings come from a correlation between two kinds of sky maps—one that denotes the positions of large numbers of galaxies and another, a snapshot of the cosmic microwave background, which is the remnant radiation from the Big Bang.
		Each study uses data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a satellite that is generating detailed maps of the cosmic microwave background (SN: 2/15/03, p.
		During their long journey, photons from the microwave background encounter huge concentrations of matter, such as superclusters of galaxies.
	www.sciencenews.org /20030802/fob1.asp (878 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background ... - Cancer Therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
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