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	Snell's law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Snell's law is the simple formula used to calculate the refraction of light when travelling between two media of differing refractive index.
		Snell's law may be derived from Fermat's principle, which states that the light travels the path which takes the least time.
		Snell's law was first discovered and described by Ibn Sahl in a manuscript written c.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Snell's_law (780 words)

	Willebrord Snell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Willebrord Snell (1580 – October 30, 1626), also known as Snell van Royen or Snellius, was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, most famous for the law of refraction now known as Snell's law.
		In 1615 he planned and carried into practice a new method of finding the radius of the earth, by determining the distance of one point on its surface from the parallel of latitude of another, by means of triangulation.
		Snell was also a distinguished mathematician, producing a new method for calculating π — the first such improvement since ancient times.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Willebrord_van_Roijen_Snell (290 words)

	Snell's law - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Snell's law seems to have been discovered first by Ibn Sahl in the 10th century, who used it to work out the shapes of anaclastic lenses (lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations).
		In the 17th century, it was discovered yet another time, by either Willebrord Snell or René Descartes, but the priority of the discoverer is fraught, and not completely clear.
		In his publication of the law, Descartes used it to solve a range of optical problems and, in French, Snell's Law is called "la loi de Descartes".
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Snells_law (722 words)

	snell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willebrord Snell was an early seventeenth century Dutch mathematician who is best known for his discovery of refraction.
		Willebrord's biggest contribution to science, however, is the law of refraction, even though it wasn't published until almost 70 years after he died.
		Willebrord van Roijen Snell died at the young age of 46 on the 30 of October in 1626.
	www.qerhs.k12.nf.ca /projects/physics/snell.html (488 words)

	Snells law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Snell's law may be derived from Fermat's principle, whichstates that the light travels the path which takes the least time.
		Snell's law seems to have been discovered first by Ibn Sahl in the tenth century, who used it to work out the shapes ofanaclastic lenses (lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations).
		In the seventeenth century, it was discovered yet another time, by either Willebrord Snell or René Descartes, but the priority of the discover is fraught, and notcompletely clear.
	www.therfcc.org /snells-law-190786.html (638 words)

	Willebrord Snell October 30 Dutch Eratosthenes mathematics University of Leiden Leiden latitude Biography refraction ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willebrord Snell October 30 Dutch Eratosthenes mathematics University of Leiden Leiden latitude Biography refraction triangulation
		Willebrord Snell (1580 – October 30, 1626), also known as Snell van Royen or Snellius, was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, most famous for the law of refraction now known as Snell's law.
		Willebrord Snell (1580-1626) Willebrord van Roijen Snell, detto anche Snellius, studiò legge all'Università di Leiden (Olanda) ma i suoi interessi erano rivolti soprattutto...
	en.powerwissen.com /3GIWaID%2B8UmT1i0cqvoX8A%3D%3D_Willebrord_Snell.html (338 words)

	BBC - History - Willebrord van Roijen Snell (1580 - 1626) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The son of a mathematician and linguist, Snell was originally intended to study law, but loved mathematics so much that by the age of eleven he was lecturing it at Leyden University alongside his law studies.
		He expressed the ratio between the apparent length of the refracted ray and the length of the actual ray in relation to the sine of the angles; the ratio of sines is constant for two given media (n = sin i / sin r).
		However, Huygens had seen Snell's manuscripts and accused Descartes of plagiarism, in no doubt that Snell had been first with the correct theory in around 1621.
	bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/snell_willebrord_van_roijen.shtml (479 words)

	Işık (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willebrord Snell studied law at the University of Leiden but was very interested in mathematics and taught mathematics even while he studied law.
		Snell also improved the classical method of calculating approximate values of p by polygons.
		Snell studied the loxodrome, the path on the sphere that makes constant angle with the meridians.
	www.kameraarkasi.org /light/mucitler/snell.html (239 words)

	Fishing Snell's Window - GreatOutdoors.com
		Named for Willebrord van Roijen Snell, who described its effects in 1621, the window is a phenomenon of light refraction (bending).
		There may be times when you can use cover to great advantage and times when the fish are not overly bothered by your presence, but I would rather be conscientious when approaching a big fish (especially in smooth water) than risk spooking the fish because I rushed in.
		Snell's Window is a truly invaluable piece of presentation knowledge.
	www.greatoutdoors.com /published/flyfish/howtos/fishingsnellswindow (708 words)

	Encyclopedia: Snell's-law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jump to: navigation, search The refractive index of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed relative to vacuum.
		A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value.
		Fermats principle assures that the angles given by Snells law always reflect lights quickest path between P and Q. Fermats principle in optics states: This principle was first stated by Pierre de Fermat.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Snell%27s_law (1381 words)

	Snell's law -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This law was discovered in 1621 by the Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord van Roijen Snell (1580–1626; also called Snellius).
		One ray, called the ordinary ray, is in the plane containing the incident ray and the normal to the surface.
		In 1621 the Dutch scientist Willebrord Snell discovered that when a light ray passes from one medium to another, there is a constant ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9068375?tocId=9068375 (794 words)

	Willebrord Snell : Willebrord van Roijen Snell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		terms defined : Willebrord Snell : Willebrord van Roijen Snell
		Willebrord Snell (1591—1626), also known as Snellitjs or Snellitis, was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, most famous for the law of refraction now known as Snell's law.
		Snell was also a distiguished mathematician, producing a new method for calculating π -- the first such improvement since ancient times.
	www.termsdefined.net /wi/willebrord-van-roijen-snell.html (443 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Snell's Law has been a basic principle for the Various phenomenon's of optics
		The angle with which is makes to the normal is known of as the angle of refraction, θ2.
		Snell's law gives the relation between the angles θ1 and θ2: n1 sin (θ1) = n2 sin(θ2).
	home.iitk.ac.in /student/vipul/Snell.html (442 words)

	Snell on Almondnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willebrord Snell studied law at the University of Leiden but was very interested in mathematics and taught mathematics...
		Henry Snell, the son of an agricultural labourer, was born at Sutton-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, in 1865...
		The Snell Memorial Foundation is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to research, education, testing and...
	www.ncpm.co.uk /popmusic/snell.html (404 words)

	Snell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Snell's father, Rudolph Snell (1546-1613), was professor of mathematics at Leiden and, in 1604, Willebrord visited Switzerland with his father.
		Snell also improved the classical method of calculating approximate values of
		van Ceulen's 35 places could be found with polygons of 2
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Snell.htm (201 words)

	Read about Snell's law at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Snell's law and learn about Snell's law here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Research Snell's law and learn about Snell's law here!
		The square root turns imaginary during total internal reflection, and the refracted ray is not real (there is apparently some kind of refracted ray, which
		Snell's law seems to have been discovered first by Ibn Sahl in the 10th century, who used it to work out the shapes of
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Snell%27s_law (677 words)

	Refraction
		Snell did discover the relationship but articulated it in a different way.
		The index of refraction is often thought of as an "optical density".
		A ray of light incident on a doubly refractive or birefringent material divides into two rays: an ordinary ray (or o ray or ω [omega] ray) and an extraordinary ray (or e ray or ε [epsilon] ray).
	hypertextbook.com /physics/waves/refraction (1620 words)

	Snel - SNEL - Kwaliteits fietsen op maat - 2005 Welkom bij SNEL tweewielers. Kwaliteitsfietsen op maat Met trotst ...
		Snell Memorial Foundation is devoted exclusively to research, education, and the development and testing of helmet safety standards.
		Born: 1580 in Leiden, Netherlands Willebrord Snell studied law at the University of Leiden but was very interested in mathematics and taught mathematics.
		Manufacturers are required to put a Snell serialized label inside each of their Snell certified helmets by the Licensing Agreement.
	www.destarter.com /snell/snel.html (464 words)

	The Gauss’s Law Song
		I sing of the genius of Willebrord Snell
		In the Netherlands where the Rhine river does flow.
		He wrote down Snell’s law, his great gift to the age!
	www.haverford.edu /physics-astro/songs/snelllyrics.htm (228 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Snell, Willebrord van Roijen (1580-1626)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Snell, Willebrord van Roijen (1580-1626)@ HighBeam Research
		His father was professor of mathematics at the University of Leiden, and Snell studied law there.
		In 1613, Snell succeeded to his father's position at the University of Leiden and there taught mathematics,...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99917338&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (197 words)

	Snell's Law Related Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Demonstration of the Snell's Law, Northwestern University, USA.
		Biography of Willebrord van Roijen Snell, University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
		Snell's Law from the "The Joy of Visual Perception: A Web Book" by Peter K.Kaiser at York University, Canada.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /creager/ess202/links_snells.html (78 words)

	Milestones: Section 3 1600-1699
		Michael van Langren's 1644 depiction of 12 determinations of the longitude from Toledo to Rome: most likely the first visual representation of statistical data.
		First use of Frisius' method of trigonometric triangulation to produce locations of major cities in Holland; foundation of geodesy- Willebrord van Roijen Snell (Snellius) (1580-1626), Leiden [237].
		Invention of a mechanical device, containing a logarithmic scale of equal parts and trigonomic functions which, with the aid of a pair of calipers, could be used as a slide rule.
	www.math.yorku.ca /SCS/Gallery/milestone/sec3.html (1125 words)

	PhotoNotes.org Dictionary - Snell's law
		The index of refraction of the medium and the angle of incidence of the incoming light ray determine the angle of refraction.
		The law was apparently discovered in 1621 by Dutch mathematician Willebrord van Roijen Snell (either 1580 or 1591-1626), but it was first published by French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) under the name Law of Sines in his 1637 work La Dioptrique.
		It seems probable that Descartes did not develop his Law of Sines independently and in fact learned of it from reading Snell’s work, and so whether this law is called Snell’s Law or Descartes’ Law of Sines really depends on whether or not you are French.
	photonotes.org /cgi-bin/entry.pl?id=Snellslaw (243 words)

	TIMELINE 17th CENTURY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		1617: "Eratosthenes Batavus" by Willebrord van Roijen Snell explains how to find distances by triangulation and trigonometry 1618: The diffraction and interference of light are discovered by Francesco Maria Grimaldi (2 Apr 1618) but this evidence that light is a wave phenomenon is ignored until rediscovered in 1803 by Thomas Young.
		Because he is a politician as well as a methematician, Jan De Witt is unfortunately killed by an enraged mob at The Hague on 20 August 1672, an ironic ending for an expert on life expectancy.
		Anton van Leeuwenhoek also sees sperm under a microscope, but correctly deduces that they have something to do with reproduction (although they are not larvae, as he suggests).
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline17.html (9175 words)

	Optics and Ancient Greeks
		He considered refraction and obtained the small angle approximation to Snell’s law, concluding that the ratio of the angles of incident and refracted light were constant.
		He also discussed the refraction of starlight by the atmosphere but held to the wrong theory that vision is due to rays emitted from the eye touching the object.
		According to Snell's Law of the Physicist Willebrord Snell van Roijen from Holland (or Snellius) (1580-1626) :
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Optics.htm (3846 words)

	Physics Guide
		Willebrord van Roijen Snell introduces the law of refraction.
		Galileo introduces the concept of the relativity of motion in his
		Johannes van der Waals develops his theory of intermolecular forces in fluids.
	www.aguidetophysics.com /Timeline.htm (1385 words)

	Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution Proceedings vol. 7
		The ellipsoidal era began with Newton and Huygens.
		Triangulation conceived by Tycho Brahe in the 16th century was developed into a science and used to measure arcs by Willebrord van Roijen Snell in the 17th century.
		In 1669 the French astronomer Jean Picard measured an arc of 1.2º north of Paris.
	www.brlsi.org /proceedvol7/Astronomy200301.htm (1480 words)

	brainwagon » Blog Archive » Snell's Law Song
		Look no further than the Snell's Law Song.
		This entry was posted on Tuesday, December 28th, 2004 at 1:32 am and is filed under Science, Music.
		Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.
	brainwagon.org /archives/2004/12/28/829 (76 words)

	Baroque Science Grids
		Jan Baptista van Helmont (Britannica) -- Overview and links.
		Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (berkeley) -- A good place to start.
		Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Britannica) -- Overview and links.
	www.culturalresources.com /BAR17.html (2048 words)

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