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	William Crookes
		Crookes, Sir William 1832-1919, man of science, was born in London 17 June 1832, the eldest son of Joseph Crookes, a tailor of north-country origin, by his second wife, Mary Scott.
		For many years Crookes conducted laborious experiments on the elements of the rare earths, elements so similar to one another in chemical properties that special methods for their separation had to be devised.
		Crookes published numerous papers on spectroscopy, a subject which always had a great fascination for him, and he made researches on a large variety of minor subjects.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /icl/heyes/LanthAct/Biogs/Crookes.html (1549 words)

	William Crookes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William Crookes was born in London, he was the eldest son of Joseph Crookes, a tailor of north-country origin, by his second wife, Mary Scott.
		For many years Crookes conducted laborious experiments on the elements of the rare earths, elements so similar to one another in chemical properties that special methods for their separation had to be devised.
		Crookes published numerous papers on spectroscopy, a subject which always had a great fascination for him, and he made researches on a large variety of minor subjects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Crookes (1518 words)

	Sir William Crookes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Crookes invented the radiometer in 1875 and, beginning in 1878, investigated electrical discharges through highly evacuated "Crookes tubes." These studies laid the foundation for J. Thomson's research in the late 1890s concerning discharge-tube phenomena.
		At the age of 68, Crookes began investigating the phenomenon of radioactivity, which had been discovered in 1896, and invented a device that detected alpha particles emitted from radioactive material.
		Crookes maintained an interest in agriculture and warned in 1898 that the world's population would face starvation unless new fertilizer sources were discovered.
	chemistry.mtu.edu /~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/William_Crookes.html (182 words)

	William Crookes information - Search.com
		William Crookes was born in London, he was the eldest son of Joseph Crookes, a tailor of north-country origin, by his second wife, Mary Scott.
		William received some instruction at a grammar school at Chippenham, but his scientific career began when, at the age of fifteen, he entered the Royal College of Chemistry in Hanover Square, London, under August Wilhelm von Hofmann.
		The method of spectral analysis, introduced by Bunsen and Kirchhoff, was received by Crookes with great enthusiasm, and, on applying it to the examination of the seleniferous deposit from a sulphuric acid factory, he discovered an unknown green line in the spectrum.
	www.search.com /reference/William_Crookes (1848 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Crookes, William
		Crookes invented the radiometer in 1875 and, beginning in 1878, investigated electrical discharges through highly evacuated "Crookes tubes." These studies laid the foundation for J. Thomson's research in the late 1890s concerning discharge-tube phenomena.
		Crookes maintained an interest in agriculture and warned in 1898 that the world's population would face starvation unless new fertilizer sources were discovered.
		William Crookes, chemist and physicist, born in London.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/CROOKES_BIO.html (498 words)

	Sir William Crookes Spiritist Society
		William Crookes was born on 17 June, 1832 in London.
		He explained the reasons for his inquiry: 'I consider it the duty of scientific men who have learnt exact modes of working to examine phenomena which attract the attention of the public, in order to confirm their genuineness or to explain, if possible, the delusions of the dishonest and to expose the tricks of deceivers'.
		By his own account Crookes had originally, 'like other men who thought little of the matter and saw little', taken Spiritualism to be superstition and trickery; he stressed that his aim would be to substitute a strictly scientific appraisal 'for the loose claims of the pseudo-scientific Spiritualists'.
	www.sirwilliam.org /html/Sir%20_William.htm (645 words)

	Sir William Crookes Proved Continuing Life Scientifically
		When he was alive, Sir William Crookes was more than capable of defending himself from the attacks by pseudo-scientists who had a great deal to lose from his discovery of people in the invisible part of the universe.
		Sir William Crookes was able to wipe the floor with contemporary professional wreckers who dared to attack him.
		Recent discoveries in subatomic physics confirm that Sir William Crookes was correct in his conclusions, and that he was not a liar, cheat, crank, a fraud or a sex maniac as we have been criminally led to believe.
	www.rense.com /general32/proved.htm (893 words)

	Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		Crookes" is the famous physicist and chemist William Crookes, discoverer of the element thallium, later-to-be President of the Royal Society (1913-1915)--and also an early investigator of spiritualistic phenomena.
		Crookes and Eva Fay had some basis of fact, he seems entirely to have forgotten the real issue which he has himself raised, and which is of great importance to all engaged in the study of these tabooed subjects.
		Crookes and his coadjutors were the victims of imposture on the particular occasion referred to; or if he fails to do this, that he should in common fairness publicly withdraw the injurious accusations he has made against Mr.
	www.wku.edu /~charles.smith/wallace/S281.htm (818 words)

	William Crookes - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Sir William Crookes, OM, FRS (June 17 1832 – April 4 1919) was an English chemist and physicist.
		Working on spectroscopy, in 1861 he discovered a previously unknown element with a bright green emission line in its spectrum.
		William Crookes, Biography, Trivia, External articles, 1832 births, 1919 deaths, English physicists, English chemists, Presidents of the Royal Society, Fellows of the Royal Society, Members of the Order of Merit and Discoverers of chemical elements.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/William_Crookes (268 words)

	VICTOR ZAMMIT -- A Lawyer on Sir William Crookes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Undoubtedly, Sir William Crookes, the discoverer of thallium and one of the world's greatest scientists, is also one of the most controversial and maligned figures in psychic history.
		Crookes was very cautious in his attitude to acceptance of the afterlife and in any event never allowed his personal convictions to intrude on his consciousness as an empirical scientist.
		Crookes' experiments into the afterlife add to the cumulative objective and subjective evidence that we survive death and that communication between those who passed on and us here on earth is possible.
	www.victorzammit.com /articles/william.html (4677 words)

	ISS: Biography of William Crookes
		Crookes' experiments with Daniel D. Home demonstrated the existence of a 'psychic force' wholly ignored by science.
		Crookes' article in the Quarterly Journal of Science, and their judicial tone, present a striking contrast to the inaccuracy, spiteful depreciation, under the shield of anonymity, of other men's work and the grotesque self-assertion which disfigured Dr. Carpenter's criticism".
		Crookes began by establishing whether Cook and King were two separate entities; this he proved beyond all reasonable doubt.
	www.survivalafterdeath.org /researchers/crookes.htm (517 words)

	THE SOCIETY FOR PSYCHICAL RESEARCH & OTHER EARLY INVESTIGATORS
		Crookes was born in London in 1832 and was largely self-taught, with no regular schooling, until he enrolled in the Royal College of Chemistry at age 16.
		Crookes went on to serve on scientific committees, earned prestigious awards for his discoveries and invented an instrument which would be used to study subatomic particles, and yet he never wavered in his belief in Spiritualism.
		In 1916, after the death of his wife, Crookes attempted to communicate with her and was unsuccessful, but after a visit to a spirit photographer, he was able to obtain what he believed to be photographic proof that her presence was still with him.
	www.prairieghosts.com /spr.html (3167 words)

	The Campaign for Philosophical Freedom
		In recent years, it has become fashionable for critics of Sir William Crookes to resort to a slur of his character.
		Crookes confessed that he began his investigations into psychical phenomena believing that the whole matter might prove to be a trick.
		From Crookes' diary of his voyage to Spain in December of the following year (1870), it is clear that he had by that time reversed his opinion that psychical phenomena were "humbug" and had become convinced of the continued existence of human personality after death.
	www.cfpf.org.uk /articles/scientists/crookes/crookes_scott.html (411 words)

	William Crookes: 1832-1919 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		William Crookes was born in London on June 17, 1832 and died in 1919.
		His most famous accomplishment was his invention of a vacuum tube known as "Crooke's Tube" which led to the discovery of X-rays and the electron.
		Not only did he invent the Crooke's Tube, but he also showed that cathode rays could be deflected by elecrtic and magnetic feilds.
	expage.com /crookes1870 (89 words)

	VICTOR ZAMMIT -- The Book - 7. Other psychic laboratory experiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sir William was a skeptic before he was specifically chosen by the English skeptics to investigate psychic phenomena with the intention of discrediting it (Crookes 1871).
		Crookes showed in a laboratory situation that Home could affect the weight of a board resting on a balance scale merely by placing his fingers in a glass of water resting on the end of the board.
		Crookes and two of the other witnesses present stated that they distinctly saw the accordion 'floating about on the inside of the cage with no visible support' (Crookes 1874:14).
	www.victorzammit.com /book/chapter07.html (2220 words)

	Science Museum \| Marie Curie and the History of Radioactivity \| William Crookes (1832-1919) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		William Crookes designed the spinthariscope (from the Greek ‘spintharis’, a spark) in 1903 which counted alpha-particles emitted by radium.
		The examples pictured are four of the original instruments made by Crookes and show progressive stages in their development.
		Sir William Crookes is also known for his 1861 discovery of thallium, and his invention of the radiometer.
	www.sciencemuseum.org.uk /on-line/curie/page5.asp?showinfo=yes (190 words)

	AIM25: Royal Institution of Great Britain: Crookes, Sir William (1832-1919)
		Administrative/Biographical history: William Crookes was born the son of Joseph Crookes, tailor, and Mary Scott in London, in 1832.
		Crookes researched into spectra and in 1861 he discovered a new element which he called thallium.
		Archivist's note: E E Fournier D'Albe, author of The Life of Sir William Crookes, stated in his book that he used over 40,000 documents for his biography; unfortunately most have yet to be located, though some have been found in the papers at the Science Museum Library.
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cats/17/3280.htm (765 words)

	William Crookes Biography and Summary
		Crookes was born in London in 1832, the oldest of 16 chil...
		Crookes is known as one of the most accomplished experimental physicists of his time.
		William Crookes was born in London on June 17, 1832.
	www.bookrags.com /William_Crookes (272 words)

	The Campaign for Philosophical Freedom
		Sir William Crookes was able to wipe the floor with contemporary professional wreckers who dared to attack him.
		Genuine scientists are banned from supporting the work of Sir William Crookes in the press and on every radio and television programme that is made on the so-called paranormal.
		Recent discoveries in subatomic physics confirm that Sir William Crookes was correct in his conclusions, and that he was not a liar, cheat, crank, a fraud or a sex maniac as we have been criminally led to believe.
	www.cfpf.org.uk /articles/scientists/crookes/crookes.html (795 words)

	Crookes, William (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Crookes was born in London and studied at the Royal College of Chemistry.
		The ionized gas in a Crookes tube gives out light - as in a neon sign - and Crookes observed near the cathode a light-free gap in the discharge, now called the Crookes dark space.
		He named the ion stream 'molecular rays' and demonstrated how they are deflected in a magnetic field and how they can cast shadows, proving that they travel in straight lines.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Crookes/1.html (217 words)

	Crookes, Sir William. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Crookes devised spectacles to protect the eyes of glassworkers from damaging rays.
		One of his chief inventions is the Crookes tube, with which J. Thomson, W. Roentgen, R. Millikan, and others conducted important research.
		He founded the Chemical News in 1859 and was the author of numerous scientific papers and of Select Methods in Chemical Analysis (1871).
	www.bartleby.com /65/cr/Crookes.html (197 words)

	Skeptical Inquirer: Anna Eva Fay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Between 1870 and 1874 William Crookes--the discoverer of thallium, inventor of the radiometer, developer of the Crookes tube, pioneer investigator of radiation effects, Fellow of the Royal Society, and later knighted--conducted a series of experiments with some of the most remarkable mediums of the age.
		Fay's mediumship." William Crookes, however, had stated clearly that he wanted to be first in examining her.
		It was possibly to counteract this exposure that Annie Eva Fay, a vaudeville performer who had found herself the center of a body of eminent literary and scientific men, being treated as a "medium" whom it was necessary to "investigate," succumbed to temptation and accepted her new role.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_1_24/ai_58545669 (1295 words)

	Radiant Matter
		Sir William Crookes was born in London on June 17, 1832, the eldest son of a tailor, Joseph Crookes, and his second wife, Mary Scott.
		That year, he took a position as superintendent of the meteorological department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford and in 1855 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Chester training college.
		Crookes died in London on April 4, 1919 at the age of 87.
	www.tfcbooks.com /mall/more/315rm.htm (428 words)

	William Crookes - A Biography
		He explained the reasons for his inquiry: ‘I consider it the duty of scientific men who have learnt exact modes of working to examine phenomena which attract the attention of the public, in order to confirm their genuineness or to explain, if possible, the delusions of the dishonest and to expose the tricks of deceivers’.
		By his own account Crookes had originally, ‘like other men who thought little of the matter and saw little’, taken Spiritualism to be superstition and trickery; he stressed that his aim would be to substitute a strictly scientific appraisal ‘for the loose claims of the pseudo-scientific Spiritualists’.
		Many believed that Crookes would expose the phenomena he witnessed, but this rapid conversion to the ranks of believers surprised the public and shocked his scientific colleagues.
	www.sgny.org /main/Biographies/bio_WC.htm (617 words)

	A story about how Wilhelm Rontgen saw x-rays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Fournier d’Albe, Crooke's biographer, went so far as to claim that all the physical phenomena of spiritualism were ultimately based on the work of Sir William (Hall 1984).
		Within days of this embarrassing episode, Florence approached the renowned William Crookes, who had recently investigated another medium by the name of Daniel Home, to request that he perform an impartial scientific investigation into the phenomena occurring at her séances.
		If it is true that Crookes compromised his scientific integrity for Florence, he was ultimately left with nothing to show for it - she left him as soon as he was no longer useful.
	www.orau.org /ptp/articlesstories/crookesspectral.htm (1014 words)

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