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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: William Rubruck
		The report of the journey which Rubruck presented to the king is a geographical masterpiece of the Middle Ages.
		He called attention to the relationship between German and the Indo-Germanic group of languages, and to the family unity of the Hungarians, Bashkirs, and Huns in the great racial division of the Finns; and he also gave a circumstantial account of the religion of the Mongols and the various ceremonies of the idolaters.
		Rubruck's account has been edited by the Société de Géographie in the "Recueil de voyages et de mémoires", IV (Paris, 1893), German translation by Kulb in the "Geschichte der Missionsreisen nach Mongolei", I, II (Ratisbon, 1860); English tr.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13217a.htm (483 words)

	William of Rubruck - Travel Journal
		William had participated in the crusade of King Louis IX of France to Palestine and there heard about the Mongols from friar Andrew of Longjumeau, a Dominican who had been involved in papal diplomacy aimed at trying to enlist the Mongols in the Christian crusade against the Muslims.
		Rubruck then decided to undertake his own mission to the Mongols primarily in the hope of promoting their conversion to Christianity.
		William had the distinction of being the first European to visit the Mongol capital of Karakorum on the Orhon River and return to write about it.
	www.tcoletribalrugs.com /article32RubruckTrvl.html (2234 words)

	Asia Times -Part 1: Missions to the Mongols
		In contrast to the mission of Carpini, the mission of Friar William of Rubruck was purely religious in character.
		William of Rubruck, a Franciscan monk on a mission for the French king, traveled by the old highway to Central Asia through Constantinople and the Crimea.
		Rubruck describes the temples he saw in Karakorum, "The idols and how they comfort themselves in the worship of their gods." He describes the palace of the Great Khan and the feasts that went on there.
	atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EH28Ag02.html (1338 words)

	Imam on way to Karakorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is worthy of note from the accounts of "The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World" (tr.
		In pursuit, he had sent William of Rubruck (1215-1295), a Flemish Franciscan on a diplomatic mission under the garb of church, at the court of Mongke (d.
		William of Rubruck reached Karakorum on December 25, and visited the court of Mongke on January 4, 1254.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history06/history647.html (489 words)

	Karakorum
		William of Rubruck, a Flemish Franciscan missionary and explorer to Karakorum in 1254, wrote of his visit and travels, a work which has become one of the great masterpieces of medieval geographical literature.
		Because William was a good observer and excellent writer, and because he asked many questions along the way without taking folk tale and fable as truth, his account of Karakorum is held in high esteem (see William of Rubruck):
		In the entry of this great palace, it being unseemly to bring in there skins of milk and other drinks, master William the Parisian had made for him a great silver tree, and at its roots are four lions of silver, each with a conduit through it, and all belching forth white milk of mares.
	www.archira.com /karak.html (1245 words)

	The Chan's Great Continent
		That distinction goes to the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck, who in 1253 was dispatched to the Mongol capital of Karakorum, northwest of the Chinese border, by King Louis IX of France, in an attempt to win the Khan Mongke to the Christian cause against Islam.
		Rubruck realized that the "Cataians" he was meeting in the Mongol base area were the same people who had been known to the Romans as "Seres" or "Silk People" because the finest silk came from their domains.
		Rubruck followed this observation with two equally precise sentences on Chinese calligraphy and paper money: "The everyday currency of Cataia is of paper, the breadth and length of a palm, on which lines are stamped as on Mangu's seal.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/s/spence-continent.html (4425 words)

	May 7: William of Ruesbroek heads to Mongolia
		William of Rubruck and his companion suddenly found their mission stretched well beyond initial anticipation.
		William met the Khan, discussed theology in his presence, and was allowed to preach.
		William of Rubruck arrived at Acre in May 1255, bearing this grandiose proclamation.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2001/05/daily-05-07-2001.shtml (582 words)

	Mongolian Bibliography
		Starts with an introduction to the state of Mongolian folk religion and Buddhism at the time of William of Rubruck's debate with the lamas, Taoists, Moslems and others at the court of Mongke, then attempts to reconstruct and flesh out the circumstances of that debate as described by the friar.
		William of Rubruck was an excellent observer and included much detail of everyday Mongol life in the thirteenth century.
		The Journal of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-1255, as narrated by himself with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpini.
	hometown.aol.com /noramunro/MongolBib/index.htm (2285 words)

	Culture Mongolia - Karakorum
		The remarkable size and diversity of the city's population is reflected by the fact that there were, according to William de Rubruck, "twelve idol temples of different nations, two mahummeries [mosques] in which is cried the law of Machomet, and one church of Christians in the extreme end of the city".
		This palace was used primarily for the purpose of holding royal celebrations, the Khaan himself living in other quarters for most of the year; William de Rubruck observed that major feasts were held here twice annually, in spring and in summer, the latter feast being attended by all nobles from near and from afar.
		Inside the trunk four pipes lead up to the top of the tree and the ends of the pipes are bent downwards and over each of them is a gilded serpent, the tail of which twines round the trunk of the tree.
	www.culture.mn /mongolia.php?recordID=karakorum (1530 words)

	First Europeans Traveled to Khan's Court
		Rubruck found that the men had wives "as many as they would", and that any of their female slaves could be their concubines.
		There Rubruck learned about the yak, whose cows "will not allow themselves to be milked unless sung to", and which, like bulls in Europe, always attacked anyone dressed in red.
		Rubruck found Karakorum small not as big as the village of St. Denis (now a suburb of Paris).
	www.silk-road.com /artl/carrub.shtml (1915 words)

	William of Rubruck
		The text here is the translation by W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine.
		And he went on to tell him of Damascus and of master William, who was clerk of the lord legate [J: and thus it was that he told the man from Damascus and Master William that he had been a clerk of the lord Legate].
		Once, as I was told by master William, a certain Hungarian hid himself among them; and the devil who was on top of the dwelling [J: and the demon made his appearance on top of the dwelling and] cried that he could not come in, for there was a Christian among them.
	www.uoregon.edu /~sshoemak/407/texts/william_of_rubruck.htm (16944 words)

	RTE.ie Entertainment - In the Empire of Genghis Khan by Stanley Stewart
		In particular, he read the account of one Friar William of Rubruck, a Christian missionary sent to try and convert the Mongols to his faith.
		As it is, Friar William has been all but forgotten despite his vast voyage into the unknown reaches of the East.
		Stewart was inspired by William's journey and determined to begin one of his own.
	www.rte.ie /arts/2001/0920/stewarts.html (463 words)

	Glossary: William of Rubruck
		Flemish Franciscan monk, William of Rubruck (Willem van Ruysbroeck, c.
		The text below is the translation by W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine.
		O the most excellent lord and most Christian Louis, by the grace of God illustrious King of the French, from Friar William of Rubruck, the meanest in the order of Minor Friars, greetings, and may he always triumph in Christ.
	www.gotheborg.com /glossary/data/rubruck.shtml (19479 words)

	William of Rubruck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William's sickness and the death of the Nestorian priest
		The full account has been edited by the Société de Géographie in the "Recueil de voyages et de mémoires", IV (Paris, 1893), English translation by Rockhill, "The Journey of William of Rubruk to the Eastern Parts" (London, 1900, ISBN 0-8115-0327-5).
		The iournal of frier William de Rubruquis ed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_of_Rubruck (853 words)

	Discoverers
		This was headed by the second of the great friar travellers of the middle Ages, a 30-year-old Flemish Franciscan named William of Rubruck.
		Rubruck learned there about the yak, whose cows "will not allow them to be milked unless sung to", and which, like bulls in Europe, always attacked anyone dressed in red.
		Karakorum was the diplomatic centre of the world and received embassies from the Greek Emperor, the Caliph, the King of Delhi and the Seljuq Sultan, as well as emirs from the Jezireh and Kurdistan and princes from Russia.
	home.wanadoo.nl /bas.van.sambeek/School/Discoverers.htm (1776 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		The first, who left Europe in 1245, was John of Plano Carpini, and the second was William of Rubruck, who traveled through the Mongol domains during 1253-1255.
		Nonetheless, John of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruck were greeted cordially at the Mongol courts.
		Though they succeeded in neither their religious nor diplomatic missions, they were able to bring back the first accurate accounts of the Mongols.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/history/history3.htm (262 words)

	William of Rubruck
		With the Mongols threatening to invade Europe, William of Rubruck, a Franciscan monk, was sent by the Pope to investigate Mongol society, determine their plans regarding Europe and convert them to Christianity.
		William was at the court of Mongke Khan (r.
		The following is a excerpt from a report he made to King Louis IX of France regarding his travels.
	www.thenagain.info /Classes/Sources/Rubruck.html (1748 words)

	Ray Lesser's Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rubruck immediately told the court that he knew the word of God and had come to spread it to the ignorant hordes.
		The Mongols were animists who worshipped the many spiritual forces of nature but, although they believed in the supreme law of the Eternal Blue Sky over all people, they permitted the free practice of all religions within their realms.
		Before dismissing Rubruck and sending him back to France (where Catholic priests were busy going from city to city to find and torture suspected heretics) Mongke Khan gave him a lecture on religious tolerance.
	www.funnytimes.com /lessercolumns/200609RL.html (606 words)

	The Mongols
		The yam supported not only the pony express of the Mongol command and control system, but the merchant caravans that brought the qan and his court, and the establishments of the dynastic and military elite, the spoils of empire, and distributed the surplus luxury goods from the factories that catered to these Mongol grandees.
		William of Rubruck (170), the next to report from Mongolia, inquired more skeptically about"the monsters and human freaks who are described by Isidore and Solinus [the dog-headed and singlelimbed]" (R/JandM, 201] and, on finding no eye-witnesses, doubted their existence.
		William of Rubruck, The Journey of William of Rubruck, in Christopher Dawson ed., Mission to Asia, Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching, 8 (Toronto: Toronto UP, 1998).
	silkroadfoundation.org /newsletter/volumeonenumberone/mongols.html (4090 words)

	languagehat.com: CHIN-CHIN.
		It is curious that the phrase occurs in a quaint story told to William of Rubruck by a Chinese priest whom he met at the Court of the Great Kaan (see below).
		Hobson-Jobson is quite wrong in taking the history of the expression "chin-chin" back to William of Rubruck, as the "chin-chin" in his story is a completely different word to the later "chin-chin" that derives from Chinese qing qing 請請.
		William of Rubruck's "chin-chin" (or "zinzin" according to Francesco Carletti) is a representation of the Chinese word xing xing 猩猩 (a type of ape, but in modern Chinese the word for orang-utan).
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002352.php (889 words)

	Armenian Architecture - VirtualANI - Travellers Accounts of Ani: William of Rubruck
		Little is known about Friar William of Rubruck's life.
		He was probably born between 1215 and 1230, was a Franciscan, and may have belonged to the Holy Land province rather than one in Western Europe.
		The "Sahensa" written about by William of Rubruck was Shahanshah, head of the Zakarian dynasty that had ruled Ani on behalf of the Georgians.
	www.virtualani.org /accounts/william_of_rubruck.htm (642 words)

	Discoverers Web: The Medieval period
		An envoy, Andrew of Longjumeau, was sent back to the Mongols, but was not received friendly: Kuyuk had died, and the empress-regent demanded tribute in exchange for peace.
		Nevertheless, a further envoy was sent to the Mongols, the Franciscan monk William of Rubruck.
		William of Rubruck: Journey to the Land of the Tartars (extract)
	www.win.tue.nl /~engels/discovery/medieval.html (1381 words)

	Charles Carlson, Early travelers, Part 1: Missions to the Mongols
		And to be honest, he didn’t have a very sympathetic representation of the Mongols, whom I think he was portraying as a very serious threat to Europe.
		He gives tremendous information about the commercial history, what he was carrying going through the Crimea, how he had to deal with local officials, what the wives of the khans were like.
		I can’t think of another source that has that level of detail, which is consistent with what we know today about the lives of later peoples, be it the various Kypchak peoples like the Kazakhs, or others.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/55/488.html (1319 words)

	Prester John - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William of Rubruck says a certain "Vut", lord of the Keraits and brother to the Nestorian King John, was defeated by the Mongols under Genghis.
		Charles Williams, a prominent member of the 20th century literary group the Inklings, made Prester John a messianic protector of the Holy Grail in his 1930 novel War in Heaven.
		In Tad Williams' series Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn the aging king in the first installment is repeately referred to as Prester John.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prester_John (2817 words)

	Amazon.com: "William of Rubruck": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		diplomatic mission that traveled to and from the heart of Mongol Central Asia (after John of Plano Carpini, but before William of Rubruck), but it confirmed the influence of high-ranking Christians at the Mongol royal court, and it was the first positive response...
		William of Rubruck was a Franciscan Friar who accompanied King Louis IX of France on his crusade in the Holy Land,...
		When William of Rubruck was at Karakorum in 1254 he found a variety of foreigners: envoys from John Vatatzes, the Greek emperor of Nicaea;...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/William-of-Rubruck (626 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/William of Rubruck
		William also answered a long-standing question proving that the Caspian was an inland sea and did not flow into the Arctic Ocean; although earlier Scandinavian explorers had doubtless already known this, he was the first to report it.
		The journey to the court of Batu in Hircania
		William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols, Silk Road Seattle, University of Washington.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/William_of_Rubruck (851 words)

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