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Topic: Williams tubes

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Main memory

Core memory

Delay line memory

Selectron tube

Twistor memory

Thin film memory

History of computers

UNIVAC 1103

Drum memory

MIT Whirlwind

History of computing hardware

ENIAC

Analog computer

UNIVAC 60

COBOL

	Williams tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Williams tube or (more accurately) the Williams-Kilburn tube (after Freddie Williams and coworker Tom Kilburn), developed about 1946 or 1947, was a cathode ray tube used to store electronic data.
		When a dot is drawn on a cathode ray tube, the spot lasts for a time that depends on the type of phosphor used in the tube.
		The Williams tube was regarded as extremely unreliable, and touchy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Williams_tube (240 words)

	Manchester Mark I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Key improvements in the design were going to include a magnetic drum for loading programs into the machine's Williams tube memory, replacing the SSEM's paper tape, the addition of index registers and a hardware multiplier.
		The SSEM included two registers on its Williams tube, the accumulator A and program counter C. Mark I added another, D, for holding one side of a multiplication, leaving B the natural place to hold the index register.
		Freddie Williams deliberately sized the drum to store two "pages" of Williams tube data – that is, 2x32x40 = 2,560 bits – per track, and 32 tracks in total.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchester_Mark_I (888 words)

	Encyclopedia of 20th Century Technology
		The cathode ray tube was another wartime development and the persistence of the phosphor display screen once illuminated by the cathode ray provided the memory.
		The Williams-Kilburn tubes (commonly known as Williams tubes) were used on several of the early stored program computers, including the Manchester 'Baby' (1948) and the Manchester Mark 1 which became operational in 1949, and the Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) machine spearheaded by von Neumann at Princeton, finally completed in 1951.
		The Williams tube memory had a big advantage over delay line memory in that it allowed fast random access (any memory location could be addressed and read directly).
	www.routledge-ny.com /ref/20ctech/computer.html (1986 words)

	Frederic Williams
		Freddie Williams ran a small group (in a room in the cricket pavilion of Malvern College) the main purpose of which was to design electronic circuitry to solve problems great and small met by other groups both within and beyond TRE.
		In 1945, and again in 1946, Freddie Williams visited the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA in connection with their massive 24-volume Radiation Laboratory Series on Electrical Engineering (informally known as the "five-foot-shelf"!); he was a co-editor and contributor to volumes 19, Waveforms, and 20, Electronic Time Measurement.
		The second battle Freddie Williams fought was that universities and their researchers should be entitled to the financial rewards of their inventions, rather than the government just because the government funded the Universities.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/williams_frederic.htm (2115 words)

	Electronics 27
		Heater connections for octal tubes are typically (not always!) to pins 2 and 7, and often to pins 3-4 on 7-pin, or 4-5 on 9-pin, miniature tubes.
		This tube, which is indeed a phanotron, has two plates and one cathode, really two diodes in the same envelope, as was typical for rectifier diodes intended for full-wave rectification with a center-tapped transformer secondary.
		The tubes were, apparently, used with filaments in series with a ballast resistor to keep the current constant with a supply (a small turbogenerator) whose output voltage varied.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/electron/elect27.htm (23318 words)

	Frederic Calland Williams
		Early in 1939 Freddie Williams was recruited by Professor Blackett, who was a member of the Tizard Comittee, to join the embrionic RAF radar research group at Bawdsey Research Station.
		As a result of his work at TRE, by the end of the war Freddie Williams had an international reputation, and was invited by the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA to contribute to their massive 24-volume Radiation Laboratory Series on Electrical Engineering (informally known as the "five-foot-shelf"!).
		Freddie Williams took a particular interest in the development of the drum, carrying out with J.C. (Cliff) West the early experimentation on servo-mechanisms to synchronise the drum's rotation with the refresh cycle of the CRT stores.
	www.computer50.org /mark1/williams.html (2358 words)

	[No title]
		Williams tubes were widely available, but their performance was erratic.
		The Williams tube was invented by Sir Frederick Williams at the University of Manchester in 1948.
		The Williams tube from the SWAC is on exhibit at The Computer Museum.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V07.html (3664 words)

	VAOIG Investigations: Former VA Nurse Pleads Gulty in Threat Case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The investigation revealed that Williams made two threatening telephone calls to the VA facility and stated he would contaminate patients he was treating with an infectious disease.
		Williams, who at the time of the incidents was a licensed vocational nurse at a private nursing home in Yolo County, threatened to contaminate patients under his care by spreading an infectious disease through their feeding tubes.
		Williams, who is also a Vietnam veteran, apparently made the threats because of his dissatisfaction with the care that he was receiving from VA. Williams was employed in 1997 as an LVN at the VA hospital at Mather Field.
	www.va.gov /oig/51/press2001/Williams-pr.htm (304 words)

	University of Scranton Cardiovascular Nursing Care Study Guide
		Williams had a cardiac catheterization and the placement of a stent in one of her coronary arteries.
		Williams reports that she seems to be bleeding from the catheterization site.
		It is permissible to clamp her chest tubes while she is being transported to the telemetry unit.
	academic.uofs.edu /faculty/zalonm1/Cardiovascular.html (524 words)

	SPOTLIGHT / Eric Williams: Designer with heart / Business helps save lives with plastic tubes
		Williams, who has 12 patents for catheters and 15 pending, is a rare African American executive in the medical device industry.
		Williams and his friends would spend the entire day fishing and crabbing from pier to pier in San Francisco, bringing back their catch for seafood gumbo.
		Williams relishes the many responsibilities of a startup -- from working with the Food and Drug Administration to learning about finance to attending medical symposiums and, in the beginning, even being the janitor.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/10/08/BUGJG2746M1.DTL (1228 words)

	History of computing hardware
		First generation computers were usually built by hand using circuits containing relays or vacuum valves (tubes), and often used punched cardss or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.
		All machines at that date still lacked what became known as the von Neumann architecture: their programs were not stored in the same memory 'space' as the data and hence programs could not be manipulated as data.
		For example the vacuum tube based IBM 650 of 1954 weighed over 900 kg, the attached power supply weighed around 1350 kg and both were held in separate cabinets of roughly 1.5 meters by 0.9 meters by 1.8 meters.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/history_of_computing_hardware (4228 words)

	Williams tube - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Williams tube - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Williams tube or (more accurately) the Williams-Kilburn tube (after Freddie Williams and coworker Tom Kilburn) was a cathode ray tube used to store electronic data.
		The article about Williams tube contains information related to Williams tube and External links.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Williams_tube (222 words)

	Visible Storage
		The fact that the CRT produces a spot of light in the process is coincidental and could not be seen because the tube was covered with a metal plate used to detect the charges.
		Williams Tube memories worked, but they were quite unreliable.
		All of these approaches, including the Williams Tube, were made obsolete by the invention of magnetic core memory.
	www.computerhistory.org /VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_main.php?tax_id=02.03.02.00 (228 words)

	Dana 60 Axle Conversion Home Page
		If you are nervous about cutting the tubes Mark Williams or most drive train shops can perform this service for you.
		The Binder Bunch uses an alignment fixture that utilizes a 1" tool steel rod that is located with machined adapters pressed into the housing ends and two addition adapters (the ones that come with your pinion depth gage usually work) held in place by the differential bearing caps.
		While you are welding the axle ends on go ahead and weld around the pumpkin where the tubes are pressed into the housing (see picture).
	www.off-road.com /ih/jweed/dana60.htm (754 words)

	Learn more about History of computing hardware in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		First generation computers were usually built by hand using circuits containing relays or vacuum valves (tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.
		Temporary, or working storage, was provided by acoustic delay lines (which use the propagation time of sound in a medium such as wire to store data) or by Williams tubes (which use the ability of a television picture tube to store and retrieve data).
		This University machine became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark I, the world's first commercially available computer except for Konrad Zuse's Z4 which was leased to ETH Zuerich in 1950 (some also point out that LEO I was the computer that was used for the world's first regular routine office computer job in November 1951).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /h/hi/history_of_computing_hardware.html (2911 words)

	Manchester Mark 1
		F.C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, was expanded in October 1948 by two research students who had graduated at Manchester in the summer, D.B.G. (Dai) Edwards (general machine design) and G.E. ("Tommy") Thomas (magnetic drum store).
		In addition to the accumulator tube A and the control tube C, there was now a B tube to hold the B-lines and a D tube to hold the multiplier and multiplicand for multiplication.
		The Display Tube was laid out in groups of 5 bits, see display, so that there was a direct relationship between a teleprinter symbol, the line of punched holes on tape that corresponded to it, and any 5-bit group in a word in store that represented the symbol.
	www.computer50.org /mark1/MM1.html (1567 words)

	MADM Mk I Ptototype and Kilburn's Highest Factor Routine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The waves propagated down the length of the tube where at the far end they were converted to electronic signals, amplified and fed back in the other end.
		With CRT memory technology, a scanning election beam was used to deposit a charge on the surface of a phosphor coated screen (incidently causing the phosphor coating to glow).
		A refers to the A (Accumulator) Tube, CI is the Current Instruction line in the C Tube, Store[address] is the contents of the Store at address.
	www.wittenberg.edu /academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/madmmk1.shtml (3052 words)

	Memories of my Early Days with Computers (1951--1954)
		The main emphasis was on Williams tube storage -- this is a system where cathode ray tubes are used for storage.
		Another way of looking at the size of the Williams tube storage is that is consisted of 2048 "words" each consisting of 36 bits.
		However the tubes had one advantage over transistors, when the machine went down the most common problem was a burned out tube and that could be detected by turning out the lights and looking for a tube that was not glowing.
	www.ii.uib.no /~wagner/OtherTopicsdir/EarlyDays.htm (4081 words)

	Unisys History Newsletter v6n1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The electrostatic memory consisted of 5-inch diameter cathode ray tubes known as Williams tubes, for their English inventor.
		The drum provided 16,384 words of memory, with a maximum access time of 17 milliseconds, and was directly addressable as an extension of the main memory: addresses 0 through 01777 were in electrostatic memory, while 040000 through 077777 were on the drum.
		William Norris and several other ERA managers journeyed to the corporate headquarters at Rockledge, an old mansion outside Norwalk, Connecticut, to try to convince Remington Rand's top management that it would be worthwhile to sell the 1103.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /gvu/people/randy.carpenter/folklore/v6n1.html (2483 words)

	Williams tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Williams design was used in the Manchester Mark I and the commercial Ferranti Mark I (both British machines), and in the IBM 'Defense Calculator' (1951).
		In a CRT (in principle a standard oscilloscope type with electrostatic deflection), the electron beam draws a spot of light on the phosphor-covered screen at the XY position where it is directed to by the deflection system.
		Dot pattern on the screen of a Williams memory tube of a Ferranti Mark I computer.
	www.science.uva.nl /faculteit/museum/williamstube.html (649 words)

	Contractility of lungs and air-tubes: experiments performed in 1840 by Charles J.B. Williams -- Lotvall 7 (3): 592 -- ...
		However, not until 1840 was the contractility of airway smooth muscle clearly established by Charles J.B. Williams, a famous London physician.
		In a number of innovative experiments in dogs, rabbits, livestock and even donkeys, he showed: 1) that airways contract in response to electrical stimulation; 2) that the observed contractions are almost totally abolished by belladonna and stramonium (anticholinergics); 3) that the responses faded over time; and 4) that morphine inhibited the observed responses.
		These interesting observations made by Williams will be reviewed, and related to current theories concerning modulation of airway smooth muscle responsiveness.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/7/3/592 (212 words)

	C:\BELLBOOK\P001-100\HTMFILES\CSP0123.HTM
		The main store consisted of a single CV 1131 Williams Tube, with each 32-digit line occupying about 10 cms on the screen and being scanned in 272 microseconds.
		There was notional provision for extending up to 256 Williams tubes to yield a total storage capacity of8192 words.
		The Williams Tube which implemented the control register was also used to hold the present instruction (P1) itself subsequent to its being read out of main store.
	research.microsoft.com /~gbell/Computer_Structures_Principles_and_Examples/csp0123.htm (677 words)

	Science Fair Projects - UNIVAC 1103
		The UNIVAC 1103 had 1024 words of 36 bit Williams tube memory (first commercial computer to use random access memory).
		Both the electrostatic and drum memories were directly addressable: addresses 0 through 01777 (Octal) were in electrostatic memory and 040000 through 077777 (Octal) were on the drum.
		The successor machine was the UNIVAC 1103A or Univac Scientific, which improved upon the design by replacing the unreliable Williams tube memory with magnetic core storage, adding hardware floating point instructions, and a hardware interrupt feature.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/UNIVAC_1103 (482 words)

	[No title]
		The Selectron tube, under development by the Radio Corporation of America from about 1945, was for a time thought to be the most promising digital storage device.
		The success of Williams tubes was based upon the discovery of a relatively simple method for effecting this regeneration.
		Williams tubes could, moreover, be built comparatively cheaply from standard components and the ideas were soon taken up by other computer groups in the USA and elsewhere.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/EarlyBritish-05-12.html (9803 words)

	Vacuum Tube Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A photo of IBM 701 electrostatic storage (CRT memory) is given in Frizzell, Clarence R., "Engineering Description of the IBM Type 701 Computer", Proceedings of the IRE October 1953, pg.
		CRT storage is "accomplished by the of devices similar to a television set; the characters are recorded on the face of the picture tube.
		Unlike the television set, however, the information stored on the tube is read back when required" [64].
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history/701-tubes.html (129 words)

	Core memory
		Around 1950, memory was implemented by mercury and nickel-wire delay lines, magnetic drums and 'Williams tubes' (modified CRT's).
		The invention of core memory in 1949 was a leap forward in cost-effectiveness and reliability.
		The first commercial computer with a core memory (100.000 bits, cycle time 17 microseconds) was the IBM 705, a vacuum tube based computer delivered in 1955.
	public.planetmirror.com /pub/museum-uva/CoreMemory.html (643 words)

	Williams-Grand Canyon News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Williams City Council members voted in favor of pursuing the acquisition of an ice rink at the Oct. 13 regular city council meeting.
		At the Oct. 12 Williams Unified School District Governing Board meeting, it was revealed that yet another piece of playground equipment for the Williams Elementary-Middle School has been acquired.
		The Williams High School Lady Vikings volleyball team produced a split in their latest two-match battle against Red Mesa on Oct. 14.
	www.williamsnews.com (271 words)

	Williams Tire in Charleston, SC - Bridgestone, Michelin, Uniroyal dealer - tires, wheels, batteries
		Any tires from a boat trailer to a tractor trailer, tubes, wheels, boat trailer parts, such as hubs, axles, bearings or leaf springs are in stock and ready for delivery to your store or place of business every week.
		Williams Tire also carries a wide variety of automotive and truck accessories including performance tires, custom wheels, sport compact accessories, bedliners, tool boxes, stepbars, and much, much more.
		Williams Tire in Charleston, South Carolina will help you get back on the road quickly in your time of need.
	www.williamstire.com (574 words)

	A.Williams, RN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Williams worked in Surgical Intensive Care and was formaly certified as a CCRN.
		Williams has developed numerous programs at the nursing school level as well as acreditied continuing education programs for colleges.
		Williams is past president of the Greater Evansville AACN and is a member of ASPEN, INS, and NAVAN.
	members.evansville.net /aew (239 words)

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