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	Willis Lamb, Jr., the Hydrogen Atom, and the Lamb Shift
		Willis E. Lamb, Jr., was awarded the 2000 National Medal of Science for "his towering contributions to classical and quantum theories of laser radiation and quantum optics, and to the proper interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics.
		Lamb's discovery of the quantum effect that became known as the "Lamb shift" led physicists to rethink the basic concepts behind the application of quantum theory to electromagnetism.
		Lamb continued working in the general area of atomic spectroscopy and theoretical laser physics as a member of the Stanford University faculty (1951-56) and as professor and Fellow of New College at the University of Oxford, England (1956-62).
	www.osti.gov /html/accomplishments/lamb.html (541 words)

	The Lamb Shift
		In 1951, Willis Lamb discovered that this was not so - that the 2p(1/2) state is slightly lower than the 2s(1/2) state resulting in a slight shift of the corresponding spectral line (the Lamb shift).
		While the Lamb shift is extremely small and difficult to measure as a splitting in the optical or uv spectral lines, it is possible to make use of transitions directly between the sublevels by going to other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Willis Lamb made his measurements of the shift in the microwave region.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/quantum/lamb.html (709 words)

	Ursula Lamb, UA historian, dies at 82 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lamb was born in Essen/Ruhr, Germany, in 1914.
		Lamb retired from teaching in 1984 from the UA with emerita status continuing her research and was an editor for the Hispanic American Historical Review.
		Lamb is survived by her husband of 57 years, Willis E. Lamb Jr., Nobel physicist and UA professor emeritus.
	wildcat.arizona.edu /papers/90/1/16_1_m.html (392 words)

	UA Physicist Wins Top U.S. Science Award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		University of Arizona physicist Willis E. Lamb was honored by President Bill Clinton yesterday as a winner of the National Medal of Science, considered the nation's highest scientific award.
		Lamb, 87, won the Nobel Prize in 1955 for work on the atomic structure of hydrogen that revolutionized physicists' understanding of the nature of matter.
		Lamb's career has focused on theory, but his work has been applied in the development of devices as varied as lasers, military radars and microwave ovens.
	www.physics.arizona.edu /physics/public/lamb-citizen.html (303 words)

	UA Physicist Chosen for Highest U.S. Award
		Lamb, 87, was one of 12 U.S. scientists and engineers named to receive the medal at a Dec. 1 awards dinner in Washington.
		Lamb was born July 12, 1913, in Los Angeles, and graduated from public schools there, then attended the University of California at Berkeley.
		Lamb determined that there is a small but significant difference in the energy levels existing between two states of excitation of the hydrogen atom.
	www.physics.arizona.edu /physics/public/lamb-star.html (673 words)

	Lamb shift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb, is a small difference in energy between two energy levels 2s
		By using lower frequencies than for optical transitions the Doppler broadening could be neglected (Doppler broadening is proportional to the frequency).
		This particular difference is a one-loop effect of quantum electrodynamics, and can be interpreted as the influence of virtual photons that have been emitted and re-absorbed by the atom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lamb_shift (243 words)

	Physics Today January 2002
		Lamb used this history to point out the perils of the temptation to treat evidence from a particularly reliable source with diminished weight because it deviates inconveniently from a well-established prevailing model.
		I conclude that Houston is a half-forgotten hero of this story, the grandfather of the Lamb shift measurement (and a great uncle, maybe, of the QED revolution after Shelter Island).
		Lamb must have had confidence from the beginning in just about what the result would be, and that confidence would have helped enormously in supporting the continuing determination needed for such a tour de force experiment.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-55/iss-1/p77a.html (724 words)

	USATODAY.com - Scores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willis improved to a major league-best 7-0 by allowing one run and six hits in eight innings, and Damion Easley's two-run homer sent the Florida Marlins to a 2-1 victory Wednesday night over the Houston Astros.
		Willis, who's won all his starts, actually saw his ERA rise a sliver to 1.08 _ despite keeping the Astros in check for most of the night.
		Willis and Oswalt continued a trend of gems turned in by starters during the three-game set, in which the Marlins won twice.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/scores105/105131/MLB23743.htm (929 words)

	Encyclopedia: Willis Lamb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining.
		Polykarp Kusch (January 26, 1911 - March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist who, with Willis Eugene Lamb, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1955 for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of and...
		In physics, the Lamb shift, named after Willis Lamb, is a small difference of energy between two energy levels and of the hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Willis-Lamb (394 words)

	Exploring Students@Work - Vanderbilt students meet and mingle with Nobel prize winners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Willis Lamb, who won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1955, told his captivated audience about his experiences with legends like J.
		Willis Lamb was Swafford’s favorite: “His mind wanders and he speaks very softly – he’s 89 years old.
		There was no attacking Professor Lamb’s ideas.” To fifteen students in a small classroom setting, Lamb and his wife, who sat next to him, shared their experiences as scientists over the last 70 years.
	exploration.vanderbilt.edu /students/students_lindau.htm (960 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lamb joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1938 and worked in the radiation laboratory there during World War II.
		Though the quantum mechanics of Paul A.M. Dirac had predicted the hyperfine structure of the lines that appear in the spectrum (dispersed light, as by a prism), Lamb applied new methods to measure the lines and in 1947 found their positions to be slightly different from what had been predicted.
		While a professor of physics at Stanford University, California, (1951-56), Lamb devised microwave techniques for examining the hyperfine structure of the spectral lines of helium.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/lamb.html (169 words)

	Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The meat of sheep 6 to 10 weeks old is usually sold as baby lamb, and spring lamb is from sheep of five to six months.
		An essayist, critic, and poet, Lamb was also a brave and tender man. Despite a life full of tragedy, his writings were often filled with humor.
		U.S. mechanical engineer Willis Haviland Carrier was born in Angola, N.Y. He served as head of the Carrier Corporation and developed modern air conditioning.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9314467 (688 words)

	2003 Wild Horse Workshop
		Willis Lamb saved the day late in the week as a wired up fl stallion had several of us swiftly climbing the fences to make room for this over-charged animal.
		Willis introduced poles on the ground and balls in the pen to force concentration.
		Willis hugged one side and stayed very visible performing jumping jacks and exhibited much activity to get the horse used to an active human.
	www.horsewhisperer.com /wild_horse_workshop_2003.html (1029 words)

	Rinton Press - Publisher in Science and Technology
		by Willis E. Lamb, Jr., provides all students of quantum mechanics, physicists, philosophers and historians of sciences, new insights in the understanding of quantum mechanics by one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, and the editorial annotation offers a fascinating portrait of the life and science of a great man.
		Lamb has taught physics throughout his entire career: at Columbia University; Stanford University; Harvard University; Oxford University; Yale University; and the University of Arizona.
		Lamb's contributions to physics are highly honored and justly celebrated: it was his measurement of the Lamb shift that led to the renormalized quantum electrodynamical theories of Schwinger, Feynman, Tomonaga, and Dyson.
	www.rintonpress.com /books/wlamb.html (352 words)

	Sir Run Run Shaw Lecture: Willis E. Lamb, Jr. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lamb shift, announced at the historic conference held at Shelter Island in 1947, established the range of applicability of the Dirac theory of the electron, served as a key inspiration in the development of quantum field theory, and helped issue in an era that continues to this day.
		A native of California, Dr. Lamb received his Ph.D from the University of California at Berkeley in 1938, for nuclear studies, with the supervision of J. Robert Oppenheimer.
		Dr. Lamb held professorships at Columbia and Stanford, and was Wykeham Professor of Physics at Oxford and J. Willard Gibbs Professor of Physics at Yale.
	insti.physics.sunysb.edu /ITP/runrunshaw/w-lamb.html (257 words)

	Coe: Athletics: Hall of Fame
		Rare is the Coe graduate who has not felt the warmth of the ambassador from Cedar Rapids who greeted everyone by name and who could recite the hometown, fraternity, and athletic accomplishment of everyone in the room.
		Just as he won fame as a player and coach, Harris Lamb has won the respect of professional alumni directors as one of the stars of that game, and he won the affection of all those hundreds of Kohawks who are proud to call him friend.
		Willis D. Lamb built over the years a career in athletics and business that is memorable for his dedication to Coe College, his love of hard work and good sportsmanship, and his skill both as a coach and a businessman.
	www.coe.edu /athletics/halloffame (12113 words)

	Genealogy.com: The Richard Carleton Family &The Willis Lamb family
		Willis [William] Lamb was born January 15th, 1817, died May 20th, 1873 in Bedford County TN.
		Willis Lamb's second wife was Naomi Crick Covington born in Dec. 28, 1817.
		Willis was listed on their marriage license as William Lamb.
	www.genealogy.com /genealogy/users/p/r/i/Myrtle-Price (355 words)

	Willis Lamb -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		July 12, 1913) is a (A scientist trained in physics) physicist who won the (Click link for more info and facts about Nobel Prize in Physics) Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum".
		Lamb and (Click link for more info and facts about Polykarp Kusch) Polykarp Kusch were able to precisely determine certain electromagnetic properties of the (An elementary particle with negative charge) electron.
		See (Click link for more info and facts about Lamb shift) Lamb shift.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wi/willis_lamb.htm (103 words)

	Willis Lamb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His father Willis Eugene Lamb, born in Minnesota, was by profession a telephone engineer and his mother Marie Helen Metcalf came from Nebraska.
		Except for three years schooling in Oakland, Calif., he was educated in the public schools of Los Angeles, Calif. In 1930 he entered the University of California at Berkeley and received a B.S. (Chemistry) in 1934.
		Stockholm, Sweden (A biography of Lamb and his Nobel prize presentation speech)
	physics.rug.ac.be /Fysica/Geschiedenis/Mathematicians/Lamb.html (277 words)

	Columbia News ::: Conference Examines Enrico Fermi's Impact on Modern Physics from Manhattan Project on
		Many of the participants, including Nobel Prize winners Lee and Willis Lamb, worked with Fermi at Columbia, the University of Chicago or Los Alamos and provided personal accounts of their experiences with Fermi.
		The event highlighted Fermi's breakthrough experiments and his impact on science and culture, including nuclear medicine, fission as an energy source and government funding of science research.
		Willis Lamb, University of Arizona, had been a member of the Columbia's Physics Department in 1939 and brought news to Fermi that nuclear fission had been created by neutron bombardment of uranium.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/vforum/01/enricoFermi_conf (419 words)

	Physics News Update Number 159 - NEW LAMB SHIFT MEASUREMENTS DISAGREE WITH QED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ironically, QED was devised in the 1950s to explain the Lamb shift (named after Willis Lamb), the slight shift in the energy of an electron bound to a nucleus due to energy fluctuations in the vacuum, which can create electron-positron pairs or virtual photons seemingly out of nothing.
		In what they have called "the most stringent test of QED for a bound atom to date," the researchers employed the latest advances in laser and optical spectroscopy to make the measurements of the 1S Lamb shift, which can be measured to greater precision than the 2S and 2P Lamb shifts traditionally studied.
		However, the researchers do not particularly suspect that any "new physics" is at work here; they believe that a new, unpublished theoretical calculation taking into account previously ignored effects in QED should bring the results into agreement with theory.
	www.aip.org /pnu/1994/split/pnu159-1.htm (170 words)

	Re: how were the lamb shift experiments done?
		Since the Lamb shift is so small (~1057 MHz), it is necessary to use very long wavelengths to observe this energy.
		To measure the shift, he first had to excite atoms in the 2s(1/2) state hydrogen up to 2p(1/2) state because the atoms cannot directly transition from 2s(1/2) to 1s(1/2) due to
		From the 2p(1/2) level, Lamb exposed the atoms to microwave radiation at 2395 MHz, then varied the magnetic field until it produced transitions from the 2p(1/2) to 2p(3/2) levels.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-11/975611177.Ph.r.html (178 words)

	OSA Honorary Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An individual who has made unique, unparalleled contributions to the field of optics is eligible for election to honorary membership.
		The stature of this designation is evident when reviewing OSA's living honorary members: James G. Baker, Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Willis Lamb, André Maréchal, William D. Phillips, Charles H. Townes, and Emil Wolf.
		Only one honorary member can be elected in a calendar year and the number of honorary members can not exceed 1 / 1000 of the total membership.
	www.osa.org /aboutosa/awards/fellows/honorary.asp (152 words)

	The Willis E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Willis E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Optics
		The Willis E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Optics is awarded annually for outstanding contributions to the field.
		This conference, now in its 36th year, attracts researchers in laser physics and quantum electronics from around the globe.
	www.lambmedal.com (115 words)

	Bell Labs: Capasso and Cho Win Lamb Award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MURRAY HILL, N. (Jan. 24, 2000) - World-renowned scientists Federico Capasso and Alfred Y. Cho have been awarded the Willis E. Lamb Medal for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, in recognition of their "pioneering contributions to the quantum electronics of quantum well structures and the invention of the quantum cascade laser."
		The Willis Lamb Medal, named after the 1955 Nobel Laureate and quantum physics pioneer, is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of quantum optics and laser science.
		Past winners include former Bell Labs scientist Ali Javan, for the invention of the helium-neon laser; Melvin Lax, Bell Labs consultant and former department head, for his fundamental work on the quantum theory of the laser; and Herbert Walther, of the Max Planck Institute in Quantum Optics, in Germany, for his work on single-atom masers.
	www.bell-labs.com /news/2000/january/24/2.html (627 words)

	The Albany Herald - Obituary Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Born April 12, 1933, in Worth County, to Grover and Annie Mae Lamb Willis, Mr.
		Survivors include his son, Herbert Willis (Gloria) of Ty Ty; three daughters, Marilyn W. Powell (Vic) of Sylvester, Darlene W. Murphree (Bill) of Sylvester and Jeanie W. Brooks (Chris) of Doerun; one brother, Ralph Willis of Sumner; six grandchildren, Jason Willis, Amanda & Clint Powell, Mary Anne Murphree, Cody & Matthew Brooks.
		He was preceded in death by his wife, Mary Culpepper Willis.
	www.albanyherald.com /obituaryarchives/0204/obit021704.html (1160 words)

	Find in a Library: Willis E. Lamb, Jr. : a festchrift on the occasion of his 65th birthday
		Find in a Library: Willis E. Lamb, Jr.
		Subjects: Lamb, Willis E. -- 1913- -- (Willis Eugene),
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/44f69e962604dddf.html (92 words)

	Letter from Joshua Lederberg to Willis E. Lamb (November 7, 1958)
		Letter from Joshua Lederberg to Willis E. Lamb (November 7, 1958)
		Letter from Joshua Lederberg to Willis E. Lamb
		Folder: Lamb, Willis E. Metadata Last Modified Date:
	profiles.nlm.nih.gov /BB/A/K/K/V (114 words)

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