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Topic: Willow Tit

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	Willow Tit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Willow Tit Parus montanus (synonym Poecile montanus), is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
		The Willow Tit is distinguished from the Marsh Tit by a sooty brown instead of a glossy blue fl cap; the general colour is otherwise similar, though the under parts are more buff and the flanks distinctly more rufous; the pale buff edgings to the secondaries form a light patch on the closed wing.
		The Willow Tit often excavates its own nesting hole, even piercing hard bark; this is usually in a rotten stump or in a tree, more or less decayed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Willow_Tit (307 words)

	Diversity indices and coalescence times within populations
		The nucleotide diversity (π) estimated within lineages was 0.53 % in the willow tit, 0.19% in the great tit and 0.19% in the northern lineage of the blue tits (diversity within southern lineage was 0.3%, but consisted of only two birds).
		Willow tits had the largest estimate of effective population size (115 000) while great tits and the northern lineage of blue tits had lower estimates (47 000 and 49 000, respectively).
		The coalescence time of the great tits and the blue tits (93 500 years and 96 000-120 000 years, respectively) was more recent and fits to the occurrence of the latest glaciation.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514255364/html/x439.html (382 words)

	British Garden Birds - Willow Tit
		The Willow Tit is scruffier looking than the Marsh Tit: it has a duller cap, a large bib, a pale patch on the wing (which is actually formed by pale edges to its secondary and tertial wing feathers) and its bulging nape makes it look "bull-necked".
		Willow Tits are not common garden birds, preferring damp woodland with birch and alder trees, or hedgerows.
		The Willow Tit is a Red List species owing to a serious decline in the breeding population.
	www.garden-birds.co.uk /birds/willowtit.htm (357 words)

	Marsh Tit, Parus palustris
		Not until the turn of the century was the willow tit recognised as distinct from the marsh tit in this country.
		Like all tits, the willow tit is very active when feeding, flitting constantly from twig to twig, searching for insects often among low bushes but also high in conifers, birch and alders.
		Willow tits favour conifers and marshy spots or the vicinity of water.
	www.birdsofbritain.co.uk /bird-guide/marsh-tit.htm (446 words)

	Willow Tit Species Action Plan
		The Willow Tit is by far the most uncommon member of the tit family in Lanarkshire.
		The Willow Tit is on the amber list of "Birds of Conservation Concern" on account of a moderate decline (25-49%) in the UK breeding populations and range over the previous 25 years.
		It is generally assumed that because Willow Tits require a ready supply of decayed wood to maintain their lifestyle, the cause of their decline must be the decrease in availability of this over the years.
	www.northlan.gov.uk /leisure+and+tourism/local+environment/biodiversity+species/willow+tit+sap.html (1191 words)

	Willow warbler - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Willow warblers are small birds with grey-green backs and pale under parts.
		Willow warblers breed at their highest densities in woodland scrub, either along the edges of woods or by clearings.
		Willow warblers are widespread and can be seen in suitable habitat across most of the UK.
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/w/willowwarbler/index.asp (207 words)

	intro
		The willow tit is a small (weight 10-12 g, length 11-12 cm), year-round resident passerine in the Paleartic region (Cramp and Perrins 1993).
		Willow tit spend the winter in stable and coherent flocks consisting typically of four to six individuals (e.g.
		In Norway, the Coal tit is much less sedentary than the other tit species with a very reduced population in the study area during most of the winter.
	www.bio.ub.es /~brotons/intro.html (9396 words)

	Marsh Tit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Marsh Tit, Parus palustris or Poecile palustris, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
		The wings and tail are greyish, and there is a clear bar on the former, a further distinction from the Coal Tit.
		Five to nine eggs of the usual tit type are laid late in April or in May, and second broods are recorded.
	www.wikiverse.org /marsh-tit (571 words)

	Encyclopedia: Willow Tit
		Marsh Tit from 1905 encyclopedia This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
		Genera see text The tits, chickadees, and titmice, family Paridae, are a large family of small passerine birds which occur in the northern hemisphere and Africa.
		Closeup on a single white feather A feather is one of the epidermal growths that forms the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on a bird.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Willow-Tit (734 words)

	The Mikado, Act I, "Titipu" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The fact that the first edition of the OED doesn't list the sense of "breast" for "tit" doesn't, of course, mean it wasn't used that way -- these were, after all, Victorians writing the dictionary and choosing the books (and later periodicals) and the senses found in those books.
		Some people believe that the "tit-willow," rather than being a patent fabrication Ko-Ko uses to enlist Katisha's sympathies, must be a real bird, and they find in it an American quail which they believe Sullivan must have heard on his trip to America in the early 1880s.
		This discussion is based on the definition of the word tit in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, which requires a little explanation.
	condor.stcloudstate.edu /~scogdill/mikado/titipu.html (482 words)

	Willow Tit
		Willow Tits have a large rounded head which gives the bird the appearance of having no neck.
		Willow Tits are often associated with scrubby woodland growing on damp ground – alder carr for example – but will also spread into orchards and gardens.
		Willow Tits always excavate a new nesting hole each year and so it is extremely difficult to attract them to use a nestbox.
	www.bto.org /gbw/Species/BIRDS_WILTI.htm (403 words)

	Barford Community Website
		Originally, blue tits were woodland birds and in winter they often join in large flocks with other species of tits to forage for insects, seeds and nuts.
		The long-tailed tit is easily recognisable with its pink, fl and white plumage, a tail that is noticeably longer than its body, and distinctive undulating flight.
		The willow tit is between blue and great tits in size, but with no yellow, green or blue.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~kroberts/barford/html/birds_tits.html (878 words)

	Willow Tit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the east of its range it much paler than Marsh Tit but as goes west the various races become increasingly so much so that it was not as a breeding bird in Great Britain until the end of the 19th despite being widespread and replacing the other completely in Scotland
		The Willow Tit is distinguished from the Tit by a sooty brown instead of glossy blue fl cap; the general colour otherwise similar though the under parts are buff and the flanks distinctly more rufous; pale buff edgings to the secondaries form light patch on the closed wing.
		The Willow Tit often excavates its own hole even piercing hard bark; this is in a rotten stump or in a more or less decayed.
	www.freeglossary.com /Willow_Tit (653 words)

	AllRefer.com - titmouse (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia
		Typical of the family are the flcapped chickadee, Parus atricapillus, of the NE United States, the nearly identical Carolina chickadee of the South, and the similar willow tit of Europe and the British Isles.
		To this group belongs the Javanese pygmy tit (3 in./7.5 cm long, most of it tail); the bush tits of the American West are closely related.
		A third group, the penduline tits, are named for their hanging bag nests; the only American species is the western verdin.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/titmouse.html (334 words)

	Phylogeny and phylogeography of European Parids
		The population structure and the colonisation history of the willow tit, the great tit and the blue tit were examined by using control region sequences.
		The patterns of genetic variation probably reflect a population bottleneck during the ice age, and a recolonisation of the European continent thereafter, presumably from a refugium situated in the Balkans.
		Both, the blue tit and the great tit have continued to expand their distribution northwards during this century and gene flow plays an important role in homogenising the populations.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514255364/html (578 words)

	Ecology: Time and food dependence in willow tit winter survival
		The purpose of this study was to examine monthly winter survival rates in free-living Willow Tits, Porus montanus, in a northern population, using contemporary estimation methods.
		Timing of mortality of Willow Tits was studied in three winters, 1991-1993 and 1995-1996; the feeding experiment was carried out in 1992-1993.
		Willow Tits spend winter in dominance-structured, nonkin flocks of typically 4-6 individuals (Ekman 1979, Hogstad 1987, Koivula and Orell 1988, Koivula 1994, Lahti et al.
	www.findarticles.com /cf_dls/m2120/8_79/53643885/p1/article.jhtml (1422 words)

	BirdForum - Willow tit window strike
		I was outside this morning, and a willow tit flew into the window.
		I am 100% certain it is a willow tit, by the nasal sounds of his call as he sat on the fence just 2 feet infront of me.
		Willow tits are Desperate Dan tits -check the window-if there's no crack it's a Marsh tit.
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?t=20590 (762 words)

	Willow tit - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Willow tit - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		They like damp stands of trees close to rivers, streams and gravel pits, preferring willows, birch and alder, as well as conifers.
		Willow tits are often, but by no means exclusively, found in willow thickets in damp places, such as the edge of lowland peat bogs, marshes, and around gravel pits.
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/w/willowtit/index.asp (255 words)

	Kultasointu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A Willow Grouse giving its characteristic cackles and bursts of laughter on the edge of a pine mire.
		Also heard is the sound of the Willow Grouse taking wing, and, towards the end of the track, the courtship of the Black Grouse.
		A Wood Warbler singing its clear warbling trill that accelerates towards the end and is followed by a series of flute-like sounds recalling the Willow Tit.
	www.kolumbus.fi /kultasointu/lsoi2e.htm (1759 words)

	Ecology: Time and food dependence in willow tit winter survival
		Willow Tits participating in the experiment were captured, marked, aged, and sexed at nonpermanent feeders situated in the corresponding sites.
		Also available to tits were sunflower seeds in plastic containers with holes in the side (31-33 mm diameter) that [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 2 OMITTED] allowed only small birds inside to fetch food.
		A Willow Tit flock typically forages at feeders for some time; then birds leave the feeder and move around the territory, as if "maintaining their property," returning after a while to the feeder (K. Lahti, M. Orell, S. Rytkonen, and K. Koivula, personal observations).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_8_79/ai_53643885/pg_3 (1186 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		We suggest that the coexistence of willow tits, crested tits and coal tits is the result of a combination of competition for food and predator safe foraging sites.
		The smaller coal tit is superior in exploitation competition for food, while the two larger species have an advantage in interference competition for predator safe foraging sites.
		The association between the distribution of the pygmy owl and the two larger tit species on isolated islands in Scandinavia is consistent with the idea that the pygmy owl is a keystone predator.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /oikos.89.1.abstracts/9416kullberg.htm (178 words)

	British Garden Birds - Marsh Tit
		The Marsh Tit and the Willow Tit are difficult to tell apart as both have fl caps, sandy-brown upper parts, and buff underparts.
		The Marsh Tit is less scruffy looking than the Willow Tit and has a neater, smaller bib and glossier fl cap.
		The Marsh Tit's eggs are smooth and glossy, and white with brown markings.
	www.garden-birds.co.uk /birds/marshtit.htm (307 words)

	Willow Tit identification, habitat, calls and food.
		The Willow Tit is distinguished from the Marsh Tit by its duller and spotted fl, rather than glossy jet fl crown.
		Its flanks are a deeper brownish colour than the Marsh Tit's and its fl bib is larger.
		However, the most reliable way to distinguish between the Willow Tit and the Marsh Tit is by voice.
	www.noahsarkgardens.co.uk /Wildlife/Birds/WillowTit.htm (236 words)

	Willow Tit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		big willow trees inspired the Mikado song Tit-Willow." He smiled a crooked grin and waved us a goodbye as we walked away, singing, "Willow, tit-willow, oh tit...
		The willow tit has suffered an 83 per cent decline and the spotted flycatcher an 80 per cent fall.
		The Willow Tit, Parus montanus or Poecile montana, is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
	www.wikiverse.org /willow-tit (430 words)

	Willow Tit : Willow tit
		Willow TitScientific classificationKingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae Genus: Poecile Species: montana Binomial namePoecile montana The Willow Tit, Poecile montana, (formerly Parus montanus) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
		The feathers of the crown are longer, but this isn't an easily noticed character.
		All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
	www.termsdefined.net /wi/willow-tit.html (563 words)

	Cologne West
		A possible willow tit, a reliable little ringed plover, the first house martins (probably they arrived a while ago, but I didn't see them), and a goshawk with prey.
		My view was straight on, so the ID is based entirely on the very wide "bib," which was at least twice as wide as the marsh tit's, was more triangular, and appeared a little woven into the light breast at the bottom.
		I made a return trip on the next Sunday (the 6th), to look for the willow tit and the green sandpiper, without seeing either one.
	members.aol.com /kalakot2/1/birdsgtcw.html (2339 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the second experiment, we had two control treatments at 30 playback sites for the willow tit song, the song of the olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus borealis) and classical music.
		More species were observed during willow tit song than during any of the controls.
		This suggests that aggregated dispersion pattern and the existence of mixed-species foraging aggregations were due to active search for heterospecific companions, and also that recognition of neighbouring species was involved.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /Oikos7824.abstract.html (312 words)

	IngentaConnect Presence of conspecifics, time of day and age affect willow tit f... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Willow tits, Parus montanus, spend the winter in flocks and hoard food especially in the autumn to be used later.
		The effects of individual differences, the time of day and, especially, the presence of conspecifics and heterospecific birds on caching behaviour of free-living willow tits were examined with a logit model.
		Willow tits stored food at a greater intensity in the morning than in the afternoon.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ap/ar/1996/00000052/00000003/art00204 (257 words)

	Orell, Saarela, Faunal adaptation in northern environments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Dwellers of old-growth forests (the Siberian tit, the Siberian jay, the capercaillie, the flying squirrel, and the red squirrel as a control species) are well adapted to the northern climate.
		One the main findings was that the willow tit is well adapted to the unpredictable northern environment (high breeding success and clutch adjustment strategy), whereas the great tit seems to lay too large clutches there.
		European willow tit populations do not show any kind of population structuring, and the effective population size of this species has also been large during the last Ice Age.
	thule.oulu.fi /projects/faunal.htm (1936 words)

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