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Topic: Wilmington Oil Field

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	Basement reservoirs
		The height of the oil column in the schist gradually increased from the southwest to the northeast, the maximum being 1,000 ft (305 m).
		Oil is stored in the fissures of the PreCambrian quartzite and granite which constitute the buried hills (or buried topography) of the uplift (Landes et al, 1960).
		The oil was produced from fractured PreCambrian quartzite on the summits of the buried hills.
	www.geoscience.co.uk /geofrc/geobasenamerica.html (1872 words)

	Acoustic Detection of Hydrocarbons at Wilmington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The brine and oil properties were calculated as a function of depth for the depth range 3000 to 5000 ft. These were then substituted into the Biot-Gassmann theory for the low-frequency elastic modulus of a saturated rock of 30% porosity, assuming that the dry rock follows a critical porosity model with Phi-c=38%.
		Although the trend for different API oils is different, due to the difference between density and compliance changes in the oil/brine mixtures, it is not possible to resolve the partial saturation quantitatively without knowing the properties of the end-members.
		This plot was computed assuming that the oil/brine mixture is evenly distributed throughout the pore space, and that the compliance of the mixture is the sum of the volume-weighted compliances of the individual fluids.
	pangea.stanford.edu /~moos/SPE_paper/wilmington1.html (813 words)

	List of oil fields - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This list of oil fields includes major fields of the past and present.
		The largest discovered conventional oil field is the Ghawar Field (75-83 billion); some unconventional oil fields, such as tar sand deposits, contain even greater reserves like Venezuela's Orinoco Tar sands which contain the biggest oil reserves in the world.
		(This is not one single field, but a great many small fields) East Texas Oil Field, largely depleted, was the largest oil field in the 48 states at about 6 billion barrels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_oil_fields (233 words)

	Geotimes - May 2005 - Energy & Resources
		Smaller, independent oil companies are working in urban environments — Los Angeles and Long Beach, Calif., and Houston, Texas, for example — and producing, in some cases, thousands of barrels of oil a day, despite the unique challenges of the urban environment.
		Of the wells drilled into the oil field, 300 are inactive, 700 are producing 32,000 barrels of oil and 9 million cubic feet of gas per day, and 400 are injecting water back into the reservoir.
		Another challenge facing urban oil developers is the ever-rising cost of property and the fact that oil fields are “pretty much the last open land to develop in Southern California,”; says Richard Baker, deputy director for the Southern California region of the California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources.
	www.geotimes.org /may05/resources.html (1642 words)

	Man-made Subsidence
		Oil was discovered in the area in 1932, and extensive pumping began in the late 1930s.
		Because the Wilmington field stands only a few feet above sea level, and is centered right in a major international harbor, subsidence was noticed by the summer of 1941.It was not clear at first whether the subsidence was related to oil extraction, or to the numerous water wells that supplied the city.
		Oil pumping was actually expanded: the THUMS consortium of five giant oil companies (Texaco, Humble, Union, Mobil, and Shell) was allowed to expand its operations in 1965 to drill into the undersea extension of the Wilmington oilfield from artificially constructed islands.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CHXXsubsidence.html (5875 words)

	Subsidence
		Oil and Natural gas are both fluids that can exist in the pore spaces and fractures of rock, just like water.
		When oil and natural gas are withdrawn from regions in the Earth near the surface, fluid pressure provided by these fluids is reduced.
		For example, in the Wilmington oil field of Long Beach, California, subsidence was first recognized in 1940 due to withdrawal of oil from the subsurface.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol204/subsidence.htm (3304 words)

	Warren Resources, Inc. :: Warren Resources Announces Fourth Quarter and Year-End 2004 Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Oil and gas production was 1,226 MMcfe for the year-ended December 31, 2004 compared to 1,310 MMcfe for the same period in 2003.
		The Wilmington Field in Los Angeles is reportedly one of the largest producing oil field in the United States, with 2.5 billion barrels having been produced.
		The Wilmington Field is divided into three units of which the Wilmington Townlot Unit is the least exploited unit and comprises approximately 10% of the total acreage in the field.
	sev.prnewswire.com /oil-energy/20050302/NYW04702032005-1.html (2004 words)

	Indonesian Tsunami Probably Tripped by Exxon-Mobil Works
		We've all probably seen "oil gushers" on films involving oil discovery: oil shoots high into the air as it is forced out of the ground by the natural-gas pressure in the underground oilfield.
		Oil and gas are there because the subduction process (sliding of one of earth's surface plates under another during large earthquakes) has scraped huge quantities of ocean sediments, which contain oil from dead plants and organisms raining down over millions of years, off the subducting plate and plastered them onto the upper plate.
		The magnetic field strength has dropped from 4 gauss in the air (roughly 4000 gauss in the crust) to 0.4 gauss (400 gauss in the crust) in the past 2000 years.
	pesn.com /2005/01/25/6900062_Exxon_Tripped_Indonesian_Tsunami (4165 words)

	California - Long Beach
		The Wilmington field is a large anticline, or underground dome, made of layers of permeable rock containing tar and relatively heavy crude oil.
		Advanced recovery techniques are required to remove oil from this type of structure, and Occidental is an industry leader in advanced recovery techniques.
		Water injection is also used to equalize underground pressures to force oil to flow and prevent compaction of the sand or collapse of overlying surface regions which might block the flow of oil.
	www.oxy.com /OIL_GAS/world_ops/usa/tech_thums.htm (357 words)

	Department of Oil Properties - Online Brochure
		The Wilmington Oil Field is the third largest field in the contiguous United States with an ultimate recovery estimated at three billion barrels of oil.
		Oil is produced from five major sand intervals ranging in depths from 2,000 feet to 11,000 feet where over two and one-half billion barrels of oil have been recovered.
		In the Wilmington Oil Field, which encompasses both tidelands and uplands properties, DOP oversees the work of two private contractors and their 300 employees.
	cms.longbeach.gov /oil/brochure.html (399 words)

	City of Long Beach v. Vickers (1961) 55 C2d 153
		The Wilmington oil field underlies the city of Long Beach and is divided into six fault blocks by five major subsurface geological faults that run in a generally northerly and southerly direction across the field from the Pacific Ocean to the uplands.
		In 1951, the Legislature found that approximately 50 per cent of the oil and gas revenue was no longer needed for trust purposes and declared such part of the revenue free from the public trust for navigation, commerce, and fisheries.
		Accordingly, it authorized a settlement dividing the oil and gas revenues between the state and the city, and provided that the latter's share should continue to be {Page 55 Cal.2d 158} held in trust and expended for trust purposes.
	online.ceb.com /calcases/C2/55C2d153.htm (2147 words)

	oil fund
		That section would empty the Oil Abandonment Fund of $86 million collected since 1999, and stop collection of future revenue to put in the fund.
		It is estimated that it will cost more than $300 million to shut down oil operations properly to protect the coast when the oil runs out — something expected in the next 10 to 20 years.
		This move comes after an appellate court ruled that the abandonment fund was a proper use of the money by Long Beach, acting as the state’s trustee of the oil tidelands.
	www.gazettes.com /oil06062005.html (577 words)

	Planet Ark
		The horse-headed oil pumps are hidden because they are considered an eyesore and to minimize noise pollution.
		Manley Oil, like its smaller brethren, is happy to develop oil fields the big companies have long abandoned as not worth the effort.
		State officials say the oil industry coexists nicely with its neighbors for the most part, but a few years back a man who was no fan of petroleum took matters into his own hands in the city of Signal Hill, a municipality surrounded by Long Beach.
	www.planetark.org /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=9267 (1097 words)

	Los Angeles Basin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sediment from the sea and rivers accumulated in the undersea bowl, building up in thick layers.
		The accumulation of micro-organisms during this time is believed to be the source of the large deposits of oil, including the large Wilmington Oil Field, that were once under the basin but have been largely extracted.
		Approximately 5 million years ago, the crustal stretching subsided and the ocean floor of the basin was forced to the surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin (378 words)

	Subsidence
		In Venice, Cassiani and Zoccatelli are assessing the risk of subsidence in offshore gas fields to determine what impact removing large volumes of natural gas might have on the already sinking city.
		Shortly after the oil field was developed in 1917 oil extraction was identified as the medium that was responsible for induced subsidence.
		As the oil reserves were depleted, sand compaction caused almost 9 m of land subsidence (Poland and Davis, 1969).
	www.dickinson.edu /departments/envst/lucewebpages/LUCEwebpages-andreem/subsidence.htm (783 words)

	DuPont.com: DuPont and Benchmark Form Oil Field Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		WILMINGTON, Del., January 07, 1999 — DuPont Specialty Chemicals and Benchmark Research & Technology, Inc. today announced that they are forming an alliance that will allow them to better serve the oil field services industry.
		The two companies will cooperate on technologies that benefit the oil services industry by combining DuPont Tyzor® Titanate and Zirconate catalysts and other specialty products and strength in technology with Benchmark's marketing expertise in the oil field industry.
		Benchmark serves the oil industry worldwide from its research, production and distribution facilities in Houston and Midland, Texas.
	www.dupont.com /corp/news/releases/1999/nr01_07_99_pf.html (468 words)

	White House won't fight ban on new Calif. offshore drilling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Democrats are always crying about the oil spill "bogeyman," but the truth is, the Federal oil and gas program off of the California coast has been the world's cleanest and most environmentally stringent in the world since 1969.
		The four oil islands south of Long Beach are on the Wilmington Oil Field...
		The naturally seeping, oil, gas, and tar is part of the environment and has been for tens of thousands of years.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/881447/posts (1191 words)

	WIP: Development Block 18
		Six to seven oil wells have been located on the block; two are still active.
		Oil and Gas Exploration: The review of historical aerial photographs and DOG oil well maps identified as many as six oil wells, two aboveground tanks, and one sump on Block 18, Figure 4-3 (at the end of this section) shows the approximate locations of these features.
		The Wilmington Task Force is comprised of several City Departments whose main mission is to carry out their law enforcement/code enforcement responsibilities in a strategic and coordinated fashion.
	www.wilmingtonindustrialpark.org /concepts/blocks/block/?pg=18 (1481 words)

	Earth Science World Image Bank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An estimated 1.8 trillion barrels of oil reserve exist in the oil shale, the richest known.
		One model for the primary sources of energy into the future shows oil and gas dominating the supply until 2040 to 2060, suggesting that careers in oil and gas remain important for at least three more generations of geologists and petroleum engineers.
		Despite the fluctuation of oil and gas prices, the average price of regular unleaded gasoline is near the long term average (currently about $1.20 nationally, October 1999).
	earthscienceworld.org /imagebank/search/browseresults.html?Category=17 (633 words)

	Successful Horizontal Well Program in Wilmington Field
		The Wilmington oil field of Los Angeles County California (Figure 1) is the third largest in the United States.
		Tertiary and secondary recovery techniques utilizing steam have proved successful in lower Pliocene and upper Miocene heavy oil reservoirs in the oldest section of the field.
		The other wells in the area have also realized an increase from 20 barrels of oil per day to 200 barrels of oil per day while the cut dropped from 95% to 70%.
	www.dgi.com /support/articles/Successful_Horizontal.shtml (860 words)

	Rapid subsidence over oil fields measured by SAR interferometry
		The major oil reservoir in both fields is diatomite [McGuire et al., 1983].
		Subsidence at the South Belridge field was first noted in the 1980's [Bondor and de Rouffignac, 1995; Bowersox and Shore, 1990].
		Gaps are places where the phase could not be unwrapped in the agricultural areas on both interferograms and the steep deformation gradients in the center of the oilfield on the 8-month interferogram.
	www-radar.jpl.nasa.gov /s323/IntSARapps/LH-Belridge_GRL.html (2587 words)

	seismic survey
		The possibility of untapped oil and gas under Long Beach and the potential to obtain other geological information is leading the push for an underground survey.
		The Wilmington Oil Field under Long Beach and Signal Hill is the third largest in the contiguous United States.
		There are more than 1,500 oil wells in operation today and according to Curtis Henderson, manager of city Oil Properties, they produce about 40,000 barrels a day.
	www.gazettes.com /seismic09152005.html (520 words)

	WorldOil.com - Online Magazine Contents: PTD Supplement - Sep-1999
		An alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood in Cambridge Minnelusa field at the end of primary production increased ultimate oil recovery to 60.9% of original oil-in-place from the swept area.
		Field performance tests have confirmed that a process to render most hydrocarbons non-hazardous can provide a fast, safe and economical way to remediate "typical" spills and leaks.
		Overall water treating costs in a portion of Wilmington Oil field in California were reduced by 50%, without sacrificing protection.
	www.worldoil.com /Magazine/magazine_contents.asp?Issue_Type=SUPPLEMENT&SUP_ID=3&MONTH_YEAR=Sep-1999 (393 words)

	Sample Contracts - Joint Venture Agreement - Warren Resources of California Inc., Warren Development Corp., Petroleum ...
		After the first year and the expenditure of $7.5 million, an oil and gas reserve estimate shall be performed by Williamson Petroleum Consultants of Midland, Texas, or a mutually agreed upon reputable reserve engineer, certifying the value of the remaining proved, developed, producing reserves at a 10% net present value discount (the "Producing Reserve Report").
		The cost to drill the JV Wells on a Turnkey basis shall be Actual Field Expenses ("AFE") plus a minimum of 10% (but not greater than 25%) on a JV Well to JV Well basis as determined in the sole discretion of the WTU Group.
		(f) Gains and losses from each sale, abandonment or other disposition of property (other than oil) will be allocated to the parties in such manner as to bring the balances of the capital accounts of the parties, to the extent possible, into the ratio of their respective Working Interests in the JV Wells.
	contracts.onecle.com /warren/magness.jv.1999.05.24.shtml (2668 words)

	Candidates 11:1999 Explorer
		He worked extensively on the giant Wilmington oil field and the California offshore.
		In 1981 he took a position as senior geologist with the City of Long Beach Department of Oil Properties, which acts as the unit operator for the Wilmington oil field.
		For annual meetings, Clarke has conducted field trips (1987 and 1996) and served as a session chair (1990 and 1996).
	www.aapg.org /explorer/1999/11nov/treasurer.cfm (1675 words)

	KENYA'S CHALLENGE
		The Mobil oil corporation's refinery in Torrance, California, has been the site of repeated accidents and serious safety violations in recent years.
		The case, consisting of two lawsuits, charges that Chevron Corp., Exxon Corp., Mobil Oil Corp., Shell Oil Co., Texaco Inc., and Union Oil Co. conspired to fix the price paid to California and Long Beach for crude oil from the Wilmington Oil Field, which is owned by the City of Long Beach.
		In reversing that decision and ordering the cases to trial, the appeals court found that there was "significant evidence of an antitrust conspiracy" on the part of the major oil companies.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/issues/1989/05/namesinthenews.html (844 words)

	Writing and Publications
		For example, during 1935-65 the surface above the Wilmington oil field in California subsided almost 33 ft [10 m].
		The purpose of this paper is to analyze a wider range of potential well-failure mechanisms, to describe the locations for these failures, and to compare analytical and numerical model results with field observations.
		When the lateral dimensions of the reservoir are very large compared to its vertical thickness, most of the subsurface compression associated with fluid withdrawal can be assumed to occur in the vertical direction.
	www.terralog.com /siwf.asp (534 words)

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