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Topic: Wind speed

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	Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Low Wind Speed Technology
		The research goal of the Low Wind Speed Technology activity is: "By 2012, reduce the cost of electricity from large wind systems in Class 4 winds to 3 cents/kWh for onshore systems or 5 cents/kWh for offshore systems." Read more about wind speed classes.
		Wind turbines are currently capable of producing electricity at 4.5 to 5.0 cents/kWh in the low wind speed areas — or Class 4 wind sites — that are broadly available across the United States.
		The strategy of the low wind speed technology research is to use public/private partnerships to achieve technical advances in concept designs, component development, and full-scale prototypes.
	www.eere.energy.gov /windandhydro/wind_low_speed.html (553 words)

	Wind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wind is the roughly horizontal movement of air (as opposed to an air current) caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface.
		Winds can be classified either by their scale, the kinds of forces which cause them (according to the atmospheric equations of motion), or the geographic regions in which they exist.
		The opposite of a katabatic wind is an anabatic wind, or an upward-moving wind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wind (2653 words)

	Wind speed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wind speed is the speed of movement of air relative to a fixed point on the earth.
		High wind speeds can cause unpleasant side effects, and strong winds often have special names, including gales, hurricanes, and typhoons.
		Wind speed may be measured by a variety of tools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wind_speed (258 words)

	7(n) Forces Acting to Create Wind
		Wind speed tends to be at its greatest during the daytime when the greatest spatial extremes in atmospheric temperature and pressure exist.
		Wind speed is the velocity attained by a mass of air traveling horizontally through the atmosphere.
		Wind speed is commonly measured with an anemometer.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7n.html (2353 words)

	Almanac On-Line
		A further difficulty is that while the boat is moving, the speed and direction of the wind felt aboard is affected by the boat's own course and speed.
		As an example, a boat anchored in a wind of 20 knots would be experiencing a fresh breeze, but if motoring at 9 knots into the wind would feel an on-deck wind speed of 29 knots or near gale.
		Tail lengths are proportional to the wind speed.
	www.pangolin.co.nz /almanac/true_wind.php (992 words)

	PRPA: Monthly Wind Speed and Performance Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The historical wind speed and energy projections in the tables are based on data from this five year period.
		The Wind Speed and Performance Data Tables are intended to provide summaries of historical data, as well as the new data we are collecting and analyzing on an ongoing basis.
		The current average wind speed is based on recorded hourly average wind speeds, in miles per hour, during the month shown on the table.
	www.prpa.org /energysources/windexplanation.htm (594 words)

	Climate of North Dakota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The average wind speed in North Dakota is greatest in late winter and early spring and least in summer (Table 12).
		Average wind speeds in the Red River Valley are 10 to 20 percent higher than in the rest of the state.
		In addition, high winds in winter can be sustained over a period of several hours, and in rare cases two to three days, while in summer the duration of the strong winds is usually on the order of a few minutes.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/othrdata/climate/wind.htm (466 words)

	Wind - DAN'S WILD WILD WEATHER PAGE
		In the course of a year, the average wind speed and wind direction in our area is 8 MPH from the southeast.
		A North wind is a wind that is blowing from the north.
		These are winds that steer the huge masses of warm and cold air generally from west to east across the country.
	www.wildwildweather.com /wind.htm (448 words)

	Observed Winds: represented by wind barbs
		The wind barb indicates the wind direction and wind speed.
		Wind barbs point in the direction "from" which the wind is blowing.
		On the otherhand, the term "eastward" means that the winds are blowing towards the east.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/maps/sfcobs/wnd.rxml (202 words)

	Kite Aerial Photography Electronic Resources--Basics- Wind Scales
		When measuring the wind speed with an anemometer you discover that the wind is constantly changing speed.
		For example you would say that the wind speed was between 4 miles per hour and 8 miles per hour.
		This is the beauty of the Beaufort scale it groups wind speeds into logical groups and assigns a single number to that group of wind speeds.
	www.kaper.us /basics/basic_windspeed.html (541 words)

	Mount Washington Observatory \| World Record Windspeed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Extremely strong winds were recorded later in the afternoon and evening of the 12th and then the storm slowly moved north and entered a weakening phase.
		After the wind measurement, the anemometer was run through a number of tests by the National Weather Bureau and the historic measurement of 231 mph was confirmed to be a valid reading.
		The fact that the 1934 Observatory crew could accurately measure a wind of this magnitude, during a period of very heavy glaze icing, is a tribute to their planning and engineering acumen, as well as to their commitment to establishing and maintaining this remote scientific outpost.
	www.mountwashington.org /bigwind (1831 words)

	Wind Energy
		Wind is called a renewable energy source because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines.
		Wind power plants, or wind farms as they are sometimes called, are clusters of wind machines used to produce electricity.
		Wind is a clean fuel; wind farms produce no air or water pollution because no fuel is burned.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.html (1374 words)

	Science Projects - Wind Speed Indicator
		This anemometer cannot not tell the wind speed in miles per hour, but it can give you an idea of how fast the wind is blowing.
		Wind turbines -- which are the machines that change the movement of the wind into electricity -- need a constant, average wind speed of about 14 miles per hour before the wind turbines can generate electricity.
		That's why wind farms, where there are a lot of wind turbines grouped together, are located in windy spots.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /projects/anemometer.html (595 words)

	Mount Washington Observatory: Wind Chill Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Our goal is to implement the new wind chill formula in Canada and the United States during the same time frame in order to have a consistent WCT Index for North America.
		Wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by combined effects of wind and cold.
		As the wind increases, heat is carried away from the body at an accelerated rate, driving down the both the skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature.
	www.mountwashington.org /weather/wind-chill.html (591 words)

	Vectors for wind speed, page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The anemometer on the roof will measure the wind that results from both the vehicle speed and direction as well as the wind speed and direction.
		To obtain vehicle speed and direction in the computer, we outfitted the mobile mesonet vehicles with both a flux gate compass and a GPS, or Global Positioning System, sensor.
		The anemometer measures the wind as the moving car sees it but scientists want the wind speed and direction as if the car were standing still.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /edu/ideas/vectors2.html (271 words)

	NRCS National Water and Climate Center - Climate Products - Climate Data - Wind Rose
		Thus, a 5 m/sec wind is an 11.19 mph wind, and a 10 m/sec wind converts to 22.37 mph.
		Examining winds from the northwest (the longest spoke) one can determine that approximately 8% of the time in April at Fresno the wind blows from the northwest at speeds between 1.8 and 3.34 meters per second.
		The legend at the bottom gives additional information such as the unit (m/sec), the average wind speed for the month over all hours (in this case 3.61 m/sec), and percentage of time that the winds are calm (7.53%), and the years and month and hours of data on which each rose was constructed.
	www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov /climate/windrose.html (964 words)

	Wind Speed calculator
		Average wind speeds are often available from meteorological observations measured at a height of 10 metres.
		Hub heights of modern 600 to 1,500 kW wind turbines are usually 40 to 80 metres, however.
		If you have a wind turbine in roughness class 2, you may consider whether it is worthwhile to invest 15,000 USD extra to get a 60 metre tower instead of a 50 metre tower.
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/wres/calculat.htm (516 words)

	CACR Wind Surge
		The wind stress is related to the square of the wind speed and the relationship is also given in the same text--it is due to Van Dorn.
		Find a basin size and wind speed such that a given wall height is overtopped (note: if overtopping occurs, the word 'overtopping' is written next to the eta(l) value.) Then, increase the wall elevation until overtopping stops.
		Note: The case of a constant depth continental shelf with an offshore wind can be examined with the applet, by considering the wall (height set to zero) in the closed basin case as the edge of the continental shelf and the shoreline would be on the left side of the figure.
	www.coastal.udel.edu /faculty/rad/windsurge.html (599 words)

	Wind speed detectors - SailNet Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Wind speed meters or anemometers are used by boating people in order to determine what sails to use.
		Winds speed and direction indicators have a lot of uses in sailing but really come into their own for racing applications or for electronic navigation.
		Tied to a knotmeter, more sophisticated wind instuments can tell you true wind speed and true wind direction and tied to an electronic compass it can give you Velocity made good (the speed at which you are actually moving upwind or down) so you can find the best course to the upwind or downwind mark.
	www.sailnet.com /forums/general-discussion/2468-wind-speed-detectors.html (553 words)

	Measuring Wind Speed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Wind occurs when the flow of air over the Earth's surface is unevenly heated.
		There are six major wind belts around the Earth (easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds in both the northern and southern hemispheres) that form by convection.
		Individually, give each student a turn to measure the "wind speed" of the fan using a ping pong ball and a protractor.
	www.uen.org /Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=2454 (329 words)

	Weather One - Let the Winds Blow
		Winds are created when there are differences in air pressure from one area to another.
		Winds at ground level are produced from low and high-pressure areas at or near the ground.
		Winds at higher levels are associated with the jet stream or other wind system.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /weather/4.html (558 words)

	Measuring the Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Wind socks actually show both the direction and speed of the wind.
		An indication of wind strength is given by the shape and movement of the wind sock.
		The wind doesn't always blow at the same speed however, so it is also necessary to look at strong winds - which we know as hurricanes or tropical storms.
	www.rcn27.dial.pipex.com /cloudsrus/measurewind.html (553 words)

	Weather -- Wind Chill
		A winter day with a strong wind can seem much colder than one with only a mild wind, though the air temperature may be exactly the same.
		The greater the wind speed, the faster we lose body heat.
		Calculate the wind chill factor for various combinations of temperature and wind speed using the calculator below.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/weather/act_windchill (149 words)

	Wind Speed/Direction Smart Sensor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The combination Wind Speed/Direction Smart Sensor provides average wind speed, highest three second wind gust and average wind direction in the measurement interval.
		Wind speed sensor has fiberglass reinforced thermoplastic cups and shielded stainless steel ball bearings for fast response.
		Wind speed is the average over logging interval.
	www.onsetcomp.com /Products/Product_Pages/weatherstation/windspeed_direction.html (262 words)

	Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Building codes take one of two approaches to the mathematical calculation of wind pressure on building surfaces: either these pressures are simply given as a function of height ; or they are calculated as a function of the basic wind speed, modified by numerous environmental and building-specific factors.
		The actual behavior of wind is influenced not only by the surface (or boundary-layer) conditions of the earth, but also by the geometry of the building.
		The basic wind speed is found to be 75 miles/hour, or 121 km/h.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/arch264/cuhk/courseNotes/wind/wind.html (813 words)

	Wind
		Winds are created by uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the Earth's surface, and the rotation of the Earth.
		As a result, winds are strongly influenced and modified by local terrain, bodies of water, weather patterns, vegetative cover, and other factors.
		The wind flow, or motion of energy when harvested by wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
	www.eia.doe.gov /cneaf/solar.renewables/page/wind/wind.html (360 words)

	The Power of the Wind: Cube of Wind Speed
		The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity: The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third power) of the average wind speed, e.g.
		Well, from everyday knowledge you may be aware that if you double the speed of a car, it takes four times as much energy to brake it down to a standstill.
		The graph shows that at a wind speed of 8 metres per second we get a power (amount of energy per second) of 314 Watts per square metre exposed to the wind (the wind is coming from a direction perpendicular to the swept rotor area).
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/wres/enrspeed.htm (287 words)

	BWEA - UK Wind Speed Database
		Before installing a small wind system it is essential to have a good knowledge of wind speed at the site.
		Installers and manufacturers may be able to give advice on how to get an approximate idea of wind speed at a proposed site, which depends on a variety of factors such as local topography and the built environment, or wind speed can be measured onsite.
		Click here to view a map which can be used to guestimate wind speeds in your area.
	www.bwea.com /noabl (495 words)

	Mars Pathfinder - Science - Windsocks On Mars
		This sequence of images shows the Pathfinder upper wind sock on the morning of Sol 73 (September 16).
		At other times during the mission, deflections of this and two lower wind socks have been used to estimate characteristics of the wind speed boundary layer profile.
		Deflections of the three wind socks are used to estimate characteristics of the wind speed boundary layer profile.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /MPF/science/windsocks.html (364 words)

	Genesis Web Science Document G: Solar Wind Properties
		Research on the properties of the solar wind reveals that in the near-equatorial solar regions, the elemental abundances in the solar wind are different for the different types of flow.
		It is clear that both theoretical understanding and the ability to correct observed solar wind abundances for the fractionation occurring between the photosphere and the wind is close at hand.
		The approach to the real-time identification of solar-wind regimes proposed for the Genesis mission is based on analysis of plasma parameters measured by the ISEE3 spacecraft between August, 1978 and February, 1980 and by the IMP 68 spacecraft in 19714 (Neugebauer, 1992).
	www.gps.caltech.edu /genesis/DocumentG.html (4852 words)

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