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Topic: Windrows

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	Effects of Turning Frequency, Leaves to Grass Mix Ratio, and Windrow vs. Pile Configuration on the
		Windrows are periodically turned using a windrow turner whose dimensions dictate the height and width of the windrow, while compost piles are generally turned using a front-end loader.
		The windrows were formed into two series (#1 and #2) as depicted in Figure 1 and turned using a Scarab windrow turner (Scarab Inc.; White Deer, TX 79097).
		Windrows in series #2 turned by a windrow turner, and piles turned by a front end loader at the same frequency had bulk densities that were not much different through day 60 (Figure 4).
	www.msu.edu /user/michel/swap2.htm (6183 words)

	SWRC Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Because the windrow must be sufficiently porous to allow oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to escape, materials should be placed loosely in the windrows, and compaction should be avoided.
		Because most of the water applied to the outside of a windrow will be shed by the waste, the water should be sprayed on the yard waste as it is broken apart by the loader in the staging area, and/or as it is placed in the windrows.
		Neatly formed windrows with well maintained aisles give a professional appearance to the facility, while messy windrows give the impression of a "garbage dump." Care should be taken so that equipment, especially the loader, does not drive up on the windrows, compacting them.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/12/11884 (7589 words)

	Guide to Municipal Yard Waste Composting, Processing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Windrows should be formed within one day of receiving yard waste at the facility and should be formed perpendicular to the slope of the site to prevent water from ponding around the base.
		Windrows should be turned regularly to ensure proper oxygen levels in the piles and to help control the temperature.
		Windrows should be turned after the first one or two weeks of composting, then periodically (at least twice per year) after that.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/DEPUTATE/AIRWASTE/WM/Recycle/Compost/Mun5.htm (241 words)

	Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Tri River Area Windrow Grazing Trial
		Windrow grazing involves cutting the forage when it is at the optimal nutrition level and raking it into windrows.
		Windrow grazing had not been tried in the Tri River Area (Montrose, Delta, Ouray and Mesa counties) where snow cover is less consistent and fall rains more prevalent.
		The protein in the windrows did not change significantly from the time of harvest till the cows were turned in.
	www.coopext.colostate.edu /TRA/Agronomy/Livestock/windrowgrazing.html (802 words)

	V. APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY
		Neatly formed windrows with well maintained aisles give a professional appearance to the facility, while messy windrows give the impression of a "leaf dump." Care should be taken that equipment, especially the loader, does not ride up on the windrows, compacting them.
		At this point, two windrows can be combined to form a single one that is still only about 6 feet high by 14 feet wide (about the same size as each of the initial windrows).
		Also, paired windrows cannot be used with types that are tractor or front-end loader mounted because of the need to turn windrows from both sides.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/technol.htm (4056 words)

	Windrow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For hay, the windrow is often formed by a hay rake, which rakes hay that has been cut by a mower into a row.
		For small grain crops which are to be harvested, the windrow is formed by swather which both cuts the crop and forms the windrow.
		Windrows of seaweed etc also form on the surface of lakes or seas due to cylindrical Langmuir circulation just under the surface caused by the action of the wind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Windrows (227 words)

	Composting Horse Manure in Dynamic Windrows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Windrow composting is recommended for those operations that own or have access to a bucket loader.
		Windrows of compost resemble these long rows of hay but are mounds of material instead of a flat layer of hay.
		Windrows typically begin as 4 to 8 feet tall, 10 to 20 feet wide, and 10 to 200 feet long.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01225.html (1872 words)

	NAQ, No. 33: Leaf Composting Projects in Massachusetts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These windrows were allowed to settle and absorb moisture during rainfall, then combined to form windrows 12-15 feet wide at the base and 8 - 10 feet high.
		Windrows were turned when cool temperatures indicated that leaves were too wet, too dry, or had peaked and were declining due to lack of oxygen.
		Windrows were monitored internally with a portable gas analyzer to quantify the presence of certain odor forming compounds that are commonly produced if anaerobic conditions prevail within the mass.
	vsg.cape.com /~nature/greencenter/q33/leafmass.htm (1925 words)

	Princeton Windrows: Hybrid CCRC
		Windrows owners have priority access to area nursing homes, and if someone needs to move permanently a higher level of care, they can sell the unit and move.
		At 40 percent occupancy, with 94 units occupied, the median age at Windrows is 77, and the oldest resident is 100.
		At Windrows, anyone who runs out of money or is too sick to stay has the option of selling and taking their full money out of what they put into it.
	www.princetoninfo.com /200406/40623c02.html (1196 words)

	Latest Developments In Mid-To-Large-Scale Vermicomposting
		Windrows are extensively being used both in the open and under cover, but require either a lot of land or large buildings.
		The windrow is started by spreading a 12 to 18-inch layer of organic materials the length of one end of available space.
		After the windrow reaches two to three feet deep, it can be extended sideways by adding the next layers at an angle against the first windrow.
	www.jgpress.com /BCArticles/2000/110051.html (2418 words)

	Composting Horse Manure in Static Windrows: Passively Aerated Windrow Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Moisture is essential for the health of the compost organisms and to prevent spontaneous combustion of the windrow.
		However, instead of building the windrow directly on the ground, a porous base material and perforated pipe aeration system must first be put in place.
		Because this technique requires smaller windrows – 4 feet tall by 8 feet wide – you will need more length for the windrows than is indicated in fact sheet 1.225.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01226.html (1275 words)

	GRDC - Research Updates - Destroy wild radish and annual ryegrass seeds by burning narrow windrows (2005)
		Windrow burning was more effective than standing stubble burning at destroying annual ryegrass seeds and reducing the subsequent emergence of annual ryegrass seedlings at the start of the growing season (Figure 2).
		Burning windrows has been shown in these studies to be an effective means of targeting wild radish and annual ryegrass seed preventing them from entering the seedbank and causing problems during subsequent cropping phases.
		Narrow windrows are also more likely to maintain a high stubble level throughout the length of the windrow after a long summer of grazing making burning easier in March.
	www.grdc.com.au /growers/res_upd/south/s05/walsh.htm (1575 words)

	Building Windrows
		The size and shape of the windrow are designed to allow oxygen to flow throughout the pile while maintaining temperatures in the proper range.
		Windrows of autumn leaves should typically be about 8 feet tall and 16 feet wide at the base, but may be built as high as 10 feet in mid winter.
		The sides of the windrow can be as steep as the material will naturally pile up, which typically leads to a windrow about twice as wide as it is high.
	compost.css.cornell.edu /Factsheets/FS6.html (422 words)

	INPhO: Compendium Chapter 21 on Groundnut Section 2.5
		In these windrows, the pods on top may be exposed to the weather or they may be underneath, next to the ground covered by the foliage.
		Groundnuts 'dried' in fairly large windrows with the pods protected from full sunlight by the haulms have been shown to lose moisture more slowly and suffer no apparent damage as compared to the pods exposed to the sun in small, thin windrows.
		When windrow drying is used as a preliminary to all drying, curing may be done for three to four days to attain moisture content between 15 and 20 percent.
	www.fao.org /inpho/content/compend/text/Ch21sec2_5.htm (4610 words)

	SULIS Implementation - Selecting Commerical Compost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Windrows are piles of organic material 3 to 5 feet tall and 10 to 15 feet wide at the base.
		Windrows are turned periodically to allow oxygen into the center of the pile, because microorganisms which break down organic matter require oxygen to carry out the composting process.
		The windrows are monitored to ensure that necessary temperature levels are attained for thorough composting to occur.
	www.sustland.umn.edu /implement/compost.html (1196 words)

	Windrow Grazing Adds Gain, Cuts Cost
		Windrow grazing, which involves cutting and raking hay into windrows and then moving a fence to control access to the forage, is getting renewed attention in the face of continued low beef prices.
		Every other windrow in each six-acre pasture was baled in big round bales and removed.
		While windrow grazing might not be for every producer, Volesky believes there's definitely some merit to it.
	hayandforage.com /mag/farming_windrow_grazing_adds (574 words)

	windrows - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Note: More dictionaries have definitions for: windows, windrow
		We found 2 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word windrows:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "windrows" is defined.
	www.onelook.com /?w=windrows (87 words)

	Compost Systems
		Windrows of chicken manure and wood shavings on a concrete pad at an egg farm in Idaho.
		Channeled windrows of chicken manure are turned under a high-rise poultry house in Idaho.
		At this turkey farm in Colorado, mortalities and manure are composted in windrows.
	organic.tfrec.wsu.edu /compost/ImagesWeb/CompSys.html (760 words)

	Worksheet 3. Swine Composting Worksheet For Windrows, AEX-713_w3-97 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Primary windrow length =______________ Cu ft / ______________ Sq ft =______________ ft primary windrow primary windrow to nearest foot volume XS area If the windrow length is less than twice the windrow height, you do not have enough volume to readily achieve the desired windrow height.
		Pad length=______________ ft + 10 feet =______________ ft primary windrow length Standard pad design width provides for both primary and secondary windrows on the pad, a 1 foot top width, 1:1 sideslopes, and 10 feet of open pad to the side of and between windrows.
		Windrow and pad widths (select the appropriate values based on the windrow height used).
	ohioline.osu.edu /aex-fact/0713_w3.html (195 words)

	Rain Simulation to Evaluate Leac
		The 29,750 square foot pad has a slope of 1-2% with windrows parallel to the slope and a wood chip filter at the base and perpendicular to the slope to trap larger particles.
		Willett questioned the dry matter percentage when the windrow is first formed and the percentage of dry matter in a mature compost.
		Keener replied that the goal is 60-65% moisture when the windrow is formed with a reduction to about 45% moisture for a mature compost.
	www.oardc.ohio-state.edu /ocamm/keener.2.htm (686 words)

	Beef Cattle Production: 1996 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report: Composting - A Feedlot Waste Management Alternative ...
		Manure was hauled out of the feedlot and put in windrows three to five ft high and 12 to 15 ft wide.
		Windrows were then turned periodically as the temperature of the windrows heated to 140 to 160
		The windrows were turned an average of four times during the summer.
	beef.unl.edu /beefreports/199633.shtml (2644 words)

	Swath/Windrow Grazing, An Alternative Livestock Feeding TechniqueMontana State University Extension Service
		This method, swath grazing, is the process of cutting hay, leaving it in windrows and allowing livestock to graze these windrows during the winter.
		Swath grazing is the process of cutting hay, leaving it in windrows and allowing livestock to graze these windrows in the winter.
		Windrows, however, can be made too big, which encourages animals to bed on them and waste more forage.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/pubs/mt200106.html (1958 words)

	Manage Forage Windrows, Dairy Specialist Advises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As producers begin harvesting forage, they apply a number of management techniques to assure that the best quality haylage is harvested, but one area that’s often overlooked is management of the windrow itself, says a North Dakota State University dairy specialist.
		"Windrow management is especially important with first-cut forages since this is usually the heaviest cut of the year," says J.W. Schroeder of the NDSU Extension Service.
		Research in Ireland, where drying conditions can be very poor, found that spreading the swath resulted in forage reaching 25 percent dry matter a full day sooner than leaving it in a tight windrow.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extnews/newsrelease/2003/061203/16manage.htm (369 words)

	Victor Farm Equipment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Merge 3 windrows together into 1 with one pass by dropping the material off the right side of the machine onto an existing windrow.
		With a second pass, you can combine 2 additional windrows onto the already merged 3 in 1 windrow for a total of 5 windrows in 1.
		However, when merging 4 windrows into two, the left conveyor direction is reversed causing the left conveyor to discharge to the left, and the right conveyor to discharge to the right.
	www.millerstn.com /victorpwrmerg_twin.html (740 words)

	Other Management Aspects
		Measuring carbon dioxide levels in a windrow is another monitoring approach for process control in composting.
		Germination tests are often used to determine compost maturity and insure that the compost is not phytotoxic to plants.
		A view of the water nozzles on the windrow turner used to add moisture to compost in dry climates; Texas.
	organic.tfrec.wsu.edu /compost/ImagesWeb/CompOther.html (600 words)

	University of Nebraska ARDC Integrated Farms Research
		Manure from the dairy was mixed with waste organic residues from the farm and put in windrows.
		Windrows were turned periodically with a front-end loader.
		The lower recovery rates in 1997 may be due to higher initial N content of the manure and also higher losses of N during the composting process due to poorer composting conditions.
	www.ianr.unl.edu /ianr/csas/IF/compost.htm (2697 words)

	4.4 Other tree management practices
		The planting of hedges and windrows in Murang'a District and in many other areas remains common.
		The three dominant windrow species are cypress, mubariiti (Grevillea robusta), and mukinduri (Croton megalocarpus).
		G.robusta is occasionally grown and managed in windrows much like cypress and is used for both fuelwood and timber and for small farm structures.
	www.fao.org /docrep/U8995E/u8995e08.htm (1874 words)

	Spring 2001 Center for Grassland Studies Newsletter
		We initiated a two-year study in 1997 to evaluate windrow grazing of meadow forage with weaned calves as an alternative to the conventional feeding of baled hay.
		The greater weight gain for windrow calves during 1997-98 was likely due to the presence of high quality regrowth that occurred after haying.
		Windrow grazing of meadow forage was an effective and feasible management strategy for wintering calves.
	www.grassland.unl.edu /spring01.htm (4489 words)

	Appendix A
		For example, for 6 foot high windrows with average 14 foot wide aisles, 3509 cubic yards per acre can be composted.
		Table A2 can be used to determine the acres of site capacity (for windrowing only) required for a given leaf collection (in cubic yards).
		For a given windrow size and aisle width, find the acres needed per thousand cubic yards of leaves collected.
	www.nj.gov /dep/dshw/rrtp/compost/app123.htm (741 words)

	Evaluating Beef Cow Performance: Comparing Crested Wheatgrass/legume, Big Bluestem, and Foxtail Millet in Swath Grazing
		(2002) found that calves grazing windrows on sub-irrigated meadows had greater weight gains than bale-fed calves in the first year of his study, however in the second year the two groups had similar gains.
		Associated costs of windrow grazing were cutting and raking windrows, fencing, watering/checking ($7/hr), and wasted forage.
		The swathed forages were allowed to age in windrows for approximately 30 days; the native range forage was swathed and baled in a typical manner.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /streeter/2005report/Swath_Grazing.htm (1376 words)

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