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Topic: Windrow composting

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	Compost windrow turner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Compost windrow turners were developed to produce compost on a large scale.
		As the turner moves through the windrow, fresh air containing oxygen is injected into the compost by the drum/paddle assembly and waste gases produced by harmful bacteria are eliminated.
		To properly utilize a compost windrow turner, it is ideal to compost on a concrete pad; haul in the feed stocks, and place them into windrows.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Compost_windrow_turner (272 words)

	ipedia.com: Compost Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Compost is used in gardening and agriculture, mixed in with the soil.
		Compost is a common name for humus, which is the result of the decomposition of organic matter.
		Home composters use a range of techniques varying from extremely passive composting (throw everything in a pile in a corner and leave it alone for a year or two) to extremely active (monitoring the temperature, turning the pile regularly, and adjusting the ingredients over time) and combinations of both.
	www.ipedia.com /compost.html (1382 words)

	Restoration Technology - Windrow Composting of Explosives-Contaminated Soil
		These demonstrations have utilized aerated static pile composting (compost is formed into piles and aerated with blowers), mechanically agitated invessel composting (compost is placed in a reactor vessel where it is mixed and aerated), and windrow composting (compost is placed in long piles known as windrows and periodically mixed using mobile equipment).
		Windrow composting has the potential to be the most effective and economical composting alternative.
		Windrow composting is considered to be an innovative technology with the potential for a high degree of treatment effectiveness for explosives-contaminated soils at a low process cost.
	aec.army.mil /usaec/technology/cleanup01g.html (590 words)

	Composting
		Composting is a process in which organic wastes are degraded by microorganisms at elevated temperatures under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
		At the completion of the composting period the windrows are disassembled and the compost is taken to the final disposal area.
		Composting is still in the demonstration stage for hazardous waste degradation, and it holds promise particularly for the treatment of explosives-contaminated soil.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/compost.htm (726 words)

	Effects of Turning Frequency, Leaves to Grass Mix Ratio, and Windrow vs. Pile Configuration on the
		Windrows are periodically turned using a windrow turner whose dimensions dictate the height and width of the windrow, while compost piles are generally turned using a front-end loader.
		Compost stability was measured as the oxygen uptake rate of compost samples after a 24 hour incubation at 37 C as described by Iannotti et al.
		Windrows in series #2 turned by a windrow turner, and piles turned by a front end loader at the same frequency had bulk densities that were not much different through day 60 (Figure 4).
	www.msu.edu /user/michel/swap2.htm (6183 words)

	SWRC Home Page
		Compost can also be distributed to residents as a reward for their co-operation in the composting program or may have some commercial value for sale as a product.
		During in-vessel composting, incoming material is often shredded, then mixed with a bulking agent or nitrogen source, regularly turned in a digester designed to foster rapid growth of microorganisms, and then windrowed to "cook" for a short period, usually a few weeks.
		One relatively new concern with leaf composting is the release of spores of the fungus "A Spergillus fumigatus".
	www.p2pays.org /ref/12/11884 (7589 words)

	Aerated Windrow Composting \| Composting \| US EPA
		In a warm, arid climate, windrows are sometimes covered or placed under a shelter to prevent water from evaporating.
		In addition, windrow composting is a large scale operation and might be subject to regulatory enforcement.
		Windrow composting often requires large tracts of land, sturdy equipment, a continual supply of labor to maintain and operate the facility, and patience to experiment with various materials mixtures and turning frequencies.
	www.epa.gov /epaoswer/non-hw/composting/windrow.htm (387 words)

	Composting
		Composting is a natural biological process in which organic material is broken down by the action of micro-organisms.
		Composting processes for municipal waste management primarily fall into two categories: windrow composting, for green, or garden derived wastes and in-vessel composting for both garden and kitchen / catering derived organic wastes.
		Windrow composting is an established technology for dealing with green wastes in the UK, where the material is piled in elongated rows and aerated through either turning of the windrows or through air forced through the material.
	www.mbt.landfill-site.com /Composting/composting.html (803 words)

	Composting Horse Manure in Dynamic Windrows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Windrow composting is recommended for those operations that own or have access to a bucket loader.
		Windrows of compost resemble these long rows of hay but are mounds of material instead of a flat layer of hay.
		Compost is more valuable than raw manure/bedding for land application because the process: a) creates a more stable form of nitrogen for sustained release in the soil; b) lowers the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, preventing nitrogen deficiencies in crops; and c) has the potential to kill parasites and weed seeds.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01225.html (1872 words)

	[No title]
		Composting is a natural process where beneficial microorganisms decompose and transform organic materials into a useful and biologically stable end-product that is safe for the environment.
		Composting large volumes of dead birds requires a commitment to proper management in order for the process to be effective and successful.
		The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio needed for windrow composting is the same as that needed for composting of daily mortalities, with a C/N ratio between 20:1 and 30:1 being ideal for this process.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/pubcd/B1282.htm (1194 words)

	WINDROW COMPOSTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Composting is a very acceptable and viable option for handling most organic wastes presently being landfilled.
		Windrowing is the most efficient and economical composting method and may be accomplished within a building, out-of-doors or under a simple roof.
		KW windrow composters are used extensively in projects involving the bioremediation of sites contaminated with residues from explosive materials.
	www.rrskw.com /windrow_composting.htm (235 words)

	Composting Horse Manure in Static Windrows: Passively Aerated Windrow Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Moisture is essential for the health of the compost organisms and to prevent spontaneous combustion of the windrow.
		You will need finished compost or woodchips to form a 9-inch base under the pile that extends a foot beyond the manure/bedding on either side of the windrow (i.e., this base should be 10 feet wide with manure/bedding 8 feet wide on top of it).
		If compost is mixed into the woodchip base layer and it is reused it will not provide adequate airflow for the pile.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01226.html (1275 words)

	Windrow Composting as an Effective Method to Dispose of Large Numbers of Fish
		To form the windrow, fish were offloaded onto a 0.61-m bed of the composting material, and then more material was added and mixed using a rubber tire loader with a 3-cubic-yard bucket.
		Following thorough mixing, more composting material was overlaid to the top and allowed to fall to the sides to form a "cap" about 0.61 m thick, thus preventing scavenging of carcasses by animals and birds.
		In retrospect, because of the temperatures reached with windrow composting, we feel that lime is not necessary and, in fact, is detrimental because of its moisture-reduction action.
	biology.usgs.gov /news/98-013.htm (2000 words)

	4.13 Composting
		Composting is a controlled biological process by which organic contaminants (e.g., PAHs) are converted by microorganisms (under aerobic and anaerobic conditions) to innocuous, stabilized byproducts.
		Windrow composting is usually considered to be the most cost-effective composting alternative.
		Composting may be an economic alternative to thermal treatment, however, when cleanup criteria and regulatory requirements are suitable.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4_13.html (866 words)

	Municipal Windrow Composting in Laem Chabang, Thailand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Composting windrows were established on top of a closed cell in the Ao Udom landfill site.
		Windrow composting systems consist of linear rows of compost materials which are turned, manually or mechanically, to improve aeration and mixing of compost constituents.
		In summary, if a composting operation was established in Laem Chabang and scaled to intercept approximately 5% of incoming wastes, windrow composting plus landfilling should be less costly and less environmentally damaging than landfilling alone, when one considers the amortized value of landfill space over the facility's forecasted 20 year lifespan.
	www.brocku.ca /epi/ciet/Compost.htm (6200 words)

	Compost, composting systems, natural Compost inoculant
		Composting has the potential to manage any and all of the organic material in the waste stream which cannot otherwise be recycled.
		CBCT produces an odorless, hygienic, mature compost that can be safely applied to the land for improved soil structure, moisture retention and addition of a wide range of nutrients.
		CBCT initiates and accelerates the composting process by stimulating the aerobic biomass present in the composting environment.
	www.ecochem.com /t_cbct.html (480 words)

	Windrow composting systems
		Their research suggests composting can spare farmers from expensive long-term storage systems that require high structure and upkeep costs, especially if farmers are willing to share compost equipment or use existing farm machinery.
		Based on these time estimates, the researchers calculated annual operating costs for each composting method, including electricity and fuel, labor (at $5/hour), annual land cost for the compost site (for 2.1 acres), and costs of straw to mix with the manure (at $2,450 per year for 60-cows at 4 pounds/cow/day).
		Regardless of the method, composting requires about a $12,600 equipment investment for using a tractor (calculated by assuming 40 percent of its use is loading and hauling) and for buying a solid manure spreader, based on a 60-cow farm.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/21/20525.htm (1456 words)

	ALBERTA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Determine if it is feasible for a feedlot operator to maintain a compost windrow under the conditions necessary to kill the weed seeds.
		The compost windrow was managed to maintain core temperatures between 55 degrees C and 65 degrees C as long as possible.
		Therefore, seed viability was extremely low after even two weeks of windrow composting and four weeks of composting was enough to kill all seeds of the twelve species studied.
	www.innsci-webapps.gov.ab.ca /aari/Search/Details.asp?varId=18461 (397 words)

	7-II/A-2 WINDROW COMPOSTING
		Windrow composting is a process for biodegrading organic material aerobically.
		Compost is formed into long piles called windrows that are typically 1.5 to three meters high, three to six meters wide, and up to 100 meters or more in length.
		Following the composting period, the windrows are broken down and reconstructed into curing piles for additional aging and drying of the material.
	p2library.nfesc.navy.mil /P2_Opportunity_Handbook/7_II_A_2.html (1064 words)

	Manures for Organic Crop Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The possibility of transmitting human diseases discourages the use of fresh manures (and even some composts) as preplant or sidedress fertilizers on vegetable crops—especially crops that are commonly eaten raw (2).
		Whenever you import large amounts of either composted or raw manure onto the farm, it is wise to inquire about the feeding practices at the source or have the material tested.
		Temperatures between 131° F and 170° F must be sustained for 15 days using a windrow composting system, during which period the materials must be turned a minimum of five times (17).
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/manures.html (4242 words)

	Fundamentals and Application of Windrow Composting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The conventional windrow and aerated windrow processes are viable sludge-disposal options that produce marketable end products.
		Odor control is a major advantage of aerated windrow composting; these systems, however, are more capital intensive than the simpler conventional systems.
		The sanitation districts of Los Angeles County, California, operate a state-of-the-art conventional windrow facility at the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant in Carson, California.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9003309 (220 words)

	Scarab Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		easing, L.P. With over 370 machines placed in successful service, we feel that SCARAB's international reputation as the true pioneer and undisputed industry leader in windrow composting technology is well deserved.
		For 30 years, SCARAB Manufacturing and Leasing, Inc. has been producing the patented windrow composting machines designed to meet the ever increasing need for safe, efficient methods for reduction of the waste stream.
		The windrow composting system provides both immediate and long term solutions to today's crisis in organic waste management.
	www.scarabmfg.com (139 words)

	4-12 Composting
		Figure 4-12: Typical Windrow Composting Process Composting is a controlled biological process by which organic contaminants (e.g., PAHs) are converted by microorganisms (under aerobic and anaerobic conditions) to innocuous, stabilized byproducts.
		The Composting Alternative to Incineration of Explosives Contaminated Soils, Harry Craig, EPA Region 10 and Wayne Sisk, U.S. Army Environmental Center
		Cost and Performance Report: Composting Application at the Dubose Oil Products Co. Superfund Site Cantonment, Florida
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4_12.html (992 words)

	HOME
		Expertise in actual composting as a business since 1975.
		The KW Windrow Composter was the first to be used on US Military bases
		The KW Windrow Composter was also used for BioRemediation of oil polluted soils.
	www.rrskw.com (93 words)

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