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Topic: Wingtip vortices

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	NASAexplores 5-8 Lesson: Wingtip Vortex (Student Sheets)
		Wingtip, or wake, vortices are very powerful tornado-like disturbances in the air coming off the wingtips of an airplane that trail behind the aircraft.
		Wingtip vortices are a particularly dangerous hazard during approaches or departures from airports since trailing aircraft have little altitude in which to recover.
		The C-5's vortices were so strong that on one flight, they caused the F-104 to roll inverted and lose 3,000-4,000 feet of altitude, even though the fighter was flying 10 miles behind the larger airplane.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_58_student_st.php?id=021220105046 (429 words)

	Wingtip vortices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wingtip vortices are regions of high vorticity which develop at the tip of a wing as it flies through the air (or potentially another fluid).
		Since vortices cause a low-pressure area at their centre, sometimes water precipitates out to form clouds in the vortex cores, allowing wingtip vortices to be seen.
		The hazardous aspects of wingtip vortices are most often discussed in the context of wake turbulence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wingtip_vortices (751 words)

	Gallery of Fluid Mechanics: Vortices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vortices are some of the most visually appealing phenomena of fluid mechanics.
		Vortical flows include everything from the familiar bathtub vortex, vortices resulting from separation, starting vortices, wingtip vortices, and hurricanes and tornadoes.
		Vortical flows are both aesthetically pleasing and play an essential role in many applications.
	www.galleryoffluidmechanics.com /vortex/vortex.htm (259 words)

	The start (beginning) of wingtip vortices - PPRuNe Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I mean that the wingtip vortices are a direct consequence of the pressure difference between the upper side and the lower side of the wing, as you know, and the airflow passing over the tips of the wings trying to equalize those pressures.
		Theoretically, wingtip vortices will start as soon as there in any pressure differential between the upper and lower surface if the wing, so even parked, facing into wind there will be small very weak vortices being formed.
		Wingtip vortices are a function of C sub l (lift coefficient) which is in turn a function of Angle of Attack.
	www.pprune.org /forums/showthread.php?p=2921418#post2921418 (1734 words)

	wingtip vorticies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Wingtip Vorticies are cause by the relative high pressure of air on the lower surface of the wing meeting the relative low pressure of air on the top of the wing.
		The down side to a tapered wingtip is that it gives you LESS lift than a flat wingtip because of the lower speed of the air passing over that area on a tapered wingtip.
		It is possible that some wingtip designs could reduce induced drag by shifting the distribution of downwash (usually this means that the tip design pushes the center of the vortex out from the end of the wing, emulating a longer wing).
	www.rcuniverse.com /forum/fb.asp?m=1138948 (4122 words)

	Ground Effect
		While the aerodynamic characteristics of the tail surfaces and the fuselage are altered by ground effects, the principal effects due to proximity of the ground are the changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing.
		However, the reduction of the wingtip vortices due to ground effect alters the spanwise lift distribution and reduces the induced angle of attack and induced drag.
		Due to the change in upwash, downwash, and wingtip vortices, there may be a change in position (installation) error of the airspeed system, associated with ground effect.
	www.faatest.com /books/FLT/Chapter17/GroundEffect.htm (1066 words)

	Introduction
		Wingtip vortices are formed by the inequality of pressure above and below the wing.
		Wingtip vortices are generated because of the low pressure of the air above the wing and the high pressure of the air below the wing.
		Wingtip vortices: Horizontal spirals of air generated at each wingtip.
	users.wpi.edu /~stay1or/INTROW.html (3146 words)

	Induced Drag - forums.jetcareers
		Wingtip vortices are created from air under high pressure below the wing "escaping" to the lower pressure above the wing (see: Bernoulli's principle).
		Wingtip vortices are not a type of induced drag, they just contribute to it.
		The negative effect of wingtip vortices can be minimized somewhat by increasing the wing's aspect ratio (works good on slow airplanes like gliders)or using winglets.
	www.jetcareers.com /forums/showthread.php?p=445001#post445001 (2751 words)

	Air Traffic Management Tutorial page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The vortices generated by a small aircraft are not nearly as troublesome as the vortices generated by a "heavy.""Heavy aircraft" (aircraft weighing 300,000 pounds or more) and Boeing 757 aircraft, generate vortices with a strength of small tornadoes.
		Wingtip vortices can cause problems no matter the size of any of the aircraft if safe separation is not maintained.
		Wingtip vortices and safe separation are extremely important to the pilots of these aircraft and the local controller assisting them.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /aero/virtual/demo/ATM/tutorial/tutorial4.html (1012 words)

	Vortices - Qwika
		Wingtip vortices Wingtip vortices stream from an F-15 as it...
		Wingtip vortices are vortices that develop at the tip of a...
		Since the size and power of wingtip vortices are directly proportional to the size and...
	www.qwika.com /find/Vortices (395 words)

	Wake turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wingtip vortices make up the primary and most dangerous component of wake turbulence, but normal wake effects are also an important part.
		A method of reducing wingtip vortices employs the use of winglets.
		This picture from a NASA study on wingtip vortices clearly illustrates the power of this wake turbulence component.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wake_turbulence (1031 words)

	eFluids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Trailing vortices and downwash phenomenon of an aircraft in flight are seen clearly in this figure.
		As the trailing vortices descended over the fog layer due to the downwash, the flow field in the wake was made visible by the distortion of the fog layer.
		More computations of vortices and other things can be found at ICASE at NASA Langley Research Center, FLUENT (Check out the CFD Applications), the Hydrodynamics Laboratory (LadHyX) at the Research Center of Ecole Polytechnique, and the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Section of Computer Simulation.
	www.efluids.com /efluids/gallery_jim/plane_pages/wingtip_vort3_page.htm (324 words)

	Windshear Quiz 1
		Vortices can be avoided by flying 300 feet below and behind the flightpath of the generating aircraft.
		Wake turbulence behind a propeller-driven aircraft is negligible because jet engine thrust is a necessary factor in the formation of vortices.
		To avoid the wingtip vortices of a departing jet airplane during takeoff, the pilot should
	www.sheffield.com /FAAKT/windshear.html (864 words)

	Concept to Reality
		In general, a pair of vortices drift downward with time behind the generating aircraft, and the strategy recommended to the pilot for avoiding vortex encounters is for the trailing aircraft to fly at altitudes equal to or above that of the flight path of the preceding aircraft.
		For example, in addition to the vortices expected at the wingtips, strong vortices were also shed at the edges of wing trailing-edge flaps, and aft fuselage.
		In this concept, multiblade turbines mounted at each wingtip are either fixed in the swirling wingtip vortex for induced drag reduction or allowed to freewheel and rotate (driven by the wingtip vortex) for the generation of electrical power for aircraft systems.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Concept2Reality/wake_vortex.html (8008 words)

	The A380 and wake turbulence - single post for printer
		The wingtip is the ONLY portion where energy (lift) is being lost.
		"Wake turbulence and wingtip vortices are not one and the same, one is the produce of the other.
		Wingtip vortices are the main contributor to wake turbulence, but they are not the sole perpetrator.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/single.php?post=763475 (336 words)

	eFluids Gallery Image and Description
		The plane is ejecting flares during a test of an infrared missile warning and self-protection system installed on a C-130 Hercules.
		The trailing vortices formed in the wake are clearly visible.
		The size of these vortices is related to the lift produced by the wings, and the photograph suggests that the aircraft was climbing during this maneuver.
	www.efluids.com /efluids/gallery/gallery_pages/wingtip_vort_page.htm (101 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Ground Effect and WIG Vehicles
		As discussed in a previous question on the creation of lift, a wing generates lift because there is a lower pressure on its upper surface than on its lower surface.
		While trailing vortices are the price one must pay for generating lift, their primary effect is to deflect the flow behind the wing downward.
		However, there is no "cushion of air" holding the plane up and making it "float." What happens in reality is that the ground partially blocks the trailing vortices and decreases the amount of downwash generated by the wing.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/aerodynamics/q0130.shtml (2548 words)

	Lidar and numerical studies on the different evolution of vortex pair and secondary wake in young contrails
		In the case of ice-subsaturated air, a visible pair of wingtip vortices is formed that disappears at the end of the vortex regime.
		The secondary wake is composed of nonspherical particles larger than the ones in the wingtip vortices which are spherical particles and/or particles smaller than ≈0.5 μm.
		This is because the ice in the vortex tubes evaporates due to adiabatic heating as the vortices travel downward.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1999/1998JD200034.shtml (389 words)

	Wake Turbulance and Wing Tip Vortices
		Wake turbulence is best explained as a spinning mass of air, originating from the wingtips of a large heavy airliner, trailing backwards that may cause following aircraft to enter an "unusual attitude" of which recovery is doubtful.
		What happens is two vortices (the left wing clockwise and the right wing counterclockwise as viewed from behind the airliner looking forward) develop and continue to spin until their energies are reduced.
		Wingtip vortices trail upward and outward from the wingtips of a "heavy" and spin in a counterclockwise motion.
	www.flywestwind.com /WTC/Pprograms/turbulance.htm (1122 words)

	00-5
		The vortices associated with wake turbulence are of such strength that an aircraft traveling behind the aircraft generating the wake can be forced into a roll from which it cannot correct or recover.
		When the encounter takes place at a time when the vortices have had a chance to dissipate somewhat, the encounter feels very much like hitting a large pothole or "speed bump" at 60 mph in your car.
		However, given the right circumstances (or wrong set, depending upon your point of view), if the encounter takes place very soon after the vortices have been generated, when the vortices are still powerful, the sudden noseup then nosedown forces on the aircraft can cause severe structural damage to the aircraft.
	www.faa.gov /ATpubs/atbarc/00-6.htm (901 words)

	Dropzone.com Skydive Forums: Community: The Bonfire: wingtip vortices
		Depending on the weight/size of the aircraft we have to apply different separation standards between heavy, large and small aircraft and issue cautionary advisories i.e "Caution wake turbulence, departing B757".
		I once saw a video of military tests on wingtip vortices where smoke-dyes were set off on the ground...
		Also, in other test videos, a lear jet would fly in the visible wing-tip vortices of a larger jet (kc-135 maybe, i don't recall)...
	www.dropzone.com /forum/Community_C7/The_Bonfire_F1/wingtip_vortices_P2100700 (515 words)

	Chemtrail Central :: View topic - Just birds carried aloft on thermals
		It seems that these wingtip trails are not as much a simple function of general atmosperic temperature and humidity (in constrast to most contrails), and more a result of extreme pressure differences created as the wing tip slices through the air.
		The reason that vortices can be visualized by condensation is due to the fact that the vortex core is a region of low pressure.
		Whether one is interested in the imaginary bound vortex of elementary airfoil theory, wing tip vortices, strake vortices, or delta wing vortices, vortices play a central role in lifting flows.
	www.chemtrailcentral.com /forum/msg2281.html (2437 words)

	Aviation Partners Inc - The Future is on the Wing
		The Spiroid eliminats concentrated wingtip vortices, which represent nearly half the induced drag generated during cruise.
		Concentrated tip vortices in the wake of conventional planar wings produce high cross stream velocities and wasted energy which is associated with lift induced drag.
		Winglets are wing-like tip devices which reduce the vorticity strength and concentration thereby reducing drag.
	www.aviationpartners.com /spiroids.html (561 words)

	Dragonfly flight: free-flight and tethered flow visualizations reveal a diverse array of unsteady lift-generating ...
		The LEV is continuous with the vortices trailing from the wingtips (A).
		The smoke streams at the centre of the LEV are distorted in (D), bulging out towards the wingtip, which shows that there is a spanwise flow from centreline towards the wingtip – the opposite direction to that seen in Fig.
		The shear layer (secondary vortices?) within the leading edge vortex is apparent in (H–J), and the LEV has lifted off from the leading edge of the forewing in (J) as indicated by the presence of a smoke bifurcation at the point of the yellow arrow.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/207/24/4299 (10427 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This should be enough to convince most pilots that you do not want to be within three minutes of fresh wingtip vortices left by a medium or heavy aircraft, especially when you are flying a small trainer.
		Small trailing edge vortices, formed by outward and inward moving streams of air meeting at the trailing edge, move outwards to the wingtip and join the large wingtip vortex.
		One of the most common solutions is to fit winglets, little vertical wings, at the wingtips to try and slow the flow of air from the bottom to the top surface of the wing but the small advantage gained is largely cancelled out by the extra weight, drag, and expense of these additions.
	efc.org.au /Wiblin/Edit_109.htm (1684 words)

	AeroDesign© East 2001- University of Maryland's Aircraft on jefflewis.net
		This proved to be the worst design, as it allowed the formation of the strongest wingtip vortices.
		The other two wingtips we tested were a Hoerner wingtip, and an end plate.
		The Hoerner wingtip is curved in such a way as to discourage the formation of wingtip vortices, by making it harder for the air to flow around the wingtip.
	www.jefflewis.net /aerodesign.html (651 words)

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