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Topic: Winter Moth

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	Moths of Richmond
		Predation of moths is not much different from that of butterflies, with a few exceptions such as predation from bats due to the diurnal nature of moths and the large amount of moths predated on by birds where they congregate after being attracted to artificial lights.
		Adult moths have diffuse colours of yellow-orange with rust coloured spotted shading towards the outer margin of the heavily scalloped fore and hind wings.
		The larvae of this moth caused economic damage on dry-pick cranberry farms in Richmond in 1997 and 1998.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /richmond/city/MothsofLluluIslandRichmond.htm (4626 words)

	Winter Moth
		Winter moth has been in Washington and Oregon since 1950 but very few releases of beneficial insects have been made to biologically control winter moth.
		Winter moth and its natural enemies moved over to the main land and slowly spread from there.
		It is able to smell areas damaged by winter moth and deposits an egg along the chewed margins of the leaves and buds.
	whatcom.wsu.edu /ag/homehort/pest/wintermoth.htm (728 words)

	The Polly Hill Arboretum on Martha's Vineyard
		Given the phenomenal numbers of winter moth eggs in Massachusetts this year, oil sprays will most likely only achieve limited results; eggs are virtually everywhere on trees and shrubs and new caterpillars will quickly migrate from untreated areas to the oil-treated plants.
		There is evidence, although not yet well documented, that winter moth caterpillars time their hatching from the egg closely to the time of bud-swell of the specific host plant that the eggs are on.
		Winter moth will be in this stage until late May or early June whereupon they drop to the soil and almost immediately spin a cocoon and pupate.
	www.pollyhillarboretum.org /plantipestdiseases.shtml (2008 words)

	The Martha's Vineyard Times - www.mvtimes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The male winter moth reportedly has one of the lightest wing loadings in mothdom — that is, it has a lot of wing area relative to the combined weight of the midge-like body, lanky legs, and the powdery wings themselves.
		Moreover, since the introduced species resembles a native moth in both appearance and ecology, one may reasonably hope that insect-eating birds will happily dine on either or both, and that at least some of the wasps or flies that parasitize native spanworms will find the winter moth to be a suitable host.
		Winter crane flies are plentiful enough to be considered their own family; I noted a lacewing perfectly mobile at a mainland porch light on Christmas Eve, and moths or flies can be found quite regularly on warm afternoons or at porch lights on mild evenings well into the winter.
	www.mvtimes.com /calendar/field_notes.htm (1174 words)

	Essay3
		The winter moth has caused defoliation and distorted growth on Sitka spruce recently, this is a new food plant, and as it is grown commercially and planted densely in single species stands there is great potential for population explosions and extensive damage.
		The winter moth is a very successful insect that, in the past, caused damage to oaks mainly, but with the recent expansion in host ranges to include Calluna and Sitka, both more or less monocultures in their areas the winter moth has the potential to do great commercial damage, especially in a country like Scotland.
		Watt, A. and McFarlane, A. Winter moth on Sitka spruce: synchrony of egg hatch and budburst, and its effect on larval survival.
	www.bumblebee.org /HomeworkAnswers/Essay3.htm (3159 words)

	Winter Moth Baiting - Great Smoky Mountains National Park
		Published moth diversity studies based solely on light samples often are conspicuously deficient in abundant and diverse groups which may be easily sampled at bait.
		In late fall, winter, and early spring, a warm day (over 65ºF) with a mild evening is best for cool-season baiting; high humidity, light rain or drizzle may help, especially in xeric habitats that have been dry for a period.
		Most moths will arrive within the first two hours—this is especially true of winter moths but also the case for many summer-active species, including species that normally do not appear at lights until after midnight.
	discoverlifeinamerica.org /atbi/methods/winter_moths.shtml (990 words)

	Harrington's Organicare
		Winter moth (Operopthera brumata) is an up and coming introduced pest, having a significant impact on parts of the northeast this last year.
		Winter moth was introduced from Europe and has been recorded in many parts of Eastern Canada and Vancouver British Columbia.
		Winter moth, as the name implies, is a moth as an adult and a caterpillar as a larva, and the adults emerge from the soil in mid-late November.
	www.organicare.com /spotlight.html (374 words)

	Vineyard Gazette - News
		For months Island arborists have been awaiting the return of the winter moth caterpillars, which some say may be the biggest outbreak of leaf-eating insects since the gypsy moth of the early 1980s.
		The moths were as ubiquitous as snow flakes on the Vineyard this winter, often seen flying around outside lamps or holiday lights.
		Winter moths in parts of Nova Scotia have been blamed for 40 per cent mortality in the red oak population.
	www.mvgazette.com /news/2005/06/07/winter_moths.php (951 words)

	The Top 10 Most Unwanted Pests - Winter Moth
		Winter moth larvae hatch and feed ravenously on leaves and fruit beginning in early spring.
		Winter moth is subject to many natural predators and parasites.
		They are parasitic flies that trick winter moths into eating their eggs by placing them near recently munched on leaves.
	lakewhatcom.wsu.edu /gardenkit/UnWantedPests/WinterMoth.htm (726 words)

	ArborCare Tree Service Winter Moth Article1
		The biggest caterpillar outbreak since the heyday of the gypsy moth is expected this spring along the Massachusetts coast, South Shore, the Cape and some areas inland.
		It's called the winter moth because the adult moths emerge from their cocoons in late November and December.
		There were a couple of winter moth caterpillars in the second sample, but I thought maybe they were just spring cankerworms.
	www.arborcaretree.com /Winter_Moth_Article.htm (1167 words)

	Winter Moths 1997
		Winter moths lay eggs before tree buds open permitting their larvae to feed on the very first new leaves.Warblers, just returned, eat some of these eggs and larvae, but others continue their development-cycle finishing the pupal stage before all birds return.
		The winter moths keep the tympanic air sacs used by their ancestors for detecting bat sonar, uncertain if they still function as originally intended; nevertheless these air sacs thermally insulate the thorax from the abdomen, thus conserving necessary heat.
		These camouflage colours are unnecessary to winter moths as they spend their winter hiding in the relative warmth of leaves, not out on exposed surfaces where they would be vulnerable to attack.
	www.muskoka.com /~sinclair/archives/winmoth.html (1086 words)

	ExoSect : Solutions: Pests: Brown Tail Moth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Browntail moth is a pest of both the amenity and public health as it defoliates trees and can cause skin rashes.
		In the winter it is possible to cut out the tents in which the caterpillars over-winter, but this exposes individuals or pest control technicians to the caterpillar hairs.
		The Brown tail moth is a considerable defoliator of forest, hedgerows, orchards and ornamental shrubs.
	www.exosect.com /solutions/pests/brown_tail_moth.asp (842 words)

	Winter Moth
		The winter moth is very similar to fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) in both adult (Figure 8) and larval (Figure 9)...
		Winter moth larvae hatch and feed ravenously on leaves and fruit beginning in early...
		Winter moth is a harmful plant pest in Europe that was introduced into Nova...
	www.paulparent.com /wintermoth.html (286 words)

	MVTimes Online - The Martha's Vineyard Times: Island News Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although the adult winter moths will soon die off, their eggs will hatch in the spring or whenever temperatures average around 55 degrees, which could be as early as March.
		The first winter moth infestations in North America were confirmed in Nova Scotia in the 1950's, and in the Pacific Northwest, on the other side of the continent, in the 1970's.
		Trying to kill the winter moths in their adult stage is futile, according to Charles Burnham of the Massachusetts department of conservation and recreation, because they do not feed at this time.
	www.mvtimes.com /news/12292005/weekly_stories/moths.html (1006 words)

	[No title]
		Male moths are light brown to tan, have four wings that are fringed and are awkward fliers.
		By 1961, the winter moth population had collapsed and was found at very low density levels that persist to this day.
		But with moth populations estimated at being in the trillions and growing each year, 20,000 flies a year doesn't seem to be enough.
	www.bostontreepreservation.com /winter_moth_articles_010806.htm (1117 words)

	Bruce Spanworm / Winter Moth - pest guide
		Winter moth larvae have a green body, a narrow, dark green mid-dorsal line, and three creamy yellow stripes along each side.
		The vestigial wings of the female winter moth are about three times longer than those of the bruce spanworm (about 0.26 cm and 0.08 cm long, respectively).
		Garry oaks on southern Vancouver Island have been severely affected by the winter moth; however, defoliation has been greatly reduced by the introduction in 1979 to 1981 of two parasitoids, Cyzenis albicans and Agrypon flaveolatum, which were also introduced in south Vancouver in 1995.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /HFP/publications/00198/winter_moth.htm (540 words)

	BROWNTAIL MOTH CATERPILLAR INFORMATION:
		Winter surveys reveal that many areas in the Town of Freeport are infested with the browntail moth caterpillar.
		Low winter temperatures in Maine are frequently mediated by the ocean and this fact is reflected by a gradient of insect survival which is highest at the coastline and diminishes as you go inland.
		The browntail moth overwinters as larvae in colonies that are enclosed within webbed nests of white silk tightly woven around a leaf in trees or shrubs.
	www.freeportmaine.com /browntail.html (1165 words)

	Winter Moth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) is a moth of the family Geometridae.
		It is an abundant species of Europe and the Near East and one of very few Lepidoptera of temperate regions in which the adults are active even in the depth of winter.
		Its wingspan is 28-33 mm with alternating pale buff and darker brown fascia on the forewings and a similar pattern, but much paler, on the hindwings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Winter_Moth (346 words)

	Picture page about Winter Moth Operophtera brumata
		The Winter Moth is among the more awkward species when it comes to identification.
		The Winter Moth is on the wing from October to December and sometimes seen in January and February as well.
		The Winter Moth just needs a few trees to be present and is a usual visitor to (small) gardens even in towns and cities.
	www.gardensafari.net /english/picpages/operophtera_brumata.htm (539 words)

	Browntail Moth
		While feeding damage may cause some concern, the primary human impact from the browntail moth is the result of contact with poisonous hairs found on the caterpillars.
		Eastern tent caterpillar tents which are often confused with these winter nests are found in crotches and forks of apple and cherry tree branches during the spring.
		Non-chemical: Control of browntail moth populations in isolated instances may be obtained by clipping the overwintering webs and destroying these webs by either soaking in water and detergent or burning them.
	www.state.me.us /doc/mfs/btm.htm (774 words)

	Town of Brookline
		The known range of the Winter Moth in Massachusetts is mostly coastal starting north of Boston (currently as far as Gloucester), extending to towns in and around Boston, down throughout Plymouth County, to Southeastern MA and extending almost the entire length of Cape Cod.
		The recommended control for the Winter Moth is an application of Dormant Oil to smother the pest as it emerges to feed.
		For current updates, photographs, and other educational information on the Winter Moth visit www.umassgreeninfo.org, or contact George Barlow, MCA Town Arborist with the Division of Parks and Open Space at 617-739-7695 or Thomas Brady, MCA Tree Warden with the Division of Parks and Open Space at 617-730-2088.
	www.townofbrooklinemass.com /Conservation/wintermoth.html (467 words)

	Landscaping - Home Remodeling Cape Cod & The Islands magazine. Your best local resource for home remodeling projects on ...
		Those moths dancing around your holiday lights are male winter moths, which have infested the Cape during the past three years.
		Research in Canada, where the winter moth has been a problem for years, has shown that four consecutive years of complete defoliation of host trees will lead to the death of those trees, while partial defoliation can lead to the death of branches.
		The caterpillars emerge from eggs laid by the moth in winter on tree trunks and branches, in bark crevices, under bark scales and loose lichen.
	www.capecodhomeremodeling.com /landscaping-F05.php (938 words)

	Winter Moth Identification & Management - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension
		Newly Hatched Caterpillars (see Fig_5): Winter moth is a generalist feeder and has the potential for a rather wide host plant range.
		Adult female winter moths (see Fig_20)) are said to be wingless but they actually have greatly reduced wings (brachypterous) and are smaller than the totally wingless (apterous) adult female Fall Cankerworm moths (see Fig_20).
		Clouds of male winter moths can be seen flying around tree trunks, resting on the bark and mating with females at this time (see Fig_16 and 17).
	www.umassgreeninfo.org /fact_sheets/defoliators/wm_id_man.html (2227 words)

	ENN: Environmental News Network [[Today's News Full Story ]]
		Faced with outbreaks of two moth species known for their steady diet of leaves, experts are working to control the pesky critters and discover what is causing their spiraling numbers and widespread defoliation they leave in their paths.
		Winter moths and forest tent caterpillars have been eating leaves and buds around the state this spring, causing concern among scientists who are trying to figure out what's causing their numbers to skyrocket.
		In the meantime, the population of winter moths is growing and they could continue wreaking havoc around the state.
	www.enn.com /today.html?id=8010 (865 words)

	Winter surveys reveal that fewer areas in the Town of Freeport are infested with the browntail moth caterpillar
		Winter surveys reveal that fewer areas in the Town of Freeport are infested with the browntail moth caterpillar
		Very sensitive individuals or those with high numbers of over wintering webs on their property should allow a licensed applicator to make the final assessment as to whether you need to treat on a case by case basis.
		The nests are spun in the early fall, contain 25-400 larvae and remain firmly attached to twigs or small branches through the winter and early spring.
	www.freeportmaine.com /browntail/btm2006.htm (867 words)

	Winter Moth - Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Winter Moth - Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland
		Adults are variable in colour and mainly darkish brown with a series of narrow wavy lines across the forewings.
		Similar Species: Adults closely resemble the Northern Winter Moth Operophtera fagata which is larger, paler and has a more restricted flight period.
	www.habitas.org.uk /moths/species.asp?item=5879 (195 words)

	Lueders
		Winter Moths defoliating maples, oaks, cherry and apple trees, rose bushes and others.
		Winter moth is a relatively new insect pest in the eastern United States.
		Local researchers have found that in the highest winter moth population areas approximately a quarter million or more moth eggs (very difficult to see) per tree are now waiting to hatch (into caterpillars) this coming spring.
	www.luedersco.com /alert.html (515 words)

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