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	Wintu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wintu lived primarily on the western side of the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, from the Sacramento River to the Coast Range.
		Trinity River Wintu) in the Upper Trinity valley; the Dawnom near the Bald Hills; the Norelmaq near Hayfork; and the Waymaq in the upper region of the McCloud River valley.
		Between 1830 and 1833, many Wintus were lost to malaria in an epidemic that killed off around 75% of the indigenous population of the upper and central Sacramento Valley.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wintu (610 words)

	Winnemem Wintu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Winnemem are one of nine bands of Wintu.
		The Winnemem Wintu spoke one of the Wintuan languages.
		The Winnemem Wintu are currently in a protracted fight with State of California and the federal Bureau of Reclamation over the proposed raising of the height of Shasta Dam to secure more water for California cities and agriculture; the Winnemem Wintu argue that the proposed higher lake level would flood many Winnemem Wintu sacred sites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Winnemem_Wintu (407 words)

	[No title]
		Because the Wintu population density was four or five times higher and because the Wintu tended to intermarry in to more distant villages than the Hokan speakers did, the Wintu would have been able to concentrate a larger number of warriors than the Hokan speakers should a dispute turn to violence.
		Wintu expansion was made possible by the social, technological and military advantages they had over their neighbors, but these advantages were not immense and the process of expansion was not a central feature of Wintu society.
		The Wintu had higher population density, more alliances linking villages and extended families with one another, and a riverine fishing technology which enabled them to harvest and store a source of protein which was much less susceptible to depletion than that produced by the hunting of large game animals.
	www.irows.ucr.edu /papers/irows2.txt (14694 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Wintu is a language which is well-known to linguists and we used the most recent and complete dictionary, that by Pitkin (1985).
		But first we should mention that, though the relationship between the Wintu and the Yana may have been the most antagonistic relationship the Wintu had with any of their neighbors, there is some evidence that the Wintu and the Yana were not mortal enemies.
		The Wintu kinship structure was not ideally suited to this kind of expansion by marriage alliance because of the preference for marrying sisters (the levirate).
	www.etext.org /Politics/World.Systems/papers/working_papers:johns_hopkins_pcid/chase-dunn_hokan (11281 words)

	Glosses.net : makeup your mind » Wintu-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Wintu language was originally spoken along the upper Sacramento, upper Trinity, and the Pit-McCloud rivers, i.e in the Northern California counties Shasta, Trinity, and Siskiyou.
		Wintu is a member of the Wintun language family, along with Nomlaki and Patwin*.
		When the Wintu goes up the river, the hills are to the West, the river to the East; and a mosquito bites him on the west arm.
	glosses.net /archives/2003/08/26/wintu-2 (775 words)

	Canku Ota - June 29, 2002 - 'Journey to Justice' tells poignant tale of almost-forgotten California tribe
		Remaining Wintu were left holding onto their traditions by a thread, without land, rights or governmental recognition to prop up what remained of their once-proud culture.
		Wintu leaders were heavily involved from the start with Hoveman and the anthropologist, archaeologist, biologist and others working on the project.
		The Wintu are the northern most group of the Wintun people that inhabit a long narrow stretch of the western Sacramento Valley north of the San Francisco bay to the Trinity/Sacramento/McCloud rivers (Lapena 324).
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues02/Co06292002/CO_06292002_Wintu.htm (1337 words)

	Morphological Parallels between Klamath and Wintu
		Wintu data not otherwise attributed are from Pitkin 1984; Klamath data not otherwise attributed are from Barker 1964.
		To begin with, I have omitted from the Wintu paradigm a dual series and a set of reflexives with no parallel in Klamath, as well as an inclusive form and an instrumental series which, unlike the object forms, are formed regularly by the addition of the normal instrumental suffix to the oblique stem.
		This system, which is not shared with Wintu, may be a trans-montane areal phenomenon, as very similar systems are found in Sahaptian and Atsugewi, while similarly elaborated systems are lacking in Wintu and Pomo, and in general appear not to be found west of the mountains.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/papers/hpw87.html (3204 words)

	Some Indian tribes still fighting for government recognition
		The Wintu are a tribe in every sense of the word: They eat meals together, pray together, gather for ceremonies and business.
		The Wintu have never gone through the process of applying for federal recognition because they claim it doesn't apply to them.
		The Winnemem Wintu say they have always been recognized by the government, and their lack of that status now is simply because they were left off a list by mistake.
	www.sacredland.org /endangered_sites_pages/supporting/Wintu_AP_05-04.html (1423 words)

	Wintu share their Cottonwood valley
		He wrote: "These Indians are quite different from any I have seen in the mountains or the prairies, being mild and inoffensive in their manner, and easily taught the various duties of the farm.
		Present Wintu status finds this people facing the same threat as countless other precarious cultural minorities, the threat of being swallowed up by the dominant culture.
		This scholarly study examines the Wintu, previously considered a household-based society, and shows them in fact involved in a myriad of networks of interaction, leading to intermarriage and which extended for many miles around the region.
	www.geocities.com /cott1388/wintun.html (2206 words)

	Anthropology Review Database
		The final section of this film focuses on the efforts of the Wintu of northern California to protect a small spring on Mount Shasta from non-Indian profanities in the form of tourism and cultural appropriation.
		The Wintu are a small, non-federally recognized tribe that does not have a land base.
		Jones is the last fluent speaker of the Wintu language, and likens the New Age invasion to her own hypothetical interruption of a Christian church service.
	wings.buffalo.edu /ARD/showme.cgi?keycode=1721 (1339 words)

	Turtle Bay Exploration Park
		For the Wintu descendants of the objects' makers, the repatriation is bittersweet.
		The McCloud Wintu were one of nine northern Wintu bands and part of a larger, Wintu-speaking culture that inhabited the Sacramento River watershed from Mount Shasta to San Francisco Bay.
		Throughout the exhibit, which tells a chronological story, the plight of the Wintu is integrated with that of the salmon on which they subsisted.
	www.turtlebay.org /press/art03.shtml (1080 words)

	Wintu
		The northern group were known as Wintu proper in the north, the Nomlaki in their central territories, and the southern were known as Patwin.
		The exceptions to this were Wappo, Miwok and Pomo territories that extended into the Sacramento watershed; and in the northwest portion of Wintu territory where it extended west of crest of the Coast Range.
		The Wintu suffered huge population losses from the genocide of the Mexicans and the gold rush settlers and miners as well as from disease.
	www.fourdir.com /wintu.htm (349 words)

	portland imc - 2004.10.14 - Wintu Unhappy with CALFED about Shasta dam raising
		Sisk-Franco said she is under no illusion that the Wintu could halt expansion of the dam.
		Wintu have only the status of any other group of citizens, rather than the clout of a sovereign people.
		Herger's solution of telling the Wintu to appeal to the BIA is similar to Jewish people in Nazi Germany asking Nazi eugenics scientists for help finding their ancestry and/or relations.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2004/10/299897.shtml (1468 words)

	Welcome to the Environmental Justice Coalition for Water EJCW Website
		The Winnemem Wintu are a tribe from Northern California.
		The Winnemem Wintu are paying with their culture for the benefit of wealthy, agricultural corporations and California ’s unsustainable water management practices.
		While the Winnemem Wintu Tribe fights for their survival, the Bureau of Reclamation has been busy signing federal contracts with large agricultural corporations to deliver amounts of water that the state CANNOT deliver – unless there are more storage projects like the Shasta Dam enlargement.
	www.ejcw.org /our_work/Winnememwintu.htm (1104 words)

	Mount Shasta \| Bullfrog Films
		She is the 88-year-old top doctor of the Winnemem Wintu, and leads a thousand-year-old ceremony at a spring in the meadow.
		Wintu religion focuses on healing and recreating natural resources, including humans, plants, animals, the spring, and the mountain itself.
		The Wintu struggle to protect Panther Meadows from the encroachment of the ski resort and the desecration of New Age practices.
	www.bullfrogfilms.com /catalog/ms.html (824 words)

	Winnemem Wintu Tribe Joins Battle To Save The Delta, Daniel Bacher, The Fish Sniffer Online
		Caleen Sisk-Franco, tribal leader, and members of the Winnemem Wintu (McCloud River) Tribe recently danced in traditional regalia as part of a celebration unveiling a mural in San Francisco dedicated to the tribe's battle to stop the expansion of Shasta Dam and to protect cultural, historic and natural resources.
		Franco and Gary Hayward Slaughter Mulcahy, liaison for the Winnemem Wintu tribe, became very alarmed about the disclosure this year by state and federal scientists that Delta smelt, longfin smelt, threadfin shad and other forage species have reached their lowest levels ever in an apparent food chain collapse.
		The Winnemem Wintu Tribe's villages traditionally were concentrated on the McCloud River, but the tribe also had villages on the Pit River, Sacramento River and Squaw Creek.
	www.fishsniffer.com /dbachere/051224wintu.html (1067 words)

	THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although the contemporary Wintu community is relatively small in terms of the number of individuals, it is larger than the number of Wintu descendants who are members of the Redding Rancheria.
		Whiskeytown is located within the territorial boundaries of the Wintu, an area which includes the northern Sacramento River, tributaries to the east and west, and portions of the upper Trinity River drainage.
		Wintu life centered around their villages which were situated along rivers and larger streams.
	www.nps.gov /whis/exp/gmp/affected.htm (8604 words)

	Turtle Bay Exploration Park
		The Wintu's lived mostly along the Sacramento River following the salmon which were their main source of food.
		The Wintu were a gentle, easy going people with a love of story telling and festivals.
		The Wintu's strived to bring the beauty and grace of nature into their life.
	www.turtlebay.org /press/images/press/art01.shtml (1001 words)

	Lassen Regional Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		While the Wintu were primarily valley people, closely related to the Nomlaki to the south and to the Patwin, further south, their traditional habitat extended into the mountains past Weaverville and into the Trinity River drainage.
		The Wintu had not developed the technology for long-term preservation of salmon so it was not a staple food.
		As the second half of the 19th Century continued, Wintu were either killed or deported from their natural habitat to reside in reservations in Mendocino.
	www4.hmc.edu:8001 /humanities/indian/lassen/Lassen3.htm (2064 words)

	Hanging on to heritage \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Winnemem Wintu tribal members Mark Miyoshi (left), spiritual leader Caleen Sisk-Franco and Mark Franco performed a smoke ceremony over the remains of four ancestors in preparation of reburial in Redding.
		The Wintu's ancestors lived along the McCloud River in Northern California, and the river is where the Wintu gather.
		The Winnemem Wintu say they always have been recognized by the government, and their lack of official status is because they were left off a list by mistake.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040523/news_1n23tribes.html (983 words)

	Winnemem Wintu : Sacred sites : Shasta Dam
		The Winnemem Wintu tribe was in San Francisco to unveil a Mission District mural that honors the campaign against the proposed heightening of Shasta Dam, and the Winnemem struggle to protect cultural, historic and natural resources.
		The Winnemem Wintu tribe brought its Warriors to San Francisco and the dying delta, to attend the mural unveiling.
		While the Winnemem Wintu Tribe fights for their survival, the Bureau of Reclamation has been busy signing federal contracts with large agricultural corporations to deliver amounts of water that the state CANNOT deliver - unless there are more storage projects like the Shasta Dam enlargement.
	www.ienearth.org /water_shasta_dam2005.html (2448 words)

	Act Now to Protect Tribe and Rare Species from Dam Expansion
		The Winnemem Wintu were accidentally left off the list of federally recognized tribes when it was reformulated in 1979.
		The Winnemem Wintu are a traditional, spiritual tribe and have absolutely no aspirations to a casino or any other form of gaming -- they believe that gaming in any form destroys the spirituality of native peoples.
		The Winnemem Wintu were accidentally left off the list of federally recognized tribes when it was reformulated by the U.S. Government in 1979.
	actionnetwork.org /BIODIVERSITY/alert-description.html?alert_id=2685814 (1765 words)

	The Epoch Times \| The Flooding of Winnemem Wintu Tribe Sacred Sites
		The Winnemem Wintu Tribe, who lost their homeland under the Shasta Dam in 1945, would be directly affected if the dam is raised, flooding the last of the Winnemem Wintu Tribe's sacred sites on the McCloud River.
		The Winnemem Wintu Tribe recently brought tribal members to San Francisco to attend the unveiling of a mural called, "We sing to water." According to a tribal press release, the mural is a monument to the ongoing campaign against the proposed raise of Shasta Dam, and the struggles to protect cultural, historic and natural resources.
		The Winnemem Wintu is not a federally recognized tribe with no sovereign nation status, leaving it out of the Bureau investigation process, and after four years of meeting with Bureau officials, investigative documents issued by NEPA make no mention of the tribe and the potential losses they face.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/5-12-1/35256.html (515 words)

	New Page 1
		Wintu is a highly endangered indigenous language of
		The WLP is the work of three researchers, Caleen Sisk-Franco, and Mark Franco,leaders of the Winnemem Wintu Tribe, and German linguist, Stefan Liedtke.
		The WLP is self-financed and although we have applied for endangered language grant funding, we received no funding because we are considered “too endangered”.
	www.winnememwintu.us /WLP.html (527 words)

	Winnimem Wintu Fight Shasta Dam Expansion
		It ended up being one of the largest concrete dams in the world, and despite impassioned opposition from Native peoples, the dam was built and hundreds of acres of their homeland was flooded.
		The Winnemem Wintu were never compensated for this loss of land.
		The Winnemem Wintu, however, state that even a minimal boost in the reservoir's capacity jeopardizes ceremonial grounds still used by tribe members near where the McCloud joins Shasta Lake.
	www.geocities.com /mnsocialist/shastalake.html (422 words)

	portland imc - 2004.11.22 - Feinstein deaf 2 Wintu and Palestinian voices, hears only $$$$
		Her campaign funding from pro-Israel AIPAC and Central Valley agribusiness could be blinding her to the objections of the Palestinians and the Winnemem Wintu..
		Feinstein's blatant support of Israeli apartheid state and disregard for the lives of Palestinians who have lived in the occupied territories is mirrored by her lack of concern for the Wintu tribe of Northern CA.
		Not only the Wintu are effected by loss of salmon, so are the Yurok, Hoopa, Karuk and others living along the dammed and diverted Klamath River..
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2004/11/304275.shtml (837 words)

	Wintun Indians of Califorina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Primarily, the book is about the northern Wintu, one of four divisions of the Wintun.
		He says, 'This sketch of a Wintu microcosm, bound within the passage of a single solar year, rises naturally from a tribal account of its mythic beginnings.
		There are numerous line drawings of Wintu artifacts and photographs obtained from living members of the tribe and the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
	www.naturegraph.com /indian/in-gen/Wintun_I.html (381 words)

	The Wintu and Their Neighbors: A Very Small World-System in Northern California
		They contend that, despite the fact that the Wintu appear on the surface to have been a household-based society, this indigenous group was in fact involved in a myriad of networks of interaction, which resulted in intermarriage and which extended for many miles around the region.
		These networks, which were not based on the economic dominance of one society over another—a concept fundamental to Wallerstein's world-systems theory—led to the eventual expansion of the Wintu as a cultural group.
		Thus, despite the fact that the Wintu did not behave like a modern society—lacking wealth accumulation, class distinctions, and cultural dominance—Chase-Dunn and Mann insist that the Wintu were involved in a world-system and argue, therefore, that the concept of the "minisystem" should be discarded.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /books/bid1216.htm (359 words)

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