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Topic: Wisconsonian glaciation

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	Wisconsonian Glaciation Encyclopedia Article @ VariedTastes.com (Varied Tastes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		During the glacial maximum in Scandinavia, only the western parts of Jutland (a part of Denmark) were ice-free during the glaciation and a large part of what is today the North Sea was dry land connecting Jutland with Britain.
		[1] This glaciation was somewhat distinct from the main Wisconsin glaciation as it was unrelated to the giant ice sheets and was instead composed of mountain glaciers.
		The Pinedale glaciation was the last of the major ice ages to appear in the Rocky Mountains in the United States.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Wisconsonian_glaciation (1092 words)

	Wisconsin: Geographical Provinces: Glossary
		The terms describing the topographical effects of glacial activity, in particular, are essential to anyone who wishes to describe or discuss the Wisconsin landscape.
		Boulders transported from their origin by a glacier, so that they are now found far from their parent rock and are now isolated amid dissimilar materials.
		Unstratified glacial drift consisting of sand, clay and gravel with intermingled boulders.
	www.wisconline.com /wisconsin/geoprovinces/glossary.html (1446 words)

	Physical Environment Supporting Lake States Forests
		This is true of the nature and age of the bedrock, in the degree and effects of Pleistocene glaciation, in soils, and in past and present climate.
		Glacial deposits in the western Upper Peninsula are generally thinner than in northern Wisconsin and there are few areas of pitted outwash and few lakes.
		In the glaciated landscape, north or south, the surface is often uneven with poorly drained depressions that accumulate organic matter and often become anaerobic resulting in the development of peat or gley soils.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /gla/reports/physical.htm (4510 words)

	Oak Ridges Moraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ice melt from the Niagara Escarpment flowed into the western boundaries of the moraine, wherein conduits beneath the ice expanded to form a west-to-east passage between the main Laurentide ice sheet and a mass of ice in the Lake Ontario basin.
		Whereas the glacial river deposits were more substantial by volume, the diamicton deposits represent a greater portion of the moraine's exposed surface.
		He also theorized that its origin was overlapping, interlobate glaciation retreat, between the Lake Ontario Lobe and the older Lake Simcoe Lobe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oak_Ridges_Moraine (2005 words)

	Glaciers & Ice Ages
		At the height of past glacial ages, 32% of the Earth was covered by glacial ice.
		Example: An increase in solar heat would warm the Earth and melt glacial ice, but much of this heat is absorbed in the process of changing from ice to water.
		Glacial retreat occurs when ice melts faster than it forms.
	servercc.oakton.edu /~billtong/eas100/glacial.htm (663 words)

	Wikipedia: Mount Shasta
		The rest of Shasta's surface is relatively free of glacial erosion except, paradoxically, for its south side where Sargents Ridge runs parallel to the U-shaped Avalanche Gulch (the largest glacial valley on the volcano, although it does not presently have a glacier in it).
		There are five named, yet tiny, glaciers clustered on the mountain's north side.
		There are many buried glacial scars on the mountain that were originally excavated in glacial periods ("ice ages") of the present Wisconsonian glaciation.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/m/mo/mount_shasta.html (574 words)

	Outstanding Scenic Geological Features of Pennsylvania - Butler County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The glacial ice, whose eastern edge was at Harrisville and Slippery Rock, dammed the westward-flowing Slippery Rock and Muddy Creeks, forming lakes in their valleys; in the latter, Lake Arthur was formed.
		Eskers are ridge-shaped sand and gravel deposits formed during the melting of a glacier.
		The ridge form marks the trace of a glacial meltwater stream that is confined within the ice mass.
	www.pageology.info /scenic/counties/butler.html (536 words)

	The Minnesota Northwoods Continued from Page 1
		Volcanic activity some 700 million years ago followed by at least four periods of glacial ice covering the land throughout the last million years helped to shape what is the forest today.
		Over these tens of thousands of years, ice from glaciers plowed up forested areas, leveled rocky outcrops, and stripped soil from the land.
		Retreat of the great Wisconsonian Ice Sheet during the last ice age left the area bare of soil and vegetation.
	www.angelfire.com /dc/deanoid/MinnesotaNorthwoods/northwoods2.html (1061 words)

	Wisconson - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Wisconson
		Retreating glaciers from the last ice age left more than 15,000 lakes and rich earth deposits across most of Wisconsin.
		Here, the Wisconsin River flows through the Wisconsin Dells, where the waters of the ancient glacial Lake Wisconsin carved their way through the landscape, leaving behind spectacular caverns, passageways, and towering cliffs that reach 30 m/100 ft.
		The term ‘driftless’ means never glaciated or sculpted by receding glaciers.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Wisconson (3012 words)

	Drumlin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A drumlin (Gaelic druim the crest of a hill) is an elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacier action.
		Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement.
		Drumlins usually have layers indicating that the material was repeatedly added to a core, which may be of rock (geology) or glacial till.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Glaciology/Drumlin.html (253 words)

	The First Americans on Turtle Island
		During the end of the Wisconsonian (100,000 BP- 10,000 BP) Glaciation, the climate was cooler and drier than it is now, but Beringea was ice free.
		These stalwart gangs were likely the ancestors of the original people who came to the Southeast, and there is evidence of their presence in the rockhouses of the Cumberland Plateau early on.
		As the Laurentide Glaciation ended and the ice retreated, the arctic-like evergreen boreal forest began developing into the eastern deciduous forest, with its diversity of flowers, and fruits, teeming with wild game, fowl, providing edible nuts, berries, tubers, roots and numerous herbs.
	www.turtlehill.org /stt1/man.html (3447 words)

	Wisconsin glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles) or Würm glaciation (in the Alps) is the most recent period of the Ice Age, and ended some 10,000 Before Present (BP).
		The term ice age refers to all periods of glaciation during the Pleistocene, from 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 BP.
		The Baltic Sea with its unique brackish water is a result of the meltwater from the Weichsel glaciation being combined with the saltwater of the North Sea when the straits between Sweden and Denmark opened about 7,000 BP.
	wisconsin-glaciation.iqnaut.net (656 words)

	Untitled Document
		Wisconsonian stages of Pleistocene glaciation.It was flattened and left with a series of moraines by the repeated advances and retreats of the Wisconsonian glaciers.
		glacial drift and lakebed sediments.Soils from sand, muck and peat exist in the Kankakee Sand Area and Green River Lowland sections.The lower Sangamon and Illinois has deep loess.
		Glacial outwash left sand flats and dunes with sand prairies developed.Many marshes and wet prairies existed.
	wside.k12.il.us /youngs.science/geology/Grand.Prairie.Div.html (573 words)

	Chapter Template
		Numerous studies have been implemented to correlate glacial and post-glacial events in the Northern Hemisphere, beginning with establishing broad scale correlations (Wright 1899) and continuing with recent studies on absolute chronology.
		One of the serious and credible attempts to discover correlations between Quaternary glaciations in the Northern hemisphere is based on lithostratigraphical, thermoluminescence, potassium-argon, and fission-track dating obtained in Europe, Asia and North America.
		Second, sporadic runoff, related to glacial lake surges and other fluvioglacial processes, may have contributed to sedimentation, yet not be reflected in the precipitation values for this period.
	www.mnmodel.dot.state.mn.us /chapters/chapter6.htm (12261 words)

	Wisconsinan glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This glaciation is made of three glacial maximums called ice ages) separated by inter-glacial periods (such as one we are living in).
		Late Wisconsinan glaciation of New England: A proceeding volume of the symposium, Late Wisconsinan Glaciation of New England, held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1980
		Wisconsinan glaciation of the Atlantic continental shelf of southeast Canada (Bulletin / Geological Survey of Canada)
	www.freeglossary.com /Wisconsonian_glaciation (389 words)

	Proposal For The Restoration of the Relict Bog Of Green Heron Pond
		Three continental glaciers covered all of Carver County: Nebraskan, Kansan, and Wisconsonian, with the Wisconsonian being the last (14,000 years ago) and covering the other two.
		The Iowa lobe of the glacier deposited grey drift.
		Besides outwash plains and flats, this glacial movement left gently rolling to steep hills in the county along with many marshes and lakes.
	horticulture.coafes.umn.edu /vd/h5015/96papers/barthel.htm (3468 words)

	Peregrine Diamonds Ltd. - North America - Fri Sep 1, 2006
		Subsequent to the kimberlite intrusions, the area was subject to Wisconsonian glaciation and covered by the Lauentide ice sheet, which has since receded.
		The kimberlites are archetypal kimberlite with diamonds and mineralization styles similar to diamond producing provinces elsewhere.
		The area has undergone multiple phases of glaciation and the claims are covered, to varying degrees, by till and other glacial landforms.
	www.pdiam.com /s/NorthAmerica.asp (2348 words)

	Traces of Ancient (30,000 BP) Hunters Found in Siberia
		during the middle of the Wisconsonian wouldn't be duck soup.
		: during the middle of the Wisconsonian wouldn't be duck soup.
		: >: during the middle of the Wisconsonian wouldn't be duck soup.
	www.groupsrv.com /science/about7902.html (2158 words)

	GULF: Gulfreferences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Griffith, T.W., 1988, A geological and geophysical investigation of sedimentation and recent glacial history in the Gerlache Strait region, Graham Land, Antarctica: M.A. thesis, Rice University, Houston, 449 p.
		Mazzulo, J., and Ritter, C., 1991, Influence of sediment source on the shapes and surface textures of glacial quartz sand grains: Geology, v.
		Mix, A.C., 1987, The oxygen-isotope record of glaciation, in W.F. Ruddiman, and H.E., Wright,eds., North America and the adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation: The Geology of North America K-3, The Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p.111-135.
	gulf.rice.edu /gulfreferences.html (18453 words)

	[No title]
		The Shortgrass Steppe Before European Contact The earliest known human sites on the shortgrass steppe date to about 13,000 BP (Wedel 1979), and are found in the vicinity of fossil glacial lakes.
		ABSTRACT The present vegetation of the shortgrass steppe originated at the end of the Wisconsonian about 10,000 years, but may not be a climatic climax.
		When the buffalo were wiped out in the late 1800's, cattle ranching and crop raising, both with and without irrigation, became possible.
	sgs.cnr.colostate.edu /WhatsNew/SGSBook/Hart/sgrshist.doc (4418 words)

	2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pleistocene expansions and contractions of glacial ice sheets are some of the most dramatic and well-documented results of climate change.
		Organisms are commonly believed to have responded to glacial expansion by shifting their ranges to southern refugia and recolonizing northward tracking the receding ice sheets.
		In addition, the distribution of haplotypes across Wisconsin and Illinois support a southward expansion from a northern ‘driftless’ refugium challenging the long held view that during glacial maxima organisms must have migrated south out of their ranges to track favorable climates.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /geeb/2004.htm (6432 words)

	Post-glacial range expansion in Nigronia serricornis (Megaloptera:Corydalidae) - NABS Communication - Vancouver, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		During the Wisconsonian Glaciation, Michigan was under a thick layer of ice, making it uninhabitable for aquatic insects.
		Data from the COI region of mtDNA support the pattern found in numerous other organisms: that populations from unglaciated regions harbor more variation than those in previously glaciated regions.
		The pattern found in mtDNA contrasts those of allozyme and microsatellite data for these populations.
	www.benthos.org /database/allnabstracts.cfm/db/Vancouver2004abstracts/id/347 (217 words)

	ABSTRACT: Surficial Sediments on the Western Canadian Continental Shelf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		High wave and current energies and efficient sediment trapping in coastal fjords have resulted in low rates of accumulation.
		Whereas most of the western Canadian shelf bears unmistakable evidence of erosion and deposition related to Pleistocene glaciers emanating from the Coast and Insular Mountains, the northern two-thirds of the continental shelf off western Vancouver Island show no morphological or sedimentological indications of Wisconsonian glaciation.
		Except for the inshore area (less than 100 m) off northern Graham Island little is known of the sediment distribution in Dixon Entrance.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/BornholdSurficialThe1991.html (272 words)

	Evolution of Horses, page 2.
		It is often called the "Ice Age" because several different glaciations occurred during its time, each separated by warmer "interglacial periods." The last glaciation ended about 10,000 years ago and is known as the Wisconsinian Glaciation.
		It began after the Wisconsonian glaciers melted, roughly 10,000 years).
		Skinner MF, Hibbard CW (1972) Early Pleistocene pre-glacial and glacial rocks and faunas of north-central Nebraska.
	www.ecology.info /horses-2.htm (2813 words)

	Moraine state park - Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Glacial moraines, hills left by the Wisconsonian glacier about 12000 years ago, dominate the landscape.
		Kettle Moraine State Forest Powder Hill, a 1350-foot glacial kame, offers panoramic views of the park's unique glacial topography.
		A one-mile segment here joins with 13 more miles of the Glacier Ridge Trail in Moraine State Park.
	xn--pq0a81a80f.com /?q=moraine-state-park (358 words)

	Cryptozoology.com
		I don't know the current status, but it has been proposed that the number of Pleistocene species be reviewed and reduced.
		Equid extinction appears to have coincided roughly with the retreat of glaciation at the end of the Wisconsonian glacial period.
		I've seen several references on this site and others to a population of horses here in North America that survived the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction to make it to the present.
	www.cryptozoology.com /forum/topic_view_thread.php?tid=2&pid=356145 (277 words)

	Mental multivitamin: 2005.05
		The forty-eight-acre lake at the center of Moraine Hills State Park formed when a large piece of ice broke away from the main glacier (Wisconsonian glaciation period) and melted.
		The name of the park refers to the geologic formation moraine, which is the boulders, stones, and debris from a glacier.
		While crouching by Lake Defiance's shores today we spotted a snake gliding over the water, watched a huge snapper gulp up a sun fish, exclaimed over several beautiful birds, including cedar waxwings and herons, and giggled about the freckle crops sprouting on the noses of our favorite people in the world.
	mentalmultivitamin.blogspot.com /2005_05_01_archive.html (5470 words)

	SEEDS
		Our seeds are produced from foundation seed collected by Lou Nelms from native prairies located within or closely bordering the Grand Prairie Division of central Illinois.
		Remnant prairie communities in the Grand Prairie division are especially rare since their fate was doomed by the richness of the soils they created over thousands of years following the Wisconsonian glaciation (green area on map).
		Planting progeny seed from these remnants helps to preserve these nearly vanished ecotypes.
	www.earthskinnursery.com /seeds.htm (355 words)

	Matt Crowley shoots down Bigfoot dermal ridges? - Page 11 - JREF Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		I've read recently that there hasn't been time for proper fossilization of bones since the Wisconsonian glaciation.
		The unidentfied bipedal primate may have been a latecomer, as was the identified bipedal primate.
		Its as ridicule as Coleman's interpretation that Gilgamesh epic tells of Gilgamesh having gay sex with a bigfoot named Enkindu.
	forums.randi.org /showthread.php?t=43206&page=11 (4319 words)

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